Deck 14: Stress and Health

Question 1

Bart complied with his friends' request to join them in smashing decorative pumpkins early one Halloween evening. Later that night he was surprised by his own failure to resist their pressures to throw eggs at passing police cars. Bart's experience best illustrates the

A) bystander effect.
B) foot-in-the-door phenomenon.
C) fundamental attribution error.
D) frustration-aggression principle.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Using the Asch procedure, conformity to group judgments would be LEAST likely when

A) participants announce their own answers only after the other group members
B) have done so.
C) participants are not observed by other group members when giving their
Answers.
D) it is very difficult to make correct judgments.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

After being heavily exposed to X-rated films, men are later ________ likely to perceive extramarital sex as troubling and ________ likely to perceive a woman's friendliness as sexual interest.

A) more; less
B) less; more
C) more; more
D) less; less

Answer 3

B

Question 4

People's physical attractiveness is a good predictor of their

A) happiness.
B) academic competence.
C) frequency of dating.
D) altruism.

Question 5

Bonnie pedals an exercise bike at her health club much faster when other patrons happen to be working out on nearby equipment. This best illustrates

A) the bystander effect.
B) the foot-in-the-door phenomenon.
C) social facilitation.
D) group polarization.

Question 6

Initiating one or more small conciliatory acts is a central feature of

A) the just-world phenomenon.
B) social facilitation.
C) the mere exposure effect.
D) GRIT.

Question 7

Cognitive dissonance theory is most helpful for understanding the impact of

A) groupthink on social conflict.
B) deindividuation on the bystander effect.
C) team membership on social loafing.
D) role playing on attitude change.

Question 8

When Hutu militia began to slaughter the Tutsi in 1994, missionary Carl Wilkens risked his own life to save the lives of others. His actions best illustrated

A) social facilitation.
B) the mere exposure effect.
C) the reciprocity norm.
D) altruism.

Question 9

Groupthink is fueled by a desire for

A) self-disclosure.
B) harmony.
C) minority influence.
D) cognitive dissonance.

Question 10

Although Frieda is typically very reserved, as part of a huge rock concert crowd she lost her inhibitions and behaved in a very sexually provocative way. Frieda's unusual behavior is best understood in terms of

A) the bystander effect.
B) social facilitation.
C) deindividuation.
D) the mere exposure effect.

Question 11

The fundamental attribution error involves

A) becoming more extreme in one's individual opinions following group discussion.
B) performing a complex task more poorly when in the presence of others.
C) underestimating situational constraints on another's behavior.
D) losing self-restraint in group situations that foster anonymity.

Question 12

Although Natalie receives somewhat greater rewards from her marriage than does her husband, both are satisfied with the relationship because they each benefit in proportion to what they put into it. This best illustrates the significance of

A) equity.
B) deindividuation.
C) social facilitation.
D) the mere exposure effect.

Question 13

Although the leaders of two enemy nations admit to a buildup of their own military forces, each sees the other country's actions as unreasonable and motivated by evil intentions. This situation best illustrates

A) deindividuation.
B) the mere exposure effect.
C) the just-world phenomenon.
D) mirror-image perceptions.

Question 14

After Mrs. Chanski and her children had helped themselves to free samples of the cookies being promoted in the grocery store, she felt obligated to buy some, even though they seemed unreasonably expensive. Her reaction best illustrates the significance of

A) social facilitation.
B) the reciprocity norm.
C) the bystander effect.
D) the just-world phenomenon.

Question 15

Shortly after Alex learned that he had failed to make the high school football team, he vandalized the team's locker room and broke several classroom windows. His behavior is best explained in terms of

A) group polarization.
B) the mere exposure effect.
C) social loafing.
D) the frustration-aggression principle.

Question 16

Research participants who worked alongside someone who rubbed his or her face or shook his or her foot were observed to do the same thing themselves. This best illustrated

A) the mere exposure effect.
B) the chameleon effect.
C) social loafing.
D) the bystander effect.

Question 17

In a study of social loafing, blindfolded students were asked to pull on a rope as hard as they could. The students tugged hardest when they thought

A) three others were pulling with them.
B) three others were pulling against them.
C) no others were pulling with them.
D) no one was monitoring how hard they pulled.

Question 18

In making wedding preparations, Jason conforms to the expectations of his future bride's family simply to win their favor. His behavior illustrates the importance of

A) social facilitation.
B) normative social influence.
C) mirror-image perceptions.
D) the mere exposure effect.

Question 19

Professor Stewart wrote a very positive letter of recommendation for a student despite having doubts about her competence. Which theory best explains why he subsequently began to develop more favorable attitudes about the student's abilities?

