Deck 14: Behavior Therapy

Question 1

Compared to humanistic and psychodynamic approaches to psychotherapy, behavior therapy ______.

A) emphasizes inferential, introspective methods of measuring change within the mind of the client
B) employs testable hypotheses and observable, measurable outcome measures
C) is effective with children but not adults
D) eschews the scientific method

Answer 1

employs testable hypotheses and observable, measurable outcome measures

Question 2

Sherrie is diagnosed with depression. She believes she is unlovable, cries several hours per day, consumes less calories, and thinks her symptoms will never end. In treatment, a behavior therapist is most likely to target ______.

A) Sherrie's emotional sadness
B) the amount of time Sherrie cries each day
C) the number of calories Sherrie consumes and her belief that she is unlovable
D) Sherrie's thought that her symptoms will never end

Answer 2

the amount of time Sherrie cries each day

Question 3

In a lab, Albert is conditioned to fear a white mouse. However, after leaving the lab, he not only continues to fear white mice; he also demonstrates fear of other white, fluffy objects (e.g., Santa Claus' beard, white bunnies). Which of the following behavior therapy terms best describes what has happened to Albert?

A) discrimination
B) operant conditioning
C) generalization
D) stimulus expansion

Answer 3

generalization

Question 4

______ is most closely associated with classical conditioning, while ______ is most closely associated with operant conditioning.

A) Thorndike; Skinner
B) Watson; Pavlov
C) Pavlov; Skinner
D) Thorndike; Watson

Question 5

Edward Lee Thorndike's law of effect provides the theoretical basis for ______.

A) operant conditioning
B) classical conditioning
C) graduated exposure
D) successive approximations

Question 6

Which of the following behavior therapy techniques is primarily based on classical conditioning?

A) contingency management
B) systematic desensitization
C) token economies
D) shaping

Question 7

Dr. Vogt's new client is a timid, apprehensive individual with social anxieties. Which of the following behavior therapies should he likely select for treatment?

A) the operant conditioning technique of assertiveness training
B) the operant conditioning technique of contingency management
C) the classical conditioning technique of assertiveness training
D) the classical conditioning technique of contingency management

Question 8

Which of the following statements about Ivan Pavlov is NOT true?

A) He was a physiologist originally studying the digestive systems of dogs.
B) He conducted research that laid the groundwork for classical conditioning.
C) He found that dogs would salivate in response to a stimulus that had previously been paired with food.
D) He partnered with Albert Bandura on studies of social learning.

Question 9

According to behavior therapists, ______.

A) client behaviors are symptoms of an underlying problem
B) client behaviors are the problem
C) phobias are behavioral manifestations of a disturbance in the unconscious
D) phobias result from incongruence between the real and ideal selves

Question 10

Because it is not practical to conduct treatment at an airport, Jeanie's psychologist has her imagine that she is flying on a plane as part of treatment for her flying phobia. What exposure therapy technique is Jeanie's psychologist using?

A) imaginal exposure
B) in vivo exposure
C) graded exposure
D) flooding

Question 11

The main goal of behavior therapy is ______.

A) to make the unconscious conscious
B) self-actualization
C) observable behavior change
D) an increase in logical, rational thought

Question 12

In the early 1900s, ______ argued that the classical conditioning lessons learned from Ivan Pavlov's experiments with dogs should apply to humans also.

A) Edward Lee Thorndike
B) Sigmund Freud
C) John Watson
D) Donald Meichenbaum

Question 13

In Pavlov's famous experiment with dogs, the dog's food was a(n) ______.

A) conditioned stimulus
B) unconditioned stimulus
C) neutral stimulus
D) conditioned response

Question 14

Thorndike is to ______ as Pavlov is to ______.

A) operant conditioning; classical conditioning
B) classical conditioning; operant conditioning
C) motivational interviewing; interpersonal interviewing
D) interpersonal interviewing; motivational interviewing

Question 15

Thorndike's law of effect states that ______.

A) actions followed by loud noises are more likely to occur
B) repetition of actions followed by electrical shock can be most accurately predicted in the future
C) actions followed by pleasurable consequences are more likely to occur
D) an increase in physical stimulation will yield a decrease in mental agitation

Question 16

Compared to humanistic and psychodynamic approaches to psychotherapy, behavioral psychotherapy ______.

A) emphasizes empiricism
B) defines problems in terms of observable behaviors
C) both emphasizes empiricism and defines problems in terms of observable behaviors
D) neither emphasizes empiricism nor defines problems in terms of observable behaviors

Question 17

The career of Ivan Pavlov is most closely associated with ______ therapy.

A) humanistic
B) behavior
C) cognitive
D) psychodynamic

Question 18

Operant conditioning proposes that all human (and animal) actions are governed by ______.

A) contingencies
B) cognitions
C) primary reinforcers
D) secondary reinforcers

Question 19

Which of the following places the steps of the scientific method in correct order?

A) develop hypotheses, test the hypotheses, observe a phenomenon, observe the outcome of the tests, revise the hypotheses
B) observe a phenomenon, develop hypotheses, test the hypotheses, observe the outcome of the tests, revise the hypotheses
C) observe a phenomenon, develop hypotheses, revise the hypotheses, test the hypotheses, observe the outcome of the tests
D) test the hypotheses, observe the outcome of the tests, observe a phenomenon, develop hypotheses, revise the hypotheses

Question 20

A behavior therapist is most likely to judge the success of treatment via changes in the patient's ______.

