Question 1

Which of the following are considered accessory muscles of inspiration?
1) Sternocleidomastoids
2) Scalenes
3) Internal obliques
4) Transversus abdominis

A)1, 2
B)2, 3
C)1, 2, 4
D)2, 3, 4

1, 2

Accepted Answer

The sternocleidomastoids and scalenes are accessory muscles of inspiration, assisting in elevating the chest to increase lung volume during deep or labored breathing. The internal obliques and transversus abdominis are primarily involved in expiration and core stabilization, not inspiration.

Question 2

The majority of the mucous blanket consists of:&#10;A) glycoproteins.&#10;B) carbohydrates.&#10;C) lipids.&#10;D) water.

Accepted Answer

The majority of the mucous blanket consists of water, which accounts for about 95% of its composition. This high water content is essential for the mucous blanket's role in lubricating and protecting mucous membranes.

Question 3

As you assess the respiratory status of a patient you notice they have jugular venous distention. Which of the following conditions is the most likely cause of this finding?&#10;A) Congestive heart failure&#10;B) Pneumonia&#10;C) Lung cancer&#10;D) Pulmonary infarction

Accepted Answer

Jugular venous distention is often a sign of increased pressure in the right side of the heart, which can occur in conditions like congestive heart failure. This increased pressure can be due to the heart's inability to effectively pump blood, leading to blood backing up into the veins, including those in the neck.

Question 4

How can work of breathing be quantified?&#10;A) Work = resistance *volume&#10;B) Work = pressure volume&#10;C) Work = flow volume&#10;D) Work = pressure *volume

Accepted Answer

