Deck 16: The Muslim Empires

Question 1

Ottoman religious policy

A) applied Islamic law to everyone in the empire.
B) required all Shi'ite Muslims to convert to Sunni Islam.
C) was more tolerant of Hindu beliefs than the Mughal Dynasty.
D) had converted all of its European subjects except Serbs and Greeks to Islam by 1700.
E) placed the members of each religious group under a patriarch, priest, or grand rabbi, who served in an intermediary capacity in governmental matters affecting his group.

Answer 1

placed the members of each religious group under a patriarch, priest, or grand rabbi, who served in an intermediary capacity in governmental matters affecting his group.

Question 2

The fundamental components of the Ottoman political system evolved from

A) Mongol traditions.
B) Germanic traditions.
C) Islamic law.
D) Byzantine administrative traditions.
E) tribal institutions.

Answer 2

tribal institutions.

Question 3

Which of the following statements about the reign of Suleyman I the Magnificent is FALSE?

A) The Ottomans first captured the Slavic regions of Poland.
B) The Ottomans invaded Hungary.
C) The Ottomans' advance into Austria was finally stopped at Vienna.
D) The Ottomans were increasing their control over the western Mediterranean area.
E) The Ottomans were treated as a major power by the principal European states.

Answer 3

The Ottomans first captured the Slavic regions of Poland.

Question 4

Emperor Selim led the Ottoman conquest of the Mamluks in

A) central Asia.
B) Egypt.
C) the Balkans.
D) Persia.
E) eastern Europe.

Question 5

Ottoman queen mothers

A) were required to remain celibate.
B) were usually sent into exile.
C) had considerable authority in affairs of state.
D) were more powerful than the sultan.
E) served as military advisors.

Question 6

In the Ottoman system, the administrative unit of each religious minority was called a

A) millet.
B) vezier.
C) janissary.
D) sipahis
E) devshirme.

Question 7

Ottoman expansion

A) was achieved without any change in military organization or technology between 1400 and1700.
B) relied heavily on the development of the Janissaries and new artillery weapons and tactics in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries.
C) absorbed Persia and Samarkand during the 1570s.
D) seized Ukraine during the late 1600s, but it was lost again in the early 1700s.
E) saw the use of slaves as conscript soldiers.

Question 8

The sultan's concubines tended to be

A) daughters of Ottoman merchants.
B) from farm families.
C) members of the Ottoman nobility.
D) daughters of military leaders.
E) non-Muslim slaves.

Question 9

It is accurate to state that the

A) Osmanli Turks first consolidated their control of the southeastern part of the Balkans, given to them by the Seljuks.
B) Ottoman Turks gained control of much of the Balkans before they took Constantinople.
C) Yeni Cheri were a renowned group of Sufi mystics.
D) Seljuk Turks conquered the Ottoman Turks.
E) Fourth Crusade captured Constantinople from the Ottoman Turks.

Question 10

Before the Turkish capture of Constantinople,

A) Murad I defeated the Serbs at the Battle of Kosovo.
B) the Balkan population refused to assist Ottoman efforts in any way.
C) Morocco was the only Mediterranean area controlled by the Spanish conquistadors.
D) the last Byzantine emperor became a Lutheran in a bid for European support.
E) Pope Innocent XII personally led a crusade to save the city for Christendom.

Question 11

When Mehmet II succeeded to the Ottoman throne, he was determined to capture

A) Serbia.
B) Bulgaria.
C) Constantinople.
D) Venice.
E) Vienna.

Question 12

Ottoman defeat at the Battle of Lepanto ended their bid for control of

A) the Mediterranean.
B) the Balkans.
C) central Asia.
D) northern Africa.
E) eastern Europe.

Question 13

At the 1389 Battle of Kosovo,

A) the Serbs defeated the Ottoman armies at Osman.
B) Orkhan was able to defeat the Serbs and gain control of the Balkans.
C) Murad's Janissaries defeated the Serbs, ending Serbian domination of the Balkans.
D) the Serbian defeat created Ottoman hegemony over Abu Dhabi.
E) the Serbs defeated the Bosnians at the Battle of Constance.

Question 14

The Ottoman Turks renamed Constantinople

A) Kuycik.
B) Istanbul.
C) Anatolia.
D) Adrianople.
E) Ankara.

Question 15

The power structure of the Ottoman Empire

A) was highly structured, with the ruler's oldest son always succeeding to power.
B) was not hereditary, and the sultan was succeeded by his highest-ranking military subordinate.
C) was physically centered in the Topkapi.
D) divided power between the vezir, "the sultanate of women," and devshirme scholars.
E) lacked an imperial bureaucracy, a serious weakness in an empire of that size.

Question 16

After establishing Constantinople as their new capital, the Ottomans went to war with the

A) Russians.
B) Egyptians.
C) Mughals.
D) Safavids.
E) Venetians.