A) level of introspection
B) number of illogical cognitions
C) observable behaviors
D) positive self-regard

Question 21

Behavior therapies ______.

A) have little empirical support to justify their use
B) do not easily lend themselves to the research process
C) with empirical support include exposure and response prevention for OCD and parent training for ADHD
D) are highly effective with children but not adults

Question 22

In the case of Pavlov's dogs, the food was a ______ stimulus, and, initially, the sound of the bell was a(n) ______ stimulus.

Question 23

"If you change the consequences of a behavior, the behavior will change." This statement best summarizes the rationale behind ______.

A) contingency management
B) exposure therapy
C) systematic desensitization
D) extinction

Question 24

Behavioral activation is based on the simple idea that ______.

A) the day-to-day lives of depressed people lack positive reinforcement
B) depressed people think illogically
C) the brains of depressed people are chemically imbalanced
D) depressed people lack social skills

Question 25

Although they have been used for a variety of clinical issues, exposure therapy and systematic desensitization have been used primarily for the treatment of ______.

A) eating disorders
B) anxiety disorders
C) personality disorders
D) schizophrenia

Question 26

The form of behavior therapy derived from Bandura's work that involves clients learning from the experiences of others, rather than their own experiences, is ______.

A) exposure therapy
B) assertiveness training
C) observational learning
D) flooding

Question 27

When behavioral activation begins, an important question for the clinical psychologist to ask the client is: ______

A) "Are there things that you are not doing now that you typically do when you are not depressed?"
B) "Is there another way of interpreting the events that have happened to you?"
C) "If the feared event happens, so what?"
D) "What are your beliefs about the fact that you have been diagnosed with depression?"

Question 28

According to the behavioral approach, ______ essentially means "getting something good," and ______ essentially means "losing something good."

A) reinforcement; punishment
B) positive reinforcement; negative punishment
C) positive reinforcement; positive punishment
D) negative reinforcement; negative punishment

Question 29

Who is the creator of the law of effect?

Question 30

The goal of ______ is to increase the frequency of behaviors that are positively reinforcing to the client.

A) cognitive therapy
B) aversion therapy
C) systematic desensitization
D) behavioral activation

Question 31

______, a treatment for phobias and other anxiety disorders, involves re-pairing a feared object with a new response that is incompatible with anxiety.

A) Exposure plus response prevention
B) Behavioral consultation
C) Systematic desensitization
D) Contingency management

Question 32

Parent and teacher training are indirect interventions based on the principles of ______ therapy.

A) behavior
B) psychodynamic
C) humanistic
D) cognitive

Question 33

______ is defined as any consequence that makes a behavior less likely to occur in the future.

A) Reinforcement
B) Exposure
C) Implosion
D) Punishment

Question 34

For the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder, ______ is a form of therapy that has received substantial empirical support.

A) exposure and response prevention
B) motivational interviewing
C) behavioral consultation
D) humanistic psychotherapy

Question 35

The creation of an anxiety hierarchy is a core feature of ______.

A) token economies
B) exposure therapy
C) contingency management
D) assertiveness training

Question 36

What is the goal of behavior therapy?

Question 37

______ is typically present in systematic desensitization but typically absent from exposure therapy.

A) Relaxation training
B) Exposure to anxiety-producing stimuli
C) Reflection
D) Creation of an anxiety hierarchy

Question 38

______ is a specific application of classical conditioning that targets patients' social anxieties; it may help a patient insist on appropriate service at a restaurant or ask someone out on a date.

A) Relaxation training
B) Exposure plus response prevention
C) Assertiveness training
D) Contingency management

Question 39

The removal of an expected reinforcement that results in a decrease in the frequency of a behavior is known as ______.

A) extinction
B) behavioral adaptation
C) flooding
D) assertiveness training

Question 40

Which of the following behavioral psychotherapy techniques is primarily based on operant conditioning?

A) exposure therapy
B) systematic desensitization
C) assertiveness training
D) contingency management

Question 41

Briefly explain the extinction burst.

Question 42

Briefly define both generalization and discrimination as understood by behavior therapists. Also, explain how each could alter the development of a phobia related to a traumatic incident in an elevator.

Question 43

Exposure therapy and systematic desensitization are examples of ______ conditioning.

Question 44

Describe the process of exposure therapy. What psychological problem is it usually used to treat? Include key elements or techniques used in this type of therapy.

Question 45

What form of behavioral consultation helps parents with the problematic behaviors of their children?

Question 46

If a kindergarten teacher gives students a sticker each time they are good, takes a sticker away each time they are bad, and allows students to trade in a certain number of stickers for a prize, the teacher is likely using what operant conditioning technique?

Question 47

______ refers to the removal of an expected reinforcement that results in a decrease in the frequency of the behavior.

Question 48

What is a main difference between exposure therapy and systematic desensitization?

Question 49

Briefly explain how behavior therapists conduct parent training.

Question 50

What are the five stages of behavioral consultation?