Deck 18: Your Mind on Drugs

Question 1

_______ memory is affected when a person's hippocampus alone is damaged.

A) Implicit
B) Explicit
C) Semantic
D) Conditioned

Answer 1

B

Question 2

In order to ensure that the participants' and researchers' expectations do not influence the outcome of an experiment, the psychologist should:

A) use a correlational measure.
B) form a hypothesis.
C) determine cause and effect.
D) apply the double-blind procedure.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Eighteen-year-old Mae can't understand how her older brother could be so sure of his religious beliefs and the direction he wants his life to take. She has been reading about different faiths, but she certainly hasn't made up her mind about what she believes or what she would like to do with her life. Marcia would say that she is in the ________ category of identity formation.

A) moratorium
B) foreclosure
C) diffusion
D) identity achievement

Answer 3

A

Question 4

James Marcia built on Erikson's work by proposing that identity formation consists of exploration and:

A) evaluation.
B) commitment.
C) development.
D) introspection.

Question 5

Adolescents who automatically adopt a view opposite to their parents without carefully considering their own opinions can be said to have formed a _______ identity.

A) normal
B) positive
C) diffuse
D) negative

Question 6

Caffeine is an ________ to the neurotransmitter acetylcholine because it ________ the acetylcholine's effect.

A) antagonist; enhances
B) agonist; enhances
C) agonist; blocks
D) antagonist; blocks

Question 7

The ________ is responsible for implicit memory.

A) hippocampus
B) cerebellum
C) frontal lobe
D) amygdala

Question 8

In the Müller-Lyer illusion, the arrowheads at the ends of the lines lead people to misjudge the ________ of the two horizontal lines.

A) continuity
B) relative height
C) length
D) convergence
E) thickness

Question 9

Psychedelic drugs are also called:

A) stimulants.
B) depressants.
C) amphetamines.
D) hallucinogens.

Question 10

In order to evaluate the relationship between two types of behavior, researchers would most likely make use of:

A) experimental research.
B) naturalistic observation.
C) descriptive methods.
D) correlational measures.

Question 11

When psychologists conduct research, the small group they test is the ________ and the larger group to which the results are applied is the ________.

A) sample; population
B) representative group; random group
C) experimental group; control group
D) descriptive group; observational group

Question 12

When a particular pattern of neural activation is repeated enough times in short- term memory, it produces a change in the synaptic structure of the participating neurons. This is called:

A) procedural memory.
B) consolidation.
C) neural conditioning.
D) synaptic memory.

Question 13

Judith showed up for her first day as a participant in a psychology experiment. She and 15 other students were told to pick a piece of paper out of a hat to discover whether they would be in Group 1 or Group 2 for the duration of the experiment. What procedure were the experimenters using to determine group membership?

A) representative sample
B) double-blind
C) random assignment
D) experimental

Question 14

Worldwide, the most commonly used psychoactive drugs are:

A) caffeine and alcohol.
B) opium and LSD.
C) nicotine and marijuana.
D) cocaine and morphine.

Question 15

People with damage to their cerebellum have difficulty:

A) remembering specific episodes in their life.
B) learning new words or facts.
C) remembering who they are.
D) learning new motor skills.

Question 16

The "drug reward" system in the brain is found primarily in the _______ system.

A) central nervous
B) autonomic nervous
C) limbic
D) adrenal

Question 17

Researchers have found that diffusion and ________ are common in early adolescence.

A) identity achievement
B) moratorium
C) foreclosure
D) commitment

Question 18

Consolidation occurs through the process called:

A) long-term potentiation.
B) neurotransmission.
C) synaptic accommodation.
D) long-term storage.

Question 19

The psychologist who popularized the notion that identity formation was the chief challenge of adolescence was:

A) Albert Bandura.
B) Sigmund Freud.
C) Jean Piaget.
D) Erik Erikson.

Question 20

Mind-altering substances are called ________ drugs.

A) psychotic
B) psychological
C) psychosomatic
D) psychoactive

Question 21

In the Poggendorf illusion involving a rectangular post with a line segment protruding from each side, most people fail to correctly align the two line segments because they:

A) underestimate the width of the rectangular post.
B) overestimate the width of the rectangular post.
C) underestimate the length of the two line segments.
D) overestimate the length of the two line segments.

