Deck 6: Power, Sexism, and Discrimination

Question 1

What is an exception to the general pattern of men's greater resource control?

A) political influence
B) child custody
C) economic decision-making
D) control over physical health.

Answer 1

child custody

Question 2

Men tend to hold more ______ and women sometimes hold more ______.

A) dyadic; political
B) structural; relational
C) relational; economic
D) political; structural

Answer 2

structural; relational

Question 3

Which of the following descriptors does NOT necessarily apply to the term "privilege?"

A) automatic
B) conscious
C) unearned
D) associated with membership in a dominant group

Answer 3

conscious

Question 4

Which best describes how resource control gives power to dominant groups?

A) by directly forcing others to submit to one's authority physically or psychologically
B) by fostering relationships through dependence on others
C) controlling desirable goods promotes safety, health, and freedom
D) promoting favorable cultural ideologies increase group status

Question 5

______ encourage(s) members of subordinate groups to accept their own lower status. For example, women who appreciate the benefits of protection and chivalry that their female status earns them.

A) Cultural ideologies
B) Resource dependence
C) Patrilineal norms
D) Dyadic inequality

Question 6

Which of the following pieces of evidence has been found in support of sex ratio theory?

A) Women's mate preferences are more selective when men outnumber them.
B) Men show more relationship commitment when they outnumber women.
C) Women marry younger when they outnumber men.
D) Women have more sexual partners when they are outnumbered by men.

Question 7

A society that traces descent through the mother's kinship line but men hold higher political power would be ______ and ______.

A) matriarchal; patrilocal
B) matrilineal; patriarchal
C) matrilocal; patrilineal
D) matriarchal; matrilineal

Question 8

Those who hold more ______ tend to have more control over the home and family.

A) dyadic power
B) structural power
C) social status
D) economic resources

Question 9

Assumptions of early social psychologists that studies with only male participants would generalize to all people best reflects differences in which type of power?

A) force
B) resource control
C) cultural ideologies
D) dyadic

Question 10

In Western culture, belonging to each of the following groups tends to grant higher power EXCEPT ______.

A) heterosexuals
B) democrats
C) White people
D) Christians

Question 11

According to sex ratio theory, men outnumbering women should have what effect upon women's power?

A) Increases their dyadic power
B) Increases their structural power
C) Decreases their dyadic power
D) Decreases their structural power

Question 12

According to sex ratio theory, which of the following is an outcome of women outnumbering men?

A) women expect more from their relationship
B) increases in women's economic and political influence
C) women gain dyadic power
D) increase male promiscuity and decreased commitment

Question 13

According to the myth of the matriarchy ______.

A) ancestral societies were both peaceful and ruled by women until patriarchies became the dominant social structure
B) woman currently hold higher status positions than men in certain collectivists cultures
C) society is gradually becoming more feminized as women gain power and status
D) in ancestral societies women were far more competitive, aggressive, and focused on wealth acquisition

Question 14

The idea that individuals who belong to two or more intersecting subordinate groups will experience more discrimination than individuals who belong to one subordinate group is expressed by ______.

A) sex ratio theory
B) the double jeopardy hypothesis
C) social dominance theory
D) the intersectional invisibility hypothesis

Question 15

Which of the following positively correlates with national levels of male-to-female sexual violence?

A) women's structural power
B) men's dyadic power
C) exposure to gender stereotypes in the media
D) gender inequality

Question 16

Researchers have yet to find any evidence of true ______ societies.

A) matriarchal
B) matrilineal
C) patriarchal
D) patrilineal

Question 17

______ power manifests by shaping how society operates in determining which groups of people have access to resources

A) Structural
B) Relational
C) Dyadic
D) Patrilineal

Question 18

Pratto and Walker (2004) identify three types of power including ______.

A) force, resource control, cultural ideologies
B) structural, dyadic, relational
C) patriarchal, matriarchal, societal
D) direct, indirect, moderated

Question 19

Which of the following would NOT necessarily describe a society that is patrilineal, patrilocal, and matriarchal?

A) Women are the primary decision-makers.
B) Husbands typically live near their wives families.
C) Descent is traced through the father's kinship line.
D) Having multiple lovers prior to marriage is socially accepted.

Question 20

In the United States, which of the following social groups is most likely to use force to maintain power and control over others?

A) Christians
B) Black people
C) proponents of right wing ideology
D) men

Question 21

A woman asking her gay male coworker to oversee decorations for the office party by saying "you're probably good at it," is an example of ______.

A) overt gender discrimination
B) a micro-aggression
C) verbal aggression
D) explicit prejudice

Question 22

According to ______ members of low status groups are motivated to endorse beliefs that legitimize their own low status out of a need to view the hierarchy as fair.