A) cognitive dissonance theory
B) scapegoat theory
C) two-factor theory
D) equity theory

Question 20

Evidence that people exhibit heightened levels of prejudice when they are economically frustrated offers support for

A) cognitive dissonance theory.
B) social exchange theory.
C) the scapegoat theory.
D) attribution theory.

Question 21

When buying groceries, many shoppers prefer certain products simply because they have a familiar brand name. This preference best illustrates the importance of

A) social traps.
B) the mere exposure effect.
C) mirror-image perceptions.
D) deindividuation.

Question 22

Participants in Milgram's obedience experiments were informed that they were involved in a study of

A) aggression.
B) altruism.
C) learning.
D) visual perception.

Question 23

An example of self-serving bias described in the text is the tendency of people to

A) see themselves as average on nearly any desirable dimension.
B) accept more responsibility for successes than failures.
C) be overly critical of other people.
D) exhibit heightened racial prejudice.

Question 24

In studying personality, a social-cognitive theorist would most likely make use of

A) personality inventories.
B) projective tests.
C) observing behavior in different situations.
D) factor analyses.

Question 25

When visiting the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp shortly after World War II, one German civilian was said to have remarked, "What terrible criminals these prisoners must have been to receive such treatment." This reaction is best explained in terms of

A) the mere exposure effect.
B) the just-world phenomenon.
C) the social-responsibility norm.
D) deindividuation.

Question 26

Research on the Big Five personality factors provides evidence that

A) some tendencies decrease during adulthood, while others increase.
B) these traits only describe personality in Western, individualist cultures.
C) the heritability of individual differences in these traits generally runs about 25 percent or less.
D) All of these statements are true.

Question 27

Mr. Hughes heard what sounded like cries for help from a swimmer located 30 yards from the ocean shoreline. He continued walking along the beach, however, because he figured that one of the many swimmers in the vicinity would provide help if it was needed. His reaction best illustrates the dynamics involved in

A) the fundamental attribution error.
B) group polarization.
C) the bystander effect.
D) the mere exposure effect.

Question 28

When a group of racially prejudiced high school students discussed racial issues, their attitudes became even more prejudiced. This best illustrates

A) group polarization.
B) the bystander effect.
C) social facilitation.
D) deindividuation.

Question 29

Kelly, a Republican, and Carlos, a Democrat, both believe that members of their own political party are more fair-minded and trustworthy than members of other parties. Their beliefs best illustrate

A) the two-factor theory.
B) the just-world phenomenon.
C) deindividuation.
D) ingroup bias.

Question 30

According to Freud, ________ is the process by which children incorporate their parents' values into their ________.

A) reaction formation; superegos
B) reaction formation; egos
C) identification; superegos
D) identification; egos

Question 31

Max fails to recycle his glass, metal, and plastic garbage because he thinks it's personally inconvenient and likely to have minimal impact on the city's already overflowing landfills. His reaction best illustrates the dynamics of

A) the mere exposure effect.
B) the fundamental attribution error.
C) a social trap.
D) social facilitation.

Question 32

Seligman has found that humans and animals who are exposed to aversive events they cannot escape may develop

A) an internal locus of control.
B) a reaction formation.
C) learned helplessness.
D) neurotic anxiety.

Question 33

Marilyn judges her professor's strict class attendance policy to be an indication of his overcontrolling personality rather than a necessity dictated by the limited number of class sessions in a course that meets only once a week. Her judgment best illustrates

A) the mere exposure effect.
B) group polarization.
C) deindividuation.
D) the fundamental attribution error.

Question 34

In promoting personality growth, the person-centered perspective emphasizes all but

A) empathy.
B) acceptance.
C) genuineness.
D) altruism.

Question 35

Which theory best explains why the excitement that lingers after a frightening event can facilitate passionate love?

A) social exchange theory
B) cognitive dissonance theory
C) the two-factor theory
D) equity theory

Question 36

The Big Five personality factors are

A) emotional stability, openness, introversion, sociability, locus of control.
B) neuroticism, extraversion, openness, emotional stability, sensitivity.
C) neuroticism, gregariousness, extraversion, impulsiveness, conscientiousness.
D) emotional stability, extraversion, openness, agreeableness,

Question 37

The hostilities between two racial subgroups of a riverfront community were dramatically reduced when the threat of their river flooding its banks required that they work together to save their town. This best illustrates the impact of

A) groupthink.
B) superordinate goals.
C) deindividuation.
D) the bystander effect.

Question 38

Research has shown that individuals who are made to feel insecure are subsequently

A) more critical of others.
B) less critical of others.
C) more likely to display self-serving bias.
D) less likely to display self-serving bias.

Question 39

According to Freud's theory, personality arises in response to conflicts between

A) our unacceptable urges and our tendency to become self-actualized.
B) the process of identification and the ego's defense mechanisms.
C) the collective unconscious and our individual desires.
D) our biological impulses and the social restraints against them.

