Deck 3: The Evolution of Health Services in the United States

Question 1

In the US, public health and private practice of medicine developed separately because

A)Americans favored private delivery of medical care over public health.
B)physicians were skeptical of the government taking control of medical practice.
C)a public health infrastructure was lacking.
D)the practice of public health was not based on scientific methods.

Answer 1

physicians were skeptical of the government taking control of medical practice.

Question 2

Development of the hospital and ______ happened almost hand in hand in a symbiotic relationship between the two.

A)dependency of patients
B)growth of scientific knowledge
C)professionalization of medical practice
D)growth of AMA membership

Answer 2

professionalization of medical practice

Question 3

Hospitals in the United States evolved from

A)almshouses
B)sickhomes
C)pesthouses
D)inns

Answer 3

almshouses

Question 4

What main purpose was served by an almshouse in the preindustrial period?

A)It was used to quarantine people who had contracted a contagious disease.
B)It provided free medical care and drugs to ambulatory patients.
C)It specialized in performing basic surgeries.
D)It performed general welfare and custodial functions.

Question 5

In the preindustrial period, what was the main role of dispensaries?

A)Dispensaries were affiliated with hospitals to provide charity care.
B)Dispensaries functioned as laboratories to conduct diagnostic tests.
C)Dispensaries provided basic medical care to ambulatory patients.
D)Dispensaries provided advanced medical treatments by private physicians.

Question 6

The US Supreme Court decision in Olmstead v.L.C.directed US states to

A)deinstitutionalize people with mental illness
B)achieve parity in the delivery of physical and mental health services
C)increase funding for mental asylums
D)improve living conditions in mental asylums

Question 7

Why did physicians remain independent of corporate settings even after the medical profession became well recognized?

A)Hospitals were unable to pay high enough salaries to physicians.
B)Physicians disliked salary arrangements.
C)Licensure laws had not yet been passed.
D)Physicians who took up practice in a corporate setting were castigated by the medical profession.

Question 8

Organized medicine

A)Concerted activities of physicians through the American Medical Association
B)Affiliation of physicians with medical schools
C)Standardized practice of medicine
D)Unionization of physicians

Question 9

Why in the preindustrial period most people could not afford the services of a qualified physician?

A)Professional fees were too high.
B)The economic cost of travel was too high.
C)Private health insurance was too expensive.
D)Most people relied on home remedies.

Question 10

In the preindustrial era, asylums were built by ____ to accommodate patients with severe and chronic mental illness.

A)the federal government
B)private entrepreneurs
C)psychiatrists
D)the state governments

Question 11

The Flexner Report, published in 1910, reported on

A)standards for medical licensure in the US and Canada
B)standards of training in medical schools
C)rates of death in US hospitals
D)the state of medical specialization

Question 12

Cultural authority was conveyed to the medical profession mainly through

A)the development of the AMA
B)advances in medical science
C)patients' dependency
D)licensing

Question 13

Medical care in preindustrial America had a strong _____ character.

A)scientific
B)professional
C)applied
D)domestic

Question 14

Which of the following factors was particularly important in promoting the growth of office-based medical practice in the postindustrial period?

A)Urbanization
B)Educational reform
C)Science and technology
D)Dependency

Question 15

What was the function of a pesthouse in the preindustrial period?

A)To house people who had a contageous disease.
B)To provide refuge to those who were threatened by pests.
C)To eradicate pests.
D)To treat contageous diseases.

Question 16

Which of the following was the main force that prevented a government-run national health care program from becoming a reality in the United States?

A)Economic forces
B)Political change
C)Beliefs and values
D)Social forces

Question 17

In the preindustrial era, _____ often functioned as surgeons.

A)butchers
B)tailors
C)clergymen
D)barbers

Question 18

When a profession's services are generally accepted and are legitimized, they impart _____ to the profession

A)specialization
B)organized strength
C)cohesiveness
D)cultural authority

Question 19

The delivery of medical care in preindustrial America was governed mainly by

A)free market conditions
B)collusion among providers
C)professionalization of medical care
D)high barriers to entry

Question 20

What was the main consequence of early proprietary medical schools, as opposed to state-sponsored schools, in the preindustrial era?

A)Standards were low.
B)The cost of medical education became too high.
C)Medical education became regulated.
D)Science and research became part of medical education.

Question 21

The inception of _____ was used as a trial balloon for the idea of government-sponsored universal health insurance.