Question 22

According to the Roediger and McDermott study, most people perform better on ________ tasks than on ________ tasks.

A) recall; recognition
B) recognition; reduction
C) recognition; recall
D) reduction; recognition

Question 23

As compared to long objects, short objects vibrate ________ and produce sound waves of ________ frequency.

A) slower; lower
B) slower; higher
C) faster; lower
D) faster; higher

Question 24

Typically, participants in recall tests show greater recognition for words at the beginning and end of a series than for words in the middle of a series. This is called the ________ position effect.

A) serial
B) primary
C) secondary
D) fundamental

Question 25

Senescence occurs:

A) when a person enters late adulthood and experiences mental decline.
B) as soon as overall growth stops.
C) at puberty.
D) at middle age when the first signs of physical decline begin to appear.

Question 26

In the horizontal/vertical illusion, most people perceive a ________ line as ________.

A) horizontal; longer than an equally long vertical line
B) vertical; less distant than an equally distant horizontal line
C) horizontal; straighter than an equally straight vertical line
D) vertical; longer than an equally long horizontal line
E) horizontal; more distant than an equally distant vertical line Correct Correct.
Feedback

Question 27

The frequency of a sound wave is measured in:

A) amps.
B) sines.
C) Hertz.
D) decibels.
E) millimeters.

Question 28

In a prisoner's dilemma game with a non-zero-sum payoff matrix, cooperation is most likely when participants are willing to:

A) take turns using the same road.
B) settle for small gains on each round of the game.
C) take time to think about their game strategy before each round of the game.
D) use a gate to block the other player's road.

Question 29

The waveform of a sound determines our experience of:

A) loudness.
B) pitch.
C) timbre.
D) kinesthesis.
E) amplitude.

Question 30

In the Ponzo Illusion, most people ________ the length of the bar that appears to be more ________.

A) underestimate; distant
B) overestimate; distant
C) underestimate; horizontal
D) overestimate; horizontal

Question 31

The trucking game you played in this PsychSim activity illustrates:

A) a zero-sum environment.
B) a non-zero-sum environment.
C) both a zero-sum and a non-zero-sum environment.
D) neither a zero-sum nor a non-zero-sum environment.

Question 32

The stimulus energy underlying your experience of sound involves continuous changes in:

A) wave frequency.
B) wave amplitude.
C) waveform.
D) air pressure.
E) timbre.

Question 33

Player mistrust is most likely to be increased in the trucking game when:

A) the game is played in a non-zero-sum environment.
B) both players can avoid using the same road.
C) both players can set up a roadblock.
D) both players can choose to wait at the shortcut if it's already in use.

Question 34

The example of the students "remembering" a stop sign instead of a yield sign in the Loftus experiment illustrates the ________ effect which is based on ________.

A) encoding; false memory
B) false memory; recognition
C) misinformation; suggestibility
D) misidentification; inaccuracy

Question 35

In a non-zero-sum game involving two players:

A) both can win.
B) both can lose.
C) one can win and the other can lose.
D) any of the above can occur.

Question 36

Which of the following is true of zero-sum situations?

A) They discourage trust and cooperation.
B) They are very common in real life.
C) They involve the allocation of virtually unlimited resources.
D) They ensure that no participants can lose.

Question 37

The conversion of the mechanical energy produced by sound waves into neural impulses occurs in the:

A) eardrum.
B) middle ear.
C) cochlea.
D) ear canal.
E) vestibulary system.

Question 38

Which of the following is the most accurate description of our memories?

A) They are reconstructed from fragments of information collected at the time of
Encoding.
B) They are like a videotape, which can be retrieved in full if encoding is accurate.
C) They provide a detailed outline of a sequence of events.
D) They are not susceptible to change.

Question 39

The Ponzo Illusion illustrates that people judge the size of an object in terms of its perceived:

A) shape.
B) height.
C) distance.
D) continuity.
E) convergence.