A) social dominance theory
B) system justification theory
C) cognitive dissonance theory
D) ambivalent sexism theory

Question 23

______ is treatment based solely on one's sex, sexual orientation, or gender identity.

A) Systemic sexism
B) Hostile sexism
C) Benevolent sexism
D) Gender discrimination

Question 24

Which of the following is an example of a benevolent attitude toward men?

A) resentment toward men who are arrogant and power-hungry
B) negative feelings toward overtly feminine men
C) beliefs that men ought to be cared for domestically by women
D) stereotypes of men as warm and caring

Question 25

All of the following correlate NEGATIVELY with benevolent sexism EXCEPT ______.

A) length of sentencing recommended for perpetrators of rape
B) blaming victims of domestic violence
C) motivation to fight against unfair treatment
D) Support for abortion in circumstances involving rape or the health of the mother

Question 26

______ sexism consists of subjectively positive and well-intentioned beliefs about women and their importance that also portray women as weak and in need of protection.

A) Implicit
B) Explicit
C) Hostile
D) Benevolent

Question 27

Based on the world economic forum's report on The Global Gender Gap Index, which of the following countries has the highest gender equality?

A) Sweden
B) Yemen
C) The United States
D) Australia

Question 28

Which of the following is the best example of a status legitimizing belief?

A) Women are low in agency but high in warmth.
B) People of color face undue discrimination in the hiring process.
C) Rich people are usually born into their wealth.
D) People have unequal access to education opportunities.

Question 29

______ sexism consists of antagonistic and insulting beliefs about women and their roles

A) Implicit
B) Explicit
C) Hostile
D) Benevolent

Question 30

Each of the following is positively associated with girls' access to education across countries EXCEPT ______.

A) economic hardship for men
B) decreased rates of sexual violence
C) positive health outcomes for mothers and children
D) country's GDP

Question 31

Researchers have found evidence for each of the following regarding social dominance orientation (SDO) EXCEPT ______.

A) members of dominant groups score higher on SDO
B) SDO correlates with sexism and racism
C) liberals and conservatives are equally likely to score high on SDO
D) people who score low on SDO tend to prefer occupations such as social work and counseling

Question 32

"It is not a problem if some people have more of a chance at life than others" is an example of an item used to measure ______.

A) social dominance orientation
B) just world beliefs
C) hostile sexism
D) benevolent sexism

Question 33

Based on research examining intersectional invisibility, which of the following groups would you predict to yield the greatest number of recognition errors in a test of facial memory (i.e., have the most difficulty remembering faces in a recall task)?

A) Latina women
B) Muslim men
C) White men
D) red-haired women

Question 34

Why does Lilienfeld (2017) argue that researchers have struggled to study micro-aggressions empirically?

A) because their effects are small and hence difficult to measure
B) people who suffer most from micro-aggressions are difficult to recruit as participants
C) laypeople don't understand what micro-aggressions are
D) the term micro-aggression is overly broad and lacks coherent meeting

Question 35

Which of the following groups is most likely to be targeted with benevolent sexism?

A) feminists
B) homemakers
C) lesbians
D) women of color

Question 36

Mark Brandt (2011) found what in a longitudinal study of 57 different countries tracking the sexist beliefs of 82,000 respondents over time?

A) only men's sexist beliefs predicted negative outcomes for women
B) sexist beliefs predicted similarly negative outcomes for both men and women
C) sexist attitudes at time one predicted decreases in national gender equality at time two
D) access to education at time one predicted sexist attitudes at time two

Question 37

Which of the following best describes the relationship between benevolent and hostile sexism?

A) negatively correlated
B) unrelated
C) culturally dependent
D) complementary

Question 38

There is some disagreement over which part of the definition of sexism?

A) whether stereotypes that do not result in discrimination counts as sexism
B) whether conscious prejudice is a necessary component of sexism
C) whether groups with greater structural power (i.e., men) can be victims of sexism
D) whether sex-based discrimination perpetrated by and targeting women is sexism

Question 39

Which of the following groups is most likely to encounter harassment in the workplace?

A) women of color
B) White women
C) Men of color
D) White men

Question 40

People are most likely to internalize cultural ideologies that justify their own status when the social hierarchy is perceived as ______.

A) permeable
B) mutable
C) illegitimate
D) stable

Question 41

Which of the following has been shown to contribute to the attributional ambiguity of discrimination?

A) encountering evidence in an aggregated format
B) whether the source of the discrimination is male or female
C) embedding discriminatory sentiments in humor
D) the presence of bystanders

Question 42

Which of the following is TRUE of how women respond to actual gender discrimination?

A) They are more likely to confront the perpetrator than they predict.
B) They are less likely to confront the perpetrator than they predict.
C) They respond with indirect, relational forms of aggression.
D) They respond with physical, direct forms of aggression.