A)workers' compensation
B)trade unions
C)public health
D)health care for the veterans

Question 22

Which of the following is not true about the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010?

A)Not a single Republican voted for the legislation
B)Most Americans supported the legislation once they found out what was in it
C)The legislation was supported by the AMA
D)The US Supreme Court upheld the individual mandate

Question 23

During the World War II period, the US Supreme Court ruled that

A)health insurance must be employer-based
B)all large employers must provide health insurance to their employees
C)health insurance could be part of union-management negotiations
D)health insurance must cover major medical expenses

Question 24

Historically, which interest group was the most powerful in opposing national health insurance during the 1900s?

A)Trade unions
B)Employers
C)The American Medical Association
D)The Republican party

Question 25

Why did the first Blue Cross plans cover only hospital care?

A)The AMA objected to the inclusion of physician services.
B)There was little demand for including other types of health care services.
C)Initial hospitalization was required in order to compensate a beneficiary for loss of income.
D)The Blue Cross commission determined that including other types of health care services would be unprofitable.

Question 26

How has Medicaid created a two-tier system of medical care delivery in the US?

A)Many physicians do not serve Medicaid patients.
B)Only the poor are insured under the Medicaid program.
C)Funding for the program is shared by both federal and state governments.
D)The program is heavily regulated.

Question 27

Physicians and hospitals in the US began consolidating and integrating mainly in response to

A)increased government regulation
B)pressures to contain costs
C)the growth of managed care
D)the demand for higher quality

Question 28

The private medical sector in the US has been heavily regulated by the government mainly because

A)most health care services are in private hands.
B)most people served by the medical establishment are in a position of dependency.
C)the government has an interest in monitoring quality for all Americans.
D)the government finances Medicare and Medicaid.

Question 29

As the health care delivery system developed in the US, it emphasized specialization over primary care.

Question 30

Initially, what was the main purpose of private health insurance in the US?

A)Prevent national health insurance from taking hold
B)Provide coverage for major illnesses
C)Provide comprehensive coverage
D)Compensate for loss of income during sickness and temporary disability

Question 31

The Baylor Hospital plan, started in 1929, laid the foundation for modern health insurance in the US.This was a _____ plan.

A)managed care
B)contributory
C)comprehensive
D)prepaid

Question 32

When hospitals first emerged in the United States, they were used primarily by the wealthy.

Question 33

Who was the first American president to make an appeal for national health insurance?

A)Theodore Roosevelt
B)Franklin Roosevelt
C)Harry Truman
D)Bill Clinton

Question 34

During the World War II period, health insurance became employer-based because of

A)endorsement from Blue Cross and Blue Shield plans
B)wage freezes
C)disputes between labor and management about the cost of health care
D)union demands

Question 35

In the preindustrial period, Europe was more advanced than the US in medical science.

Question 36

On what grounds have middle-class Americans generally opposed proposals for a national health insurance program?

A)Higher taxes
B)Government intervention
C)Erosion of personal freedoms
D)Cost of health care

Question 37

What was the main reason for initiating national health care in countries such as Germany and England?

A)Improve the health of industrial workers
B)Ward off political instability
C)Provide access to emerging technology
D)Relieve poverty

Question 38

E-health has resulted in

A)patient empowerment and a dilution of their dependent role.
B)loss of control by physicians over health care delivery.
C)increased government regulation.
D)increased corporatization of health care delivery.

Question 39

In the preindustrial era, much of the medical care in the US was provided by nonphysicians.

Question 40

Medicare and Medicaid programs were created for population groups regarded as

A)elderly
B)vulnerable
C)underinsured
D)politically active

Question 41

When bills for compulsory health insurance were introduced in several states, they were supported by American employers.

Question 42

As the health care delivery system developed in the US, right from its inception primary care physicians were assigned a gatekeeping role.

Question 43

The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act was vehemently opposed by the AMA.

Question 44

Globalization of health care has produced positive effects in both developed and developing countries.

Question 45

Corporatization of medicine has resulted in delivering the same quality of health care at a lesser cost.

Question 46

When bills for compulsory health insurance were introduced in several states, they were opposed by labor unions.

Question 47

Middle-class Americans have historically opposed proposals for a national health insurance program.

Question 48

In June 2012, the US Supreme Court ruling settled the implementation issues concerning the ACA of 2010.

Question 49

Wage freezes during World War II helped promote employer-based health insurance in the United States.