Deck 9: Motivation and Emotion

Question 1

A conscientious student who persistently studies interesting material in her classes because she finds the topics fascinating would be said to be

A) demonstrating a low n Ach.
B) intrinsically motivated.
C) using an external locus of control.
D) overjustifying her behavior.
E) extrinsically motivated.

Answer 1

intrinsically motivated.

Question 2

Salmon swimming upstream to spawn is an example of

A) incentives.
B) motives.
C) instinct.
D) needs.
E) drives.

Answer 2

instinct.

Question 3

________ in the cultures of Latin America and the Middle East may act to discourage individual achievement.

A) Extrinsic motivations
B) Euphemism
C) Collectivis.
D) Structuralism
E) Individualis.

Answer 3

Collectivis.

Question 4

Luc said, "I don't care what I do as long as I am the best at it!" What need did Luc express?

A) need for achievemen.
B) need for affiliation
C) need for powe.
D) need for sex
E) need for optimal arousal

Question 5

In the time of noted psychologist William James, psychologists were inclined to explain motivated behavior by attributing it to

A) emotions.
B) incentives.
C) learned responses.
D) instincts.
E) impulses.

Question 6

Which statement about motivation is TRUE?

A) Motivation selects, directs, and sustains behavior.
B) b. We are always aware of motivational processes.
C) There is only one type of motivation.
D) Two people motivated by the same factor will satisfy that motive through similar means.
E) Motivation always exists outside of one's awareness.

Question 7

If you failed to eat for two days while playing the latest version of the video game Halo, it might be said that you have experienced

A) growth motivation.
B) flow.
C) an emotional breakdown.
D) lateralization of emotion.
E) overjustification.

Question 8

Providing an external reward for a behavior that is already intrinsically motivated may result in a

A) sense of irritation.
B) refusal to accept rewards of any kind.
C) slower rate of learning.
D) reduction in the rewarded behavior.
E) new locus of control.

Question 9

Sydney said, "I don't care much about my grades as long as I'm the most popular girl in the class!" What need is this?

A) need for achievemen.
B) need for affiliatio.
C) need for power
D) need for sex
E) need for primary reinforcement

Question 10

Jack said, "I want to rule the world." What type of need is this?

A) need for achievemen.
B) need for affiliation
C) need for powe.
D) need for sex
E) need for extrinsic reward

Question 11

Overjustification is most likely to occur when

A) Cindy is given a trophy for riding her bicycle.
B) Jan is punished for refusing to set the dinner table.
C) Marcia is asked out to her senior prom.
D) Bobby walks his dog, Tiger.
E) Peter receives a trip to Hawaii for being named Salesman of the Year.

Question 12

If your professor tells you that you will not have to take the final exam if you do well on the first exam, you have been given a(n) ________ to study.

A) drive but not a motive
B) intrinsic motivatio.
C) extrinsic motivation
D) unconscious motivation
E) external locus of control

Question 13

An instinct is a tendency that is

A) learned.
B) conditioned.
C) innate.
D) easily controlled.
E) reinforced.

Question 14

Which of the following is the best example of a drive?

A) your political views
B) the need for achievemen.
C) hunge.
D) earning money by working at a job
E) volunteering time to feed the hungry

Question 15

Ethan is an award-winning swimmer. His desire to compete and win is part of his need for

A) attention.
B) affiliation.
C) physical activity.
D) achievement.
E) power.

Question 16

Which of the following is correct for people who are high in the need for achievement?

A) They look for careers that pay a lot of money.
B) They show greater persistence on difficult tasks.
C) They look for careers that require little education.
D) They look for careers that will make them famous.
E) They look for careers where they can control the actions of others.

Question 17

You overhear a psychologist presenting a lecture to an introductory psychology class.er mentions "purposeful or goal-directed behavior that serves to accomplish specific needs or desires.gnize that he is talking about which type of behavior?

A) motivated
B) emotiona.
C) frustrated
D) preconscious
E) nonconscious

Question 18

One positive outcome of instinct approaches was

A) that they gave birth to psychoanalytic theory.
B) that psychologists began focusing on learning theories.
C) that psychologists were now forced to consider the nature vs. nurture question in the area of motives.
D) a better explanation of behavio.
E) conclusive evidence that instincts do not, in fact, exist.