Question 43

Wright (2010) found what two factors must be present before people will engage in collective action?

A) favorable cultural ideologies and feelings of group solidarity
B) someone in political power working for the group's interest and perceived illegitimacy
C) allies acting alongside the group and sympathy for its plight
D) recognition of disadvantage and anger on behalf of the group

Question 44

It is easier to identify benevolent sexism as sexism than hostile sexism.

Question 45

According to research on the allies of disadvantaged groups, you might expect each of the following to be TRUE of a vocal, male proponent of gender equality EXCEPT ______.

A) he will be more likely to be perceived as inauthentic
B) he will be stereotyped as highly feminine
C) he will report meeting needs for belongingness and community
D) he will gain knowledge about disadvantaged groups

Question 46

System justification theory posits that only people in positions of high power and status are motivated to justify the sociopolitical system in which they reside.

Question 47

An individual who is Black will likely experience the same amount of discrimination as someone who is Black and Muslim.

Question 48

According to sex ratio theory, when men outnumber women, women hold more dyadic power.

Question 49

What difference did Crosby and colleagues (1986) find between exposing men to statistics for women's and men's salaries in a piecemeal versus aggregated format?

A) Participants were better at empathizing with women in the piecemeal condition.
B) The aggregate format increased perceived gender discrimination.
C) The piecemeal condition created more vivid examples and increased perceived sexism.
D) The aggregate format revealed little sex differences in salary.

Question 50

______ consists of behavior enacted on behalf of a group with the goal of improving conditions for the entire group.

A) Individual effort
B) Collective action
C) Virtue signaling
D) Intergroup conflict

Question 51

Cultural ideologies are a type of power, identified by Pratto and Walker (2004), that are relevant to sex and gender.

Question 52

This type of sexism measures the denial that gender discrimination still exists.

A) hostile sexism
B) benevolent sexism
C) modern sexism
D) implicit sexism

Question 53

The belief that women use their gender to their advantage and complain about sexism when they are outperformed is an example of hostile sexism.

Question 54

Just as people hold ambivalent attitudes toward women, people also hold benevolent and hostile attitudes toward men.

Question 55

Individualistic cultures are especially likely to endorse belief in ______ which may in turn drive opposition to policies such as affirmative action.

A) benevolent sexism
B) system legitimizing ideologies
C) meritocracy
D) authoritarianism

Question 56

Ancient history has several examples of true matriarchal societies.

Question 57

Patriarchal power is, by definition, dyadic.

Question 58

The global average representation of women in legislative bodies is around ______.

A) 10%
B) 20%
C) 50%
D) 66%

Question 59

If you ask someone to imagine a gay person, they will most likely picture someone who is White and male.

Question 60

______ refers to the difficulty people have in attributing negative treatment to discrimination where other possible explanations are present.

A) Dispositional vagueness
B) Androcentrisim
C) Correspondence bias
D) Attributional ambiguity

Question 61

Detail the outcomes predicted by sex ratio theory both for when men outnumber women and when women outnumber men. Include in your discussion outcomes for power, partner selectivity, promiscuity, and commitment. What is the state of the evidence for the theory? Describe at least two pieces of evidence related to the theory.

Question 62

What is sexism? What part of the definition of sexism has been the subject of some debate?

Question 63

Reading brief descriptions of benevolently sexist beliefs can actually reduce women's collective action behavior.

Question 64

People high in social dominance orientation are more likely to seek and prefer occupations in law, politics, and business.

Question 65

Explain how the idea of prototypically is related to intersectional invisibility. How are the ideologies of androcentrism, ethnoscentrism, and hetercentrism related? Provide examples of social groups that are more or less visible than the other, and explain why this is the case.

Question 66

Briefly describe the three types of power identified by Pratto and Walker (2004).

Question 67

Structural power imbalances are key to the definition of gender discrimination.

Question 68

The United States ranks in the top 20 nations in the world based on the World Economic Forum's measure of gender equality.

Question 69

What is the double jeopardy hypothesis?

Question 70

Explain the difference between hostile and benevolent sexism.

Question 71

Describe two strategies for motivating people to engage in collective action against discrimination.

Question 72

Describe ambivalent sexism theory. Distinguish between hostile and benevolent sexism, provide examples of each, and detail how each uniquely perpetuates status differences between men and women.

Question 73

Women are accurate at predicting whether or not they would speak up when encountering gender discrimination.

Question 74

Briefly summaries both social dominance and system justification theories. Explain how each explains the perpetuation of unequal group hierarchies. Explain what a legitimizing ideology is and provide an example that researchers have examined.

Question 75

Explain the difference between structural and dyadic power.