Question 40

Psychologists use two types of retrieval tasks to test the reliability of human memory. These are recall and:

A) reduction.
B) encoding.
C) chunking.
D) recognition.

Question 41

Which view of psychology emphasized the study of mental processes alone?

A) structuralism
B) empiricism
C) behaviorism
D) humanism

Question 42

The most widely accepted model of how memory works was proposed by Richard Atkinson and Richard Shifrin and is called the _______ model of memory.

A) short-term
B) stage
C) storage
D) effortful processing

Question 43

Seventy-five-year-old June is experiencing pain in her knees during her morning walk. She could be suffering from the condition called:

A) osteoarthritis.
B) osteoporosis.
C) artherosclerosis.
D) emphysema.

Question 44

George Miller proposed that the magical number ________ was the typical point at which people began to have trouble holding unrelated items in their STM.

A) ten
B) seven
C) five
D) twelve

Question 45

Most older adults lose inches in height due to settling of the vertebrae. Some people develop a more pronounced stoop due to a disorder of the bones called:

A) arthritis.
B) rheumatism.
C) phlebitis.
D) osteoporosis.

Question 46

Which schedule of reinforcement produces the greatest resistance to extinction?

A) fixed ratio
B) fixed interval
C) variable ratio
D) variable interval

Question 47

When first meeting someone new, people usually:

A) reserve judgment until they've gotten to know the person.
B) like that person until they see evidence that may lead them to think otherwise.
C) rely on first impressions.
D) dislike that person until they warm up to him or her.

Question 48

Which pioneer demonstrated through research that our mental processes could be studied with the same scientific methods used in other areas of science?

A) Aristotle
B) René Descartes
C) Hermann von Helmholtz
D) Carl Rogers

Question 49

One way to increase the amount of information stored in short-term memory is to use the technique of:

A) concentration.
B) rehearsal.
C) chunking.
D) visualizing.

Question 50

Working memory can hold information for up to:

A) 30 seconds.
B) 2 seconds.
C) 1 minute.
D) 10 seconds.
E) 2 minutes.

Question 51

STM uses a(n) ________ code to help reduce and translate the huge amount of information coming from sensory memory.

A) translation
B) visuospatial
C) executive
D) auditory

Question 52

In the experiment in which you reinforced various rats for pressing a bar, the reinforcement was:

A) negative.
B) secondary.
C) delayed.
D) intermittent.
E) spontaneous.

Question 53

Which of the following is characteristic of middle adulthood?

A) We are at our physical peak.
B) Physical decline becomes very noticeable.
C) We begin to notice changes in appearance and the senses.
D) We haven't quite reached our physical peak.

Question 54

If we stop nagging a young boy as soon as he makes his bed, we are giving him ________ reinforcement for making his bed.

A) intermittent
B) negative
C) spontaneous
D) unconditional
E) variable

Question 55

Which psychologist helped bring together the views of psychology as a science of behavior and a science of mental processes?

A) Margaret Floy Washburn
B) Sigmund Freud
C)
F) Skinner
D) Jean Piaget

Question 56

What early philosopher believed that the mind is a blank slate before environmental experiences write their story?

A) Plato
B) John Locke
C) Sigmund Freud
D) René Descartes

Question 57

The highest rates of responding occurred when rats reinforced for pressing a bar were placed on ________ and ________ schedules of reinforcement.

A) fixed-ratio; variable-ratio
B) fixed-ratio; fixed-interval
C) variable-ratio; variable-interval
D) variable-interval; fixed-interval

Question 58

Dualism is the belief that:

A) all knowledge comes from sensory experiences.
B) psychology is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes.
C) some ideas are innate and inborn.
D) the mind and body are two separate entities.

Question 59

Continuous reinforcement produces ________ learning and ________ extinction.

A) fast; slow
B) slow; fast
C) fast; fast
D) slow; slow

Question 60

As people age, they experience decline in all their senses, but hearing and ________ are especially affected.

A) taste
B) smell
C) vision
D) touch

Question 61

If you see someone weaving through traffic at great speed, you might say he is a terrible driver and hope he gets stopped. What you don't know is that the driver is a husband rushing his wife to the hospital because she is about to deliver their baby. What you have just committed is the ________ error.