Question 19

People with high n Ach are likely to succeed in life because they

A) persist on difficult tasks.
B) get low grades in school.
C) avoid competition when possible.
D) stay at the same level in their company for quite a while.
E) prefer to be followers, rather than leaders.

Question 20

A person who visits a cafeteria to be with his friends would be said to show ________ motivation, whereas another person might show ________ motivation because she is only there to get some free pizza.

A) extrinsic; intrinsi.
B) intrinsic; extrinsic
C) deferred; peripheral
D) peripheral; deferred
E) conscious; unconscious

Question 21

A famed psychologist claims that motivated behaviors result from an effort to reduce tension caused by bodily needs such as hunger or thirst. This psychologist's philosophy most closely matches ________ theory.

A) reciprocity
B) homeostati.
C) needs
D) driv.
E) incentive

Question 22

The chief function of homeostasis is to

A) prevent balance.
B) maintain a balanced state.
C) regulate emotions.
D) control sexual urges.
E) monitor body temperature.

Question 23

According to Freud, aggression is to thanatos as sex drive is to

A) creativity.
B) eros.
C) charity.
D) perception.
E) drive theory.

Question 24

Drive theory would say that getting a haircut to look attractive is a(n)

A) homeostatic drive.
B) psychological motive.
C) biological drive.
D) motive drive.
E) incentive.

Question 25

Biological drives are caused by

A) exceptions to the drive-reduction principle.
B) learned behaviors.
C) stimuli within the body.
D) stimuli outside the body.
E) external incentives.

Question 26

Which of the following behaviors is NOT an example of drive-reduction theory?

A) getting some food when you are hungr.
B) going to sleep when you are tired
C) getting something to drink when you are thirsty
D) going jogging when you are bore.
E) taking a cool shower when you are overheated

Question 27

According to drive theory, what occurs each time a behavior results in drive reduction?

A) Tension is increased.
B) Stability is reduced.
C) Homeostasis is restored.
D) Drives are increased.
E) Instincts are satisfied

Question 28

The explanation of human motivation proposed by Freud emphasized the importance of urges relating to

A) a drive to be powerfu.
B) locus of control
C) a hierarchy of needs.
D) a sex drive.
E) a drive for homeostasis.

Question 29

Some psychologists believe that an organism's behavior is motivated by the need to achieve a state of balance in which the body functions effectively-a state called

A) unbalance.
B) acquiescence.
C) propinquity.
D) homeostasis.
E) instinctiveness.

Question 30

The ________ theory of motivation suggests a connection between internal physical states and outward behavior.

A) arousal
B) driv.
C) incentiv.
D) achievement
E) instinct

Question 31

Which of the following would be considered to be a motive rather than a drive?

A) religion
B) hunger
C) thirst
D) sexuality
E) sleep

Question 32

According to Maslow, the motive of self-actualization makes one want to

A) fulfill one's inborn potential.
B) have frequent contact with others.
C) possess as many material goods as possible.
D) convince others of one's true worth.
E) be very popular among one's peers.

Question 33

Monica put all her time and energy into getting into the acting club because her main goal in life "was to be a famous star!" Monica's drive to be famous was a ________.

A) biological driv.
B) reflexive state
C) psychological motiv.
D) tertiary motive
E) secondary drive

Question 34

Which level of Abraham Maslow's hierarchy is epitomized by the U.serve's slogan "Be all that you can be"?

A) safety
B) self-estee.
C) belongingness
D) self-actualization
E) physiological needs

Question 35

Identify the case below in which the more basic need is listed before the "higher" need, according to Maslow's theory of motivation.

A) esteem before safety
B) attachment before biology
C) self-actualization before affiliation
D) affiliation before biology
E) attachment before esteem

Question 36

Jenna skipped dinner last night to stay up late and study for her final exam.to bed at 6 a. to be at class by 8 a.rm clock did not go off as scheduled, and she raced out the door without eating.lt, she was very distracted by hunger pangs and lack of energy while taking the test. learned that she failed her exam.ld have likely performed better on her final if she had met a(n) ________ need before the final.

A) freedo.
B) belonging
C) transcendence
D) biological
E) affiliation

Question 37

Which of the following shows a focus on the lowest of Maslow's hierarchy of needs?