Question 40

A major difference between the psychoanalytic and trait perspectives is that

A) trait theory defines personality in terms of behavior; psychoanalytic theory, in terms of its underlying dynamics.
B) trait theory describes behavior but does not attempt to explain it.
C) psychoanalytic theory emphasizes the origins of personality in childhood sexuality.
D) all of these are differences.

Question 41

The ________ classifies people according to Carl Jung's personality types.

A) Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
B) MMPI
C) Locus of Control Scale
D) Kagan Temperament Scale

Question 42

Which of the following is a common criticism of the humanistic perspective?

A) Its concepts are vague and subjective.
B) The emphasis on the self encourages selfishness in individuals.
C) Humanism fails to appreciate the reality of evil in human behavior.
D) All of these are common criticisms.

Question 43

Which of the following was NOT mentioned in the text as a criticism of Freud's theory?

A) The theory is sexist.
B) It offers few testable hypotheses.
C) There is no evidence of anything like an "unconscious."
D) The theory ignores the fact that human development is lifelong.

Question 44

According to cognitive dissonance theory, dissonance is most likely to occur when

A) a person's behavior is not based on strongly held attitudes.
B) two people have conflicting attitudes and find themselves in disagreement.
C) an individual does something that is personally disagreeable.
D) an individual is coerced into doing something that he or she does not want to

Question 45

Which of the following statements about self-esteem is NOT correct?

A) People with low self-esteem tend to be negative about others.
B) People with high self-esteem are less prone to drug addiction.
C) People with low self-esteem tend to be nonconformists.
D) People with high self-esteem suffer less from insomnia.

Question 46

Trait theory attempts to

A) show how development of personality is a lifelong process.
B) describe and classify people in terms of their predispositions to behave in
Certain ways.
C) determine which traits are most conducive to individual self-actualization.
D) explain how behavior is shaped by the interaction between traits, behavior, and

Question 47

In his study of obedience, Stanley Milgram found that the majority of participants

A) refused to shock the learner even once.
B) complied with the experiment until the "learner" first indicated pain.
C) complied with the experiment until the "learner" began screaming in agony.
D) complied with all the demands of the experiment.

Question 48

With which of the following statements would a social-cognitive psychologist agree?

A) People with an internal locus of control achieve more in school.
B) "Externals" are better able to cope with stress than "internals."
C) "Internals" are less independent than "externals."
D) A social-cognitive psychologist would agree with all of these statements.

Question 49

Conformity increased under which of the following conditions in Asch's studies of conformity?

A) The group had three or more people.
B) The group had high status.
C) Individuals were made to feel insecure.
D) All of these conditions increased conformity.

Question 50

Subjects in Asch's line-judgment experiment conformed to the group standard when their judgments were observed by others but not when they were made in private. This tendency to conform in public demonstrates

A) social facilitation.
B) overjustification.
C) informational social influence.
D) normative social influence.

Question 51

Research studies have found a positive correlation between aggressive tendencies in animals and levels of the hormone

A) estrogen.
B) adrenaline.
C) noradrenaline.
D) testosterone.

Question 52

Which of the following refers to the tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs?

A) the spotlight effect
B) projection
C) rationalization
D) the false consensus effect

Question 53

Aggression is defined as behavior that

A) hurts another person.
B) is intended to hurt another person.
C) is hostile, passionate, and produces physical injury.
D) has all of these characteristics.

Question 54

The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) is a(n)

A) projective personality test.
B) empirically derived and objective personality test.
C) personality test developed mainly to assess job applicants.
D) personality test used primarily to assess locus of control.

Question 55

The belief that those who suffer deserve their fate is expressed in the

A) just-world phenomenon.
B) phenomenon of ingroup bias.
C) fundamental attribution error.
D) mirror-image perception principle.

Question 56

In one experiment, college men were physically aroused and then introduced to an attractive woman. Compared with men who had not been aroused, these men

A) reported more positive feelings toward the woman.
B) reported more negative feelings toward the woman.
C) were ambiguous about their feelings toward the woman.
D) were more likely to feel that the woman was "out of their league" in terms of

Question 57

Based on findings from Milgram's obedience studies, participants would be LESS likely to follow the experimenter's orders when

A) they hear the "learner" cry out in pain.
B) they merely administer the test while someone else delivers the shocks.
C) the "learner" is an older person or mentions having some physical problem.
D) they see another subject disobey instructions.

Question 58

Increasing the number of people that are present during an emergency tends to

A) increase the likelihood that people will cooperate in rendering assistance.
B) decrease the empathy that people feel for the victim.
C) increase the role that social norms governing helping will play.
D) decrease the likelihood that anyone will help.

Question 59

Which personality theory emphasizes the interaction between the individual and the environment in shaping personality?