Question 17

The janissaries were recruited from

A) the ranks of the Ottoman military elite.
B) the local Christian population in the Balkans.
C) the Mamluk slave armies.
D) the Ottoman countryside.
E) Italy, France, and Spain.

Question 18

All of the following statements about Ottoman expansion are true except

A) their geographical location gave them a definite advantage for expansion.
B) after taking advantage of Byzantine weakness, they established a base at Gallipoli, and then allied with the Serbs and Bulgars to continue fighting the Byzantine Empire.
C) after the Kurdish seizure of Constantinople in 1521, Ottoman support of the new Kurdish ruler gave them greater control over Asia Minor.
D) as they established European settlements, Turkish beys replaced local landlords, and became the only recipients of taxes collected from the Slavic peasant population.
E) they recruited young Christian boys from the Balkans to serve in elite military guard.

Question 19

Ottoman decline was caused by all except

A) a decline of competence within the ruling family.
B) internal decay of the ruling elite.
C) the Europeanization of the Turkish upper classes.
D) a decrease in the involvement of the rulers in the activities of the government, thus enabling the Sublime Porte to become more powerful.
E) conquest of Constantinople by Great Britain and France in the Crimean War.

Question 20

Constantinople was captured by the

A) Seljuk Turks, led by Suleyman the Magnificent.
B) Ottoman Turks, led by Tamerlane.
C) Safavids, under Shah Ismail.
D) Ottoman Turks, headed by Mehmet II.
E) Mongols, led by Akbar.

Question 21

The Ottoman governmental structure

A) was a blend of old tribal traditions and a more recent, sedentary environment.
B) required that all slaves in the empire come from the Muslim population.
C) made conspicuous use of the Sublime Porte, a docking area for elite pleasure craft.
D) moved from Constantinople to Ankara.
E) included non-Muslims at the top levels.

Question 22

European observers compared the Topkapi harem to

A) a Christian convent.
B) the lowest pit of Hell.
C) a brothel.
D) a small village.
E) the papal palace.

Question 23

Ottoman architecture

A) was the least impressive of Ottoman artistic activities.
B) was the result of the work of architects and workers imported from outside the empire.
C) used the open floor technique originally used in the Byzantine church of Santa Sophia in designing mosques such as the one at Edirne.
D) was based entirely upon Mughal models.
E) was based upon the pyramid structure of ancient Egypt.

Question 24

Safavid Iran

A) was a purely Persian society.
B) was strongly influenced by Turkish elements within the society.
C) adopted Sunni Islam as its state religion.
D) was a thoroughly egalitarian society.
E) had an unusually tolerant attitude toward Christian and Buddhist minorities.

Question 25

During the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, ____ was introduced into polite Ottoman society.

A) beef
B) sugar
C) pepper
D) alcohol
E) coffee

Question 26

The "red heads" were

A) the light-haired warriors who destroyed Bokhara in 1380.
B) followers of the Shi'ite doctrines of Safi al Din.
C) Ottoman Yeni Chari fighters and their "scholar bodyguards."
D) Muslim fugitives from Ireland.
E) Sufi mystics.

Question 27

The Safavid Dynasty was founded by

A) Sheikh Safi al-Din.
B) Abbas the Great.
C) Ismail.
D) Nadir Shah Afshar.
E) Tamerlane.

Question 28

The Mughal rule of Akbar in India

A) extended over about ten percent of the subcontinent.
B) has been attributed, by some scholars, exclusively to the use of heavily armored cavalry to overwhelm his adversaries.
C) was the result of a combination of the use of technology, sieges, and diplomacy.
D) collapsed immediately after Akbar's death, when the British East India Co. took over.
E) extended to Indonesia.

Question 29

All of the following were true of Safavid Iran except

A) its wealth was much greater than its neighbors, the Mughal and Ottoman empires.
B) it had to trade with Europe through southern Russia, since the Europeans controlled the seas to the south and the Ottomans controlled the lands to the west.
C) it produced many items that were in high demand in many other parts of the world.
D) it maintained a respectable level of thought and learning in philosophy, science, medicine, and mathematics.
E) it contained large minority populations, though most of the population was of Iranian background.

Question 30

Where did coffee originate?

A) Turkey
B) China
C) Arabia
D) Central Africa
E) Austria

Question 31

Under Shah Abbas I, the Safavid capital was moved to

A) Kashan.
B) Shiraz.
C) Teheran.
D) Isfahan.
E) Tabriz.

Question 32

Under the Safavids, ____ was declared the state religion.

A) Buddhism
B) Coptic Christianity
C) Zoroastrianism
D) Sunni Islam
E) Shi'ism

Question 33

Babur, the founder of the Mughal Dynasty in India,

A) traced his roots to Muhammad on his mother's side.
B) took Isfahan early in the sixteenth century, before leading his forces into India.
C) was born in Egypt.
D) established his northern Indian domain after his conquest of Delhi, and died at age 47.
E) was the first Chinese-born ruler of India.