A) Joan wants to live in a house with all the modern conveniences so that she may have more time to seek fulfillment from her career and family.
B) Frank feels that he is a good salesman because he likes what he does and knows how to do it well.
C) Barbara knows that as a teacher she is a good person because she realizes the importance of imparting knowledge to society.
D) Mark works hard as an attorney only so that he can attract more clients, more money, and be secure in the knowledge that his family can have food, water, and shelter.
E) Lisa constantly does things that she does not want to do just so that her peers will like her and want to spend time with her.

Question 38

Which of the following activities is inconsistent with drive-reduction theory?

A) eating food that tastes bad
B) going swimming on a hot day
C) eating when you are not hungr.
D) smoking pot to rela.
E) putting on a sweater when you are cold

Question 39

Homeostasis is most like which of the following?

A) a car
B) a thermomete.
C) a cooler
D) a thermosta.
E) a radiator

Question 40

Bill has felt isolated and like an "outsider" since coming to college for his freshman year. As a result, he decided to rush a fraternity and was very excited when he was selected to pledge. According to Maslow, Bill may be attempting to meet the need of

A) freedom.
B) affiliation.
C) transcendence.
D) physiology.
E) power.

Question 41

The fact that widely different cultures use the same facial expressions to express different emotions would lead researchers to believe that expressions are ________ rather than ________.

A) situational; emotional
B) cognitive; biophysical
C) unreliable; reliabl.
D) innate; learne.
E) physical; mental

Question 42

The goal of sex for both men and women, biologically speaking, is to

A) achieve orgasm.
B) create as many offspring as possible.
C) eat until full.
D) get a consistent amount of nightly sleep.
E) reduce anger and stress.

Question 43

Emotion emphasizes

A) stress.
B) energy.
C) desire.
D) traits.
E) arousal.

Question 44

_______ can vary from culture to culture and are socially acceptable ways of showing emotion in public settings.

A) Phonemes
B) Facial grids
C) Display rules
D) Expressional norms
E) Emotional morphemes

Question 45

According to Robert Plutchik, the experience of the emotion of love is a complex blend of

A) friendship and romance.
B) togetherness and care.
C) belonging and happiness.
D) joy and acceptance.
E) sincerity and commitment.

Question 46

Which of the following individuals is from a culture that has strict public social display rules?

A) Mark, who is America.
B) Sandrine, who is French
C) Miyoki, who is Japanes.
D) Jessica, who is Canadian
E) Gunther, who is German

Question 47

Maria claims to never have an appetite. She enjoys preparing food for others, but she never partakes in her creations, claiming she has already eaten. She is quite thin but tells her friends she needs to lose "just a few more pounds." Most days she is at the gym working out for two to three hours. She would best be described as suffering from

A) diabetes.
B) a low blood-sugar level.
C) anorexia nervosa.
D) bulimia nervosa.
E) binge-purge disorder.

Question 48

Roger is sad, but he does not want to cry in front of his friends because of the ________ he has been taught.

A) emotion.
B) display rule.
C) cognitions
D) emotional intelligence
E) locus of control

Question 49

A psychologist who has studied emotions with Ekman for decades is going to present a summary of the research. Which title might this psychologist consider?

A) "Emotion as a Deviation"
B) "Emotion: Evolution's Big Mistake"
C) "Why Emotions Are Not Fully Developed in Humans.
D) "How Facial Expressions Communicate Emotions.
E) "How the Brain Determines Emotional Responses"

Question 50

Lucy is a hard-working student in her sophomore year at a large university. Her friends can't understand how Lucy eats so much, yet gains no weight. Her weight is normal, she eats meals, and is generally personable. Her friends do find it weird that she always has to go to the bathroom after a meal, but Lucy just says she has a weak bladder. What her friends do not know is that Lucy also eats 4,000-6,000 calories in one sitting at least two times a week. After gorging herself, she then vomits all of it back up. She would best be described as suffering from

A) diabetes.
B) a low blood-sugar level.
C) anorexia nervosa.
D) bulimia nervosa.
E) obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Question 51

A person whose job is dirty, exhausting, and dangerous may be under severe stress because the individual's ________ is constantly being activated.

A) emotional intelligence
B) emergency respons.
C) parasympathetic nervous syste.
D) display rule
E) reticular activating system

Question 52

Maslow's humanistic theory of motivation has difficulty in explaining why

A) a person would ask for dessert after eating a delicious meal.
B) two people would fall in love.
C) you study hard to do well on your exams.
D) a mother would risk death in order to protect her child.
E) you go to sleep earlier than usual when you are feeling tired.