A) psychoanalytic
B) trait
C) humanistic
D) social cognitive

Question 60

The Oedipus and Electra complexes have their roots in the

A) anal stage.
B) oral stage.
C) latency stage.
D) phallic stage.

Question 61

A perceived incompatibility of your class learning goals and the goals of your class instructor best illustrates

A) conflict.
B) social loafing.
C) group polarization.
D) cognitive dissonance.

Question 62

A culturally provided conception as to how to behave appropriately during an employment interview is best described as a

A) stereotype.
B) social script.
C) social facilitation.
D) superordinate goal.

Question 63

A readiness to assume that enslaved people deserve cruel treatment they receive best illustrates

A) deindividuation.
B) group polarization.
C) the just-world phenomenon.
D) the frustration-aggression principle.

Question 64

The deep affection that is felt in long-lasting relationships is called ________ love; this feeling is fostered in relationships in which________.

A) passionate; there is equity between the partners
B) passionate; traditional roles are maintained
C) companionate; there is equity between the partners
D) companionate; traditional roles are maintained

Question 65

Which of the following is true about aggression?

A) It varies too much to be instinctive in humans.
B) It is just one instinct among many.
C) It is instinctive but shaped by learning.
D) It is the most important human instinct.

Question 66

A sense of social identity is most likely to promote

A) the bystander effect.
B) ingroup bias.
C) deindividuation.
D) cognitive dissonance.

Question 67

A significant danger of media violence is that impressionable viewers are subsequently more likely to enact the ________ provided by the media.

A) superordinate goals
B) social loafing
C) reciprocity norm
D) social scripts

Question 68

Which of the following phenomena is best explained by cognitive dissonance theory?

A) group polarization
B) the foot-in-the-door phenomenon
C) normative social influence
D) informational social influence

Question 69

The mere exposure effect demonstrates that

A) familiarity breeds contempt.
B) opposites attract.
C) birds of a feather flock together.
D) familiarity breeds fondness.

Question 70

The phenomenon in which individuals lose their identity and relinquish normal restraints when they are part of a group is called

A) groupthink.
B) cognitive dissonance.
C) empathy.
D) deindividuation.

Question 71

Which of the following statements is true?

A) Groups are almost never swayed by minority opinions.
B) Group polarization is most likely to occur when group members frequently disagree with one another.
C) Groupthink provides the consensus needed for effective decision making.
D) A group that is like-minded will probably not change its opinions through

Question 72

A dispositional attribution is to ________ as a situational attribution is to ________.

A) normative influence; informational influence
B) high ability; low motivation
C) personality traits; assigned roles
D) politically liberal; politically conservative

Question 73

Violent criminals often have diminished activity in the ________ of the brain, which play(s) an important role in ________.

A) occipital lobes; aggression
B) hypothalamus; hostility
C) frontal lobes; controlling impulses
D) temporal lobes; patience

Question 74

A failure to assume personal responsibility for helping in an emergency situation often plays an important role in the

A) mere exposure effect.
B) chameleon effect.
C) bystander effect.
D) fundamental attribution error.

Question 75

A predisposition to sexual violence is facilitated by

A) dominance motives.
B) a history of child abuse.
C) the disinhibiting effects of alcohol.
D) all of these factors.

Question 76

A gradual escalation of intimacy is most positively related to a gradual escalation of

A) cognitive dissonance.
B) social facilitation.
C) groupthink.
D) self-disclosure.

Question 77

A 16-year-old boy shoots a neighbor for no apparent reason. This vivid example strongly influences people's judgments of all teen boys because people

A) overestimate the impact of social influence on others' behavior.
B) typically categorize other individuals on the basis of barely noticeable characteristics.
C) estimate the frequency of group characteristics in terms of how memorable
Those characteristics are.
D) strongly resent those who draw a lot of attention to themselves.

Question 78

Which of the following is associated with an increased tendency on the part of a bystander to offer help in an emergency situation?

A) being in a good mood
B) having recently needed help and not received it
C) observing someone as he or she refuses to offer help
D) being a female

Question 79

A life insurance salesperson who takes advantage of the foot-in-the-door phenomenon would be most likely to

A) emphasize that his company is one of the largest in the insurance industry.
B) promise a free gift to those who agree to purchase an insurance policy.
C) ask customers to respond to a brief survey of their attitudes regarding life
Insurance.
D) address customers by their first names.

Question 80

Which of the following was NOT mentioned in the text discussion of the roots of prejudice?

A) people's tendency to overestimate the similarity of people within groups
B) people's tendency to assume that exceptional, or especially memorable,
Individuals are unlike the majority of members of a group
C) people's tendency to assume that the world is just and that people get what they deserve
D) people's tendency to discriminate against those they view as "outsiders"