Question 34

Which of the following statements is not an accurate observation of the Mughal rule of Akbar in India?

A) He appointed many Hindus to lower administrative posts.
B) His "Divine Faith" was just one example of the great religious toleration of his regime.
C) He permitted zamindars to yield significant independent authority in their local regions.
D) He and his people did not care for sea travel; therefore the Arabs took care of Mughal international trade.
E) He became a militant Buddhist during the latter half of his reign.

Question 35

Which of the following is a true statement about Safavid culture?

A) Riza-i-Abbasi was its most celebrated artist.
B) Its literature was its greatest artistic achievement.
C) The ascent of Persian poetry gave rise to the greatness of Safavid poetry.
D) The great array of Safavid poets who went to India to write for the Mughal rulers attests to the greatness of the poets of this era.
E) It declined sharply during the reign of Shah Abbas I.

Question 36

The Ottoman sultan ruled through the chief minister known as the

A) devshirme.
B) purdah.
C) sipahis.
D) holy one.
E) grand vizier.

Question 37

It can be said of Safavid cultural achievements that

A) its pottery ignored eastern influences and duplicated ancient Persian designs.
B) it was minimally involved with textile production.
C) its seventeenth-century carpets epitomized the height of its artistic achievement.
D) its painting was intensely affected by Western methods and subjects.
E) its architecture was almost wholly imitative.

Question 38

Safavid power was spread through Persia by

A) resurgent Sunni military leaders.
B) Ismail's militant use of Shi'ite Islam to unify the region.
C) Safi's enforcement of sufi mysticism throughout the region.
D) Shah Abbas' successful military campaigns against the Byzantines.
E) Sunni pashas.

Question 39

Women in Ottoman society

A) had considerable political influence if they were queen mothers.
B) were given much more freedom in the economic sphere than those of Vietnam.
C) had no political influence, as was shown by the fate of Suleyman the Magnificent's mother.
D) who lived in the harem were abused sexually by the sultan and his male friends and, at times, even by enlisted army personnel.
E) served as royal bodyguards and, if slaves, were used to produce royal heirs.

Question 40

Ottoman artists produced distinctive pottery and glazed tiles at the city of

A) Istanbul.
B) Edirne.
C) Bursa.
D) Iznik.
E) Aleppo.

Question 41

In 1739, Delhi was sacked by the

A) Persians.
B) Dutch.
C) British.
D) Afghans.
E) Egyptians.

Question 42

The British presence in India significantly began in 1616 when they

A) successfully attacked Puna.
B) established their first factory at Delhi.
C) were granted the right to have a representative at the court in Agra.
D) forced the Mughals to provide them with light-weight textiles.
E) seized the Portuguese outpost of Goa.

Question 43

Who built the famous Taj Mahal?

A) A Mughal emperor as tomb to glorify the memory of his wife
B) An Ottoman emperor as a summer residence
C) A Seljuk Turkish sultan as his main palace and seat of power
D) The Safavids to house the remains of members of their ruling dynasty
E) The British

Question 44

The status of women under the Mughal regime

A) varied greatly, with women at court sometimes receiving education as under Emperor Akbar.
B) was universally poor, as all women were forbidden to own property.
C) declined sharply when the Emperor ordered that Muslim women practice sati.
D) was higher for Hindu women than for Muslim women.
E) was equal to that of men.

Question 45

The jizya was a(n)

A) military unit
B) poll tax on non-Muslims.
C) Mughal court official.
D) day of prayer and fasting.
E) foreign emissary.

Question 46

The Mughal literary masterpiece that served as a basis for a late 1980s Indian television series was the

A) Ramayanas.
B) Rajasthanas.
C) Ramcaritmanas.
D) Rastaclaphas.
E) Rajputi.

Question 47

In the European competition for the control of India,

A) Joseph Francois Dupleix was more successful than Sir Robert Clive.
B) Sir Robert Clive was more successful than Joseph Francois Dupleix.
C) Joseph Francois Dupleix was able to gain control of most of the subcontinent due to the strong financial support of the French.
D) Sir Robert Clive's lack of military acumen prevented him from gaining any significant control over the subcontinent.
E) the French defeated the British at the Battle of the Black Hole.

Question 48

As the British extended their economic and military control over India, from the coastal cities to the inland regions,

A) all local Indian rulers became richer and more powerful.
B) British and Indian elite wealth and success increased, as did that of Indian peasants.
C) both the British and the Indians prospered from the new alliance.
D) British colonial rule in India initially favored Indian interests over those of Britain.
E) an estimated one-third of the population in areas under British East Company control died in the 1770s in a series of massive famines.

