Deck 16: Psychological Disorders

Question 1

If a patient suffers uncontrollable seizures, physicians can destroy specific nerve clusters that cause or transmit the convulsions. This best illustrates a procedure known as

A) rTMS.
B) psychosurgery.
C) systematic desensitization.
D) electroconvulsive therapy.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

The most effective psychotherapists are those who

A) employ personality tests to accurately diagnose their clients' difficulties.
B) have had many years of experience practicing psychotherapy.
C) establish an empathic, caring relationship with their clients.
D) discourage clients from using antianxiety or antidepressant drugs.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

In a home for troubled youth, adolescents receive large colored buttons when they hang up their clothes, make their beds, and come to meals on time. The adolescents return the buttons to staff members to receive bedtime snacks or watch TV. This best illustrates an application of

A) stress inoculation training.
B) systematic desensitization.
C) operant conditioning.
D) virtual reality exposure therapy.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

To help Janet overcome her nearly irresistible craving for chocolate, a therapist provides her with a supply of chocolate candies that contain solidified droplets of a harmless but very bitter-tasting substance. This approach to treatment best illustrates

A) systematic desensitization.
B) light exposure therapy.
C) aversive conditioning.
D) stress inoculation training.

Question 5

Cognitive therapists are most likely to

A) focus special attention on clients' positive and negative feelings about their therapists.
B) employ personality tests to accurately diagnose their clients' difficulties.
C) emphasize the importance of clients' personal interpretations of life events.
D) systematically associate clients' undesirable behaviors with unpleasant

Question 6

Classical psychoanalysts were especially interested in

A) encouraging patients to carefully observe the consequences of their maladaptive behaviors.
B) minimizing the possibility that patients would experience anxiety during therapy.
C) discouraging patients from using antianxiety or antidepressant drugs.
D) interpreting the meaning of patients' resistance to therapeutic procedures.

Question 7

Who emphasized the importance of transference in the therapeutic process?

A) Hans Eysenck
B) Egaz Moniz
C) Carl Rogers
D) Sigmund Freud

Question 8

Nancy's therapist encourages her to think about her strengths rather than her weaknesses and to develop a habit of thanking others when they compliment her or provide emotional support. The therapist's approach best illustrates

A) psychoanalysis.
B) client-centered therapy.
C) cognitive-behavioral therapy.
D) virtual reality exposure therapy.

Question 9

A therapist helps Rebecca overcome her fear of water by getting her to swim in the family's backyard pool three times a day for two consecutive weeks. The therapist's approach to helping Rebecca best illustrates

A) stress inoculation training.
B) aversive conditioning.
C) exposure therapy.
D) EMDR.

Question 10

Which of the following factors is NOT a therapeutically effective component of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing?

A) reliving traumatic memories
B) rapidly moving one's eyes
C) a relaxing therapeutic environment
D) patients' anticipation that the treatment will work

Question 11

To help Adam reduce his fear of dogs, a therapist encourages him to physically relax and then simply imagine that he is walking toward a friendly and harmless little dog. The therapist's technique best illustrates

A) psychodynamic therapy.
B) operant conditioning.
C) stress inoculation training.
D) systematic desensitization.

Question 12

Because she mistakenly believes that the herbal remedy she is using will help her lose weight, Mrs. Redding is feeling a considerable reduction in her appetite. This best illustrates

A) systematic desensitization.
B) progressive relaxation.
C) the placebo effect.
D) tardive dyskinesia.

Question 13

Which of the following therapists would most likely challenge and dispute a client's self-defeating thoughts?

A) Joseph Wolpe
B) Albert Ellis
C) Carl Rogers
D) Aaron Beck

Question 14

Client-centered therapists emphasize the importance of

A) interpreting the meaning of clients' nonverbal behaviors.
B) enabling clients to feel unconditionally accepted.
C) helping clients identify a hierarchy of anxiety-arousing experiences.
D) discouraging clients from using antianxiety drugs.