A) actor-observer bias
B) fundamental attribution
C) stereotype
D) prejudicial bias

Question 62

Solomon Asch discovered that when people look at lists of traits or hear about someone's traits, they are influenced primarily by ________ traits.

A) stereotype
B) peripheral
C) personality
D) central

Question 63

An axon is polarized when:

A) the inside of the axon is electrically negative with respect to the outside.
Positively charged sodium molecules rush into the axon through special
Sodium gates.
B) the outside of the axon contains more negatively charged chlorine molecules than the inside.
C) the inside of the axon contains more positively charged sodium molecules than the outside.

Question 64

During depolarization, ________ molecules rush into the axon; during repolarization, ________ molecules rush out of the axon.

A) potassium; chloride
B) chloride; sodium
C) sodium; potassium
D) potassium; chloride
E) sodium; chloride

Question 65

In this PsychSim activity, you are asked to diagnose various clients on the basis of:

A) your observation of their day-to-day behavior.
B) your in-depth interviews with them.
C) information contained in their files.
D) all the above.

Question 66

Psychotherapies are designed to help clients understand their problems or modify their behavior. ________ therapies are designed to alter clients' brain chemistry.

A) Humanistic
B) Cognitive
C) Biomedical
D) Group

Question 67

The process by which a single neuron relays messages to other neurons is called:

A) networking.
B) polarization.
C) depolarization.
D) axonal transmission.
E) synaptic transmission.

Question 68

The most common form of thinking involves mental representations called:

A) images.
B) objects.
C) concepts.
D) sets.

Question 69

Hamilton and Giffords' experiment showed how people are susceptible to:

A) the fundamental attribution error.
B) actor-observer bias.
C) making illusory correlations.
D) first impressions.

Question 70

Which of these activities is not an example of thinking with verbal concepts?

A) reading a book
B) deciding what to do for the weekend
C) doing a jigsaw puzzle
D) completing a crossword puzzle

Question 71

Anions are ________ charged molecules located ________ the axon.

A) negatively; inside
B) negatively; outside
C) positively; inside
D) positively; outside

Question 72

In the process of communication between neurons, neurotransmitter molecules are released into the gap between neurons by the:

A) soma.
B) dendrites.
C) cell nucleus.
D) synaptic vesicles.

Question 73

This PsychSim activity most clearly revealed that different psychological disorders:

A) can involve similar symptoms.
B) are often indistinguishable from one another.
C) are all equally disturbing to the clients who experience them.
D) can be diagnosed accurately only by professional psychologists and

Question 74

People rely on stereotypes because:

A) they have limited memory capacity and often have incomplete or flawed
Information about other people.
B) they have no other way to form opinions about people who are different from themselves.
C) stereotypes are the most positive way to judge people who are different.
D) stereotypes are always right.

Question 75

Some thinking depends on verbal concepts, while another kind of thinking involves:

A) speaking out loud.
B) mentally manipulating words.
C) rehearsal.
D) manipulating mental images.

Question 76

After the interviewer observes that N. K. is pale, jittery, and swallows often, which of the following informational categories is likely to be most relevant for making an accurate diagnosis of this case?

A) family background
B) occupation
C) medical history
D) information from police or military records

Question 77

When therapists combine techniques from different types of therapy, they have adopted a(n) ________ approach.

A) empathic
B) eclectic
C) multiple
D) compound

Question 78

The therapy that uses basic principles of classical and operant conditioning is ________ therapy.

A) behavior
B) conditioning
C) classical
D) cognitive

Question 79

Shepard and Metzler found that the reaction time for solving mental rotation tasks ________ as the difference in orientation ________ from zero to 180 degrees.

A) increased; increased
B) decreased; increased
C) increased; decreased
D) decreased; decreased

Question 80

J. S. had received a dishonorable discharge from the military and had been fired from several jobs. The interviewer observed, however, that J. S. appeared calm and alert. Which of the following informational categories is likely to be most relevant for making an accurate diagnosis of this case?

A) ethnic origin
B) occupation
C) medical history
D) self-description of adult personality
E) information from spouse, parents, or other relatives