Question 49

Aurangzeb

A) issued orders to prohibit sati and the castration of eunuchs.
B) ended the zamindar system and created an efficient tax revenue.
C) ended the forced conversions to Islam.
D) expanded the tolerant religious policies of his predecessor.
E) abdicated in favor of his son, Babur.

Question 50

Mughal architectural developments

A) were always undertaken after making certain that expenditures on them would not injure mass living standards.
B) often blended Persian and Indian styles to achieve new and beautiful results.
C) borrowed heavily from Tibetan and Ottoman styles
D) were influenced by the construction techniques of Yuan China.
E) were imposed on the Mughals by the British East India Co.

Question 51

The "Akbar style" included all of the following except

A) it combined Persian with Indian motifs.
B) it imitated European art forms.
C) it followed the Ottoman trend toward realism and historical narrative.
D) human figures were often represented in spite of Islamic prohibitions.
E) it was strongly influenced by the artistic style of Ming China.

Question 52

The takeover of vast landholdings by the British East India Company was

A) a disaster for the Indian economy.
B) a blessing in disguise for the Indian people.
C) largely a fiction.
D) a boon for local industries.
E) welcomed by most Indian peasants.

Question 53

Before 1858, British India was in the hands of the

A) VOC.
B) British East India Company.
C) Hindu Marathas.
D) forces of the Marquess of Wellesley.
E) hindu Marathas.

Question 54

The sixteenth-century Hindi version of the retelling of the Ramayana was written by

A) Tulsidas.
B) Gandhi.
C) Krishna.
D) Rajasthani.
E) Heraclion.

Question 55

Sir Robert Clive drove the ____ out of South India.

A) Austrians
B) Portuguese
C) Spanish
D) Dutch
E) French

Question 56

Shah Jahan's rule was marred by

A) growing sectarian violence.
B) a Mongol invasion.
C) his failure to deal with domestic problems.
D) a failed effort to improve living conditions in rural areas.
E) his rejection of all of Akbar's policies.

Question 57

Akbar was succeeded by his son and grandson, respectively

A) Shah Jahan and Aurangzeb.
B) Jahangir and Shah Jahan.
C) Nur Jahan and Babur al-Raua.
D) Mumtaz Mahal and Mehmet I.
E) Babur and Dara Shikoh.

Question 58

The son of Shah Jahan, who killed his brother, imprisoned his father, and then assumed the throne himself, was

A) Aurangzeb.
B) Shivaji.
C) Dara Shikoh.
D) Jahangir.
E) Lothair.

Question 59

All of the following were true about the reign of Shah Jahan except that

A) he was able to expand the Mughal domain.
B) he put economic strains on his people with programs of conquest and construction enterprises.
C) famine and drought did not plague India during his rule.
D) he built the Red Fort in Delhi.
E) the expense of building the Taj Mahal required him to increase agricultural taxes.

Question 60

In the daily life of Mughal India, the Muslim practice of barring women from associating with men outside the home was known as

A) sati.
B) zamindar.
C) purdah.
D) raga.
E) harem.

Question 61

At the top of the Ottoman system of government was the grand vizier.

Question 62

Among the striking similarities of the three early-modern Muslim empires are

A) their strict adherence to Sunni Islam.
B) the fact that they mastered gunpowder, which led to a complacent sense of security.
C) the East Asian origins of their early rulers.
D) the fact that each was controlled by western European interests by 1700.
E) their cultivation of transoceanic trade ties with West Africa.

Question 63

Indian literature was stimulated by the arrival of printing in the early sixteenth century.

Question 64

The first Mughal emperor was Babur was an energetic and charismatic leader.

Question 65

The Ottoman Turk homeland was in Bulgaria.

Question 66

The first Europeans to arrive in India were the Portuguese.

Question 67

In 1529, Suleyman I the Magnificent conquered Vienna.

Question 68

The Ottoman Turks preceded the Seljuk Turks.

Question 69

The Ottomans were vastly outnumbered at the 1453 siege of Constantinople.

Question 70

The Ottomans divided their population into more than twenty castes.

Question 71

Akbar was probably the greatest of the conquering Mughal monarchs.

Question 72

The position of the Ottoman sultan was hereditary, with a son, although not necessarily the eldest, which led to many sibling executions.

Question 73

The majority of Shah Jahan's subjects lived in dire poverty.

Question 74

The Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal empires were all of nomadic origin.

Question 75

Akbar forbid the discussion of Christianity within his realm.

Question 76

Janissaries were Hindu rajputs who were converted to Islam by the Ottoman.

Question 77

The sipahis were local cavalry elites.

Question 78

Unlike the Ottoman Empire, the Safavid Empire embraced Sunni Islam.

Question 79

The Safavid's built their empire in the early sixteenth century.

Question 80

The first Mughal emperor, Babur, was descended from both Tamerlane and Genghis Khan.