Question 15

Which of the following is an important component of therapeutic lifestyle change promoted by Stephen Ilardi and his colleagues?

A) rTMS
B) aerobic exercise
C) free association
D) systematic desensitization

Question 16

During her weekly therapy sessions, Sabrina will often abruptly shift the focus of her attention and lose her train of thought. A psychoanalyst would suggest that this illustrates

A) spontaneous recovery.
B) progressive relaxation.
C) resistance.
D) regression toward the mean.

Question 17

Patients receive a general anesthetic and muscle relaxant prior to treatment with

A) rTMS.
B) EMDR.
C) SSRIs.
D) ECT.

Question 18

The goal of stress inoculation training is to reduce incapacitating anxiety by encouraging people to say positive things to themselves during anxiety-producing situations. This best illustrates a form of

A) light exposure therapy.
B) psychodynamic therapy.
C) humanistic therapy.
D) cognitive therapy.

Question 19

Considering the greatest range of factors that may contribute to the process of healing is most clearly facilitated by a ________ approach to therapy.

A) biomedical
B) psychodynamic
C) biopsychosocial
D) client-centered

Question 20

Which of the following drugs is most likely to provide schizophrenia patients with some relief from their auditory hallucinations and paranoia?

A) Thorazine
B) Xanax
C) lithium
D) Prozac

Question 21

Antidepressant drugs are believed to work by affecting serotonin or

A) dopamine.
B) lithium.
C) norepinephrine.
D) acetylcholine.

Question 22

After many years of taking antipsychotic drugs, Greg's facial muscles sometimes twitch involuntarily. This behavior is called

A) tardive dyskinesia.
B) spontaneous recovery.
C) repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation.
D) EMDR.

Question 23

When people's symptoms of psychological distress are at their worst, whatever they do to try to alleviate the condition is likely to be followed by improvement rather than further deterioration. This is best explained in terms of

A) systematic desensitization.
B) the therapeutic alliance.
C) counterconditioning.
D) regression toward the mean.

Question 24

The type of drugs criticized for reducing symptoms without resolving underlying problems are the

A) antianxiety drugs.
B) antipsychotic drugs.
C) antidepressant drugs.
D) amphetamines.

Question 25

Systematic desensitization is a form of

A) aversive conditioning.
B) exposure therapy.
C) stress inoculation training.
D) electroconvulsive therapy.

Question 26

One reason that aversive conditioning may only be temporarily effective is that

A) for ethical reasons, therapists cannot use sufficiently intense unconditioned stimuli to sustain classical conditioning.
B) patients are often unable to become sufficiently relaxed for conditioning to take place.
C) patients know that outside the therapist's office they can engage in the
Undesirable behavior without fear of aversive consequences.
D) most conditioned responses are elicited by many nonspecific stimuli and it is

Question 27

In which of the following does the client learn to associate a relaxed state with a hierarchy of anxiety-arousing situations?

A) cognitive therapy
B) aversive conditioning
C) counterconditioning
D) systematic desensitization

Question 28

Family therapy differs from other forms of psychotherapy because it focuses on

A) using a variety of treatment techniques.
B) conscious rather than unconscious processes.
C) the present instead of the past.
D) how family tensions may cause individual problems.

Question 29

Principles of operant conditioning underlie which of the following techniques?

A) counterconditioning
B) systematic desensitization
C) stress inoculation training
D) the token economy

Question 30

Tardive dykinesia is associated with the long-term use of certain ________ drugs.

A) antianxiety
B) antipsychotic
C) antidepressant
D) mood-stabilizing

Question 31

Which of the following individuals is most likely to benefit from lithium?

A) Olivia, who experiences delusions and auditory hallucinations
B) Landon, who experiences a generalized sense of apprehension and anxiety
C) Miranda, who experiences periods of extreme sadness followed by episodes of
Optimistic overexcitement
D) Ivan, who experiences sudden brief episodes of intense dread and panic

Question 32

Light exposure therapy has proven useful as a form of treatment for people suffering from

A) bulimia.
B) seasonal affective disorder.
C) schizophrenia.
D) dissociative identity disorder.