Question 53

The ________ would explain that Charissa's decision to munch on popcorn depends on whether she enjoys popcorn, how long it has been since she last ate, and what time of day it is.

A) "stop" center concept
B) set point theory
C) multiple-systems approac.
D) needs hierarchy view
E) theory of driv.

Question 54

Anna Nicole weighed about 125 pounds most of her adult life. However, it seemed like whenever Anna Nicole gained weight, it was easy to lose and get back to 125. But when she wanted to go below 125, it took forever, and even the slightest deviation from her diet got her back to 125. What explanation would you give Anna Nicole?

A) Use better diet products.
B) Start a reality TV show.
C) Her weight, 125, is her homeostatic set point. Leave it alone.
D) Her BMR is not tied to her set point.
E) Her BAC is out of synchrony with her ATP.

Question 55

The right hemisphere of the cerebral cortex is most likely to be involved when a person is

A) scared by the appearance of a spider above his or her head.
B) elated at his or her wedding reception.
C) surprised after winning $10,000 in a lottery.
D) under pressure to complete a term paper by tomorrow.
E) depressed after the loss of the favorite pet.

Question 56

When we experience unpleasant stimulation, the ________ is more active; with a pleasant emotion, the ________ is more active.

A) reticular activating system; hypothalamus
B) limbic system; endocrine system
C) left hemisphere; right hemisphere
D) sympathetic division; parasympathetic division
E) hypothalamus; thalamus

Question 57

Damage to the ________ would be expected to render a wild animal tame and placid.

A) cerebellum
B) limbic system
C) blood-brain barrier
D) parasympathetic system
E) temporal lobe

Question 58

What is one of the criticisms of Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs?

A) The highest level has never been attained.
B) Self-actualization is actually a biological drive.
C) The hierarchy does not have any focus on social needs.
D) Sometimes lower needs are not attended to while higher-level needs are being addressed.
E) Self-actualization is something we're all born with, not something we need to achieve.

Question 59

The fact that some arousal can facilitate performance but that too much arousal impairs performance is best described by the

A) notion of homeostasis.
B) inverted U function.
C) James-Lange theory of emotion.
D) two-factor theory.
E) display rules theory.

Question 60

Which of the following is the best example of a culture where children are encouraged to express their emotions?

A) China
B) United States
C) Japan
D) Sri Lanka
E) North Korea

Question 61

Cannon and Bard disagreed with the James-Lange theory of emotion on the basis that

A) internal changes occur more quickly than the theory claimed.
B) there were fewer emotions that people can experience.
C) physical responses occur before feelings.
D) physical responses are difficult to measure.
E) emotions and internal responses occur at the same time.

Question 62

Indiana Jones goes off to foreign lands in search of artifacts hidden in dangerous places and guarded by fierce protectors. Dr. Jones would be described as ________ in arousal theory.

A) foolhardy
B) a person high in need for power
C) a sensation seeke.
D) a person high in need for affiliatio.
E) a person high in n Ach

Question 63

Which statement best reflects the James-Lange theory of emotion?

A) Our hearts race, we see a monster, we feel fear.
B) We see a monster, we feel fear, our hearts race.
C) We see a monster, our hearts race, we feel fear.
D) We feel fear, our hearts race, we see the monster.
E) We walk into a dark room, hear people scream, label the stimulus as friends giving us a surprise party, and then feel happy.

Question 64

What is the correct sequence of events in emotional response according to the Cannon-Bard theory?

A) stimulus à emotion à physiological changes
B) stimulus à physiological changes à emotio.
C) physiological changes à stimulus à emotion
D) stimulus à emotion AND physiological changes (simultaneous.
E) emotion à stimulus à physiological changes

Question 65

In arousal theory, people are said to have a(n) ________ level of tension.

A) ultimate
B) lower
C) optima.
D) hig.
E) balanced

Question 66

Which of the following factors is most likely to have an effect on predictions made by the inverted U function?

A) task instruction.
B) gender of the person doing the task
C) age of the person doing the task
D) difficulty of the tas.
E) number of people present when the task is performed

Question 67

Lester has high test anxiety, which tends to affect his test performance even though he studies a lot. According to the inverted U function, which of the following activities will help Lester improve his performance?