Question 33

The techniques of counterconditioning are based on principles of

A) observational learning.
B) classical conditioning.
C) operant conditioning.
D) behavior modification.

Question 34

Among the common ingredients of the psychotherapies is

A) the offer of a therapeutic relationship.
B) the expectation among clients that the therapy will prove helpful.
C) the chance to develop a fresh perspective on oneself and the world.
D) all of these are common ingredients.

Question 35

Carl Rogers was a ________ therapist who was the creator of ________.

A) behavior; systematic desensitization
B) psychoanalytic; insight therapy
C) humanistic; client-centered therapy
D) cognitive; cognitive therapy for depression

Question 36

While focusing on several intrusive thoughts that had been bothering her recently, Jenny was instructed by her therapist to report any ideas or memories stimulated by these thoughts. Jenny's therapist was making use of a technique known as

A) active listening.
B) free association.
C) systematic desensitization.
D) transference.

Question 37

Unusual emotions tend to return to their average state. This phenomenon is called

A) regression toward the mean.
B) resistance.
C) counterconditioning.
D) systematic desensitization.

Question 38

The lobotomy procedure is not widely used today because

A) it produces a lethargic, immature personality.
B) it is irreversible.
C) calming drugs became available in the 1950s.
D) of all of these reasons.

Question 39

The double-blind technique is most likely to be used in evaluating the effectiveness of

A) cognitive therapies.
B) behavior therapies.
C) humanistic therapies.
D) drug therapies.

Question 40

Preventive mental health attempts to reduce the likelihood of psychological disorders by

A) enabling more people to see professional psychotherapists.
B) encouraging depressed people to take more personal responsibility for their own problems.
C) establishing programs to wipe out poverty and other demoralizing situations.
D) emphasizing the importance of using an eclectic approach to therapy.

Question 41

Using techniques of classical conditioning to develop an association between unwanted behavior and an unpleasant experience is known as

A) aversive conditioning.
B) systematic desensitization.
C) transference.
D) electroconvulsive therapy.

Question 42

Of the following categories of psychotherapy, which is known for its nondirective nature?

A) psychoanalysis
B) humanistic therapy
C) behavior therapy
D) cognitive therapy

Question 43

Which of the following is the mood-stabilizing drug most commonly used to treat bipolar disorder?

A) Ativan
B) chlorpromazine
C) Xanax
D) lithium

Question 44

A person can derive benefits from psychotherapy simply by believing in it. This illustrates the importance of

A) spontaneous recovery.
B) the placebo effect.
C) the transference effect.
D) interpretation.

Question 45

The effectiveness of psychotherapy has been assessed both through clients' perspectives and through controlled research studies. What have such assessments found?

A) Clients' perceptions and controlled studies alike strongly affirm the effectiveness of psychotherapy.
B) Whereas clients' perceptions strongly affirm the effectiveness of
Psychotherapy, studies point to more modest results.
C) Whereas studies strongly affirm the effectiveness of psychotherapy, many clients feel dissatisfied with their progress.
D) Clients' perceptions and controlled studies alike paint a very mixed picture of

Question 46

The technique in which a person is asked to report everything that comes to his or her mind is called ________; it is favored by ________ therapists.

A) active listening; cognitive
B) spontaneous remission; humanistic
C) free association; psychoanalytic
D) systematic desensitization; behavior

Question 47

Which form of therapy is MOST likely to be successful in treating depression?

A) behavior modification
B) psychoanalysis
C) cognitive therapy
D) humanistic therapy

Question 48

An eclectic psychotherapist is one who

A) takes a nondirective approach in helping clients solve their problems.
B) views psychological disorders as usually stemming from one cause, such as a biological abnormality.
C) uses one particular technique, such as psychoanalysis or counterconditioning, in treating disorders.
D) uses a variety of techniques, depending on the client and the problem.