A) Study harder.
B) Use relaxation exercises before each test.
C) Study less because his performance won't be that good anyway.
D) Get a tutor.
E) Review his notes every third day, so that he doesn't get "repetition overload."

Question 68

Which statement is most consistent with the James-Lange theory of emotion?

A) "I run because I'm afraid."
B) "I'm happy because I laugh..
C) "I'm crying because I'm sad..
D) "I'm anxious because I perspire."
E) "I'm hitting because I'm angry."

Question 69

Seeing a snake, running away from it, and then becoming frightened is the sequence of events postulated by the ________ theory.

A) Plutchik
B) Cannon-Bar.
C) James-Lange
D) Yerkes-Dodson
E) Lazarus

Question 70

Seeing a snake and then simultaneously running away from it and becoming frightened, is the sequence of events postulated by ________ theory.

A) Plutchik's
B) the James-Lang.
C) the Cannon-Bar.
D) Schachter and Singer's
E) Ekman's

Question 71

According to the James-Lange theory of emotion, anger

A) causes people to hit someone.
B) occurs at the same time a person hits someone.
C) does not truly exist.
D) might occur after we feel aroused because we hit someone.
E) and happiness always occur simultaneously.

Question 72

Stanley Schachter's theory of emotion proposes that emotion results when

A) you cognitively label the arousal and give it emotional meaning.
B) you simultaneously experience arousal and an emotional experience.
C) you look back over your experiences to try to identify the arousal you just experienced.
D) your sensory experiences fail to have any personal significance.
E) you are unable to control any of your personal circumstances.

Question 73

Which is the best explanation of the Cannon-Bard theory?

A) Bodily arousal occurs before emotional response.
B) Emotions arise from learned triggers.
C) Emotion is nothing but a reflexive response based on instincts.
D) Bodily arousal and emotional experience occur simultaneously.
E) Bodily arousal leads to a cognitive labeling of environmental stimuli.

Question 74

Which sequence of events in emotional responses is characteristic of the James-Lange theory of emotion?

A) stimulus à emotion à physiological change.
B) stimulus à physiological changes à emotion
C) physiological changes à stimulus à emotion
D) stimulus à emotion AND physiological changes (simultaneous)
E) emotion à stimulus à physiological changes

Question 75

Compared to most other people, Jack appears to need a high level of arousal. He enjoys doing potentially life-threatening hobbies such as sky diving, swimming with sharks, and bungee jumping from bridges. Jack is likely to be

A) a show-off.
B) mentally unstable.
C) a sensation seeker.
D) unhealthy.
E) an adrenaline junkie.

Question 76

You are walking in the forest and see a bear. According to the Cannon-Bard theory, what happens next?

A) You experience physiological changes followed by fear.
B) You feel fear followed by physiological changes.
C) You experience physiological changes and a feeling of fear simultaneously.
D) You experience physiological changes and context appraisal followed by fear.
E) You experience fear only after your parasympathetic nervous system is activated by your hippocampus.

Question 77

Which of the following examples best represents the inverted U function?

A) Bill has a bad test score because he did not study.
B) Dan plays his best games when they mean the most to the team and his arousal is moderately high.
C) Mary buys a new car.
D) Toni watches TV all night.
E) Jonah plays with his friends on his swing set.

Question 78

Which statement about emotions would have most likely been made by William James?

A) "When something happens, your body reacts, then you experience an emotion..
B) "If someone points a gun at you, you will experience fear, and then you will run..
C) "All emotions arise from the same set of bodily functions."
D) "It is only after you experience joy that your heart will begin to race."
E) "Emotions depends on that cognitive label we attach to an emotion-producing stimulus."

Question 79

The inverted U function says that

A) performance is affected by levels of arousal.
B) the more money you make, the better your job will be.
C) nausea from bad food causes a reluctance to eat that food again.
D) performance on tests is better in the morning.
E) we tend to be more motivated by external rewards than internal rewards.

Question 80

You are walking through a store when you run into a friend you have not seen in a long time and whom you miss very much. According to the James-Lange theory, what might happen?

A) You experience physiological changes followed by a feeling of happiness.
B) You feel happiness followed by physiological changes.
C) You experience physiological changes and a feeling of happiness simultaneously.
D) You experience physiological changes and context appraisal followed by a feeling of happiness.
E) You feel the emotion immediately prior to the stimulus that evokes the emotion.