Question 49

Which type of psychotherapy emphasizes the individual's inherent potential for self- fulfillment?

A) behavior therapy
B) psychoanalysis
C) humanistic therapy
D) biomedical therapy

Question 50

The operant conditioning technique in which desired behaviors are rewarded with points or poker chips that can later be exchanged for various rewards is called

A) counterconditioning.
B) systematic desensitization.
C) a token economy.
D) exposure therapy.

Question 51

The results of outcome research on the effectiveness of different psychotherapies reveal that

A) no single type of therapy is consistently superior.
B) behavior therapies are most effective in treating specific problems, such as phobias.
C) cognitive therapies are most effective in treating depressed emotions.
D) all of these statements are true.

Question 52

Unlike traditional psychoanalytic therapy, interpersonal psychotherapy

A) helps people gain insight into the roots of their problems.
B) offers interpretations of patients' feelings.
C) focuses on current relationships.
D) does all of these things.

Question 53

One variety of ________ therapy is based on the finding that depressed people often attribute their failures to ________.

A) humanistic; themselves
B) behavior; external circumstances
C) cognitive; external circumstances
D) cognitive; themselves

Question 54

The technique of systematic desensitization is based on the premise that maladaptive symptoms are

A) a reflection of irrational thinking.
B) conditioned responses.
C) expressions of unfulfilled wishes.
D) all of these things.

Question 55

Which type of psychotherapy focuses on changing unwanted behaviors rather than on discovering their underlying causes?

A) behavior therapy
B) cognitive therapy
C) humanistic therapy
D) psychoanalysis

Question 56

Cognitive-behavioral therapy aims to

A) alter the way people act.
B) make people more aware of their irrational negative thinking.
C) alter the way people think and act.
D) countercondition anxiety-provoking stimuli.

Question 57

Which of the following is NOT a common criticism of behavior therapy?

A) Clients may rely too much on extrinsic rewards for their new behaviors.
B) Behavior control is unethical.
C) Outside the therapeutic setting, the new behavior may disappear.
D) All of these are criticisms of behavior therapy.

Question 58

The technique in which a therapist echoes and restates what a person says in a nondirective manner is called

A) active listening.
B) free association.
C) systematic desensitization.
D) transference.

Question 59

Before 1950, the main mental health providers were

A) psychologists.
B) paraprofessionals.
C) psychiatrists.
D) the clergy.

Question 60

Psychologists who advocate a ________ approach to mental health contend that many psychological disorders could be prevented by changing the disturbed individual's ________.

A) biomedical; diet
B) family; behavior
C) humanistic; feelings
D) preventive; environment

Question 61

A psychodynamic therapist is most likely to

A) help patients identify a hierarchy of anxiety-arousing experiences.
B) suggest interpretive insights regarding patients' difficulties.
C) recommend the use of antipsychotic drugs during the process of psychotherapy.
D) encourage depressed patients to take more responsibility for their failures.

Question 62

Antidepressant drugs, a fresh perspective on his problems, and a strong therapeutic alliance all contributed to helping David recover from a major depressive disorder. An integrated understanding of David's recovery process is best provided by

A) psychoanalysis.
B) the medical model.
C) a biopsychosocial approach.
D) a client-centered perspective.

Question 63

A physician who specializes in the treatment of psychological disorders is called a

A) clinical psychologist.
B) behavioral neuroscientist.
C) cognitive therapist.
D) psychiatrist.

Question 64

Aversive conditioning involves

A) replacing a negative response to a harmless stimulus with a positive response.
B) identifying a hierarchy of anxiety-arousing experiences.
C) associating unwanted behaviors with unpleasant experiences.
D) systematically controlling the consequences of patients' maladaptive behaviors.

Question 65

Because Gretchen is afraid of contracting infectious diseases, she compulsively avoids shaking people's hands or touching doorknobs. Research suggests that an especially effective treatment for her difficulty would involve

A) client-centered therapy.
B) psychodynamic therapy.
C) cognitive therapy.
D) behavior therapy.

Question 66

Albert Ellis emphasized that emotional disturbances result from

A) irrational thinking.
B) chemical abnormalities within the brain.
C) overly permissive child-rearing practices.
D) poverty, unemployment, racism, and sexism.

Question 67

A brief variation of psychodynamic therapy that has been effective in treating depression is known as

A) EMDR.
B) meta-analysis.
C) spontaneous recovery.
D) interpersonal psychotherapy.

Question 68

Antipsychotic drugs have proved helpful in the treatment of

A) dissociative disorders.
B) schizophrenia.
C) depression.
D) anxiety disorders.

Question 69

A trained therapist who uses psychological techniques to assist someone to overcome excessive anxiety would generally be best described as a

A) psychoanalyst.
B) psychotherapist.
C) psychopharmacologist.
D) psychodynamic therapist.

Question 70

Alex feels so hopeless and depressed that he has recently thought about taking his own life. The drug most likely to prove beneficial to him is

A) Ativan.
B) Prozac.
C) Xanax.
D) Thorazine.

Question 71

Aaron Beck has used gentle questioning intended to reveal depressed clients' irrational thinking. His therapeutic approach best illustrates

A) unconditional positive regard.
B) systematic desensitization.
C) cognitive therapy.
D) rTMS.

Question 72

Which biomedical therapy is MOST likely to be practiced today?

A) psychosurgery
B) electroconvulsive therapy
C) drug therapy
D) counterconditioning

Question 73

Aerobic exercise, adequate sleep, light exposure, and social engagement are important components of

A) psychopharmacology.
B) systematic desensitization.
C) unconditional positive regard.
D) therapeutic lifestyle change.

Question 74

Although Dr. Anderson uses systematic desensitization for the treatment of phobias, he prescribes antianxiety drugs as well. It is most likely that Dr. Anderson is a

A) psychoanalyst.
B) client-centered therapist.
C) cognitive therapist.
D) psychiatrist.

Question 75

Because she mistakenly thought that completing a diagnostic test was a therapeutic treatment for her anxiety disorder, Mrs. Shyam felt considerable relief for several weeks following the test. Mrs. Shyam's reaction best illustrates

A) transference.
B) the double-blind procedure.
C) the placebo effect.
D) systematic desensitization.

Question 76

A Consumer Reports survey found that the level of satisfaction with psychotherapy among clients

A) was strongly linked to whether their therapists had extensive training and experience.
B) was unrelated to whether they were seen by therapists in a group or in an individual context.
C) depended on whether they had been treated by a psychiatrist or psychologist, rather than by a social worker.
D) was greatest among those who had also received an alternative

Question 77

Although Ethan is actually doing very well in college, he feels depressed and academically incompetent. His therapist has instructed him to explain in writing how his good grades resulted from his own hard work and personal abilities. This therapeutic procedure is most characteristic of ________ therapy.

A) Behavior
B) cognitive
C) psychodynamic
D) humanistic

Question 78

A useful feature of group therapy is that it

A) ensures that therapists will become more emotionally involved in clients' real- life problems.
B) eliminates the possibility that clients will experience anxiety during therapy.
C) encourages clients to improve their communication skills.
D) enables severely disturbed individuals to quickly regain normal social

Question 79

Which of the following is NOT a common criticism of psychoanalysis?

A) It emphasizes the existence of repressed memories.
B) It provides interpretations that are hard to disprove.
C) It is generally a very expensive process.
D) It gives therapists too much control over patients.

Question 80

Which of the following is NOT necessarily an advantage of group therapies over individual therapies?

A) They tend to take less time for the therapist.
B) They tend to cost less money for the client.
C) They are more effective.
D) They allow the client to test new behaviors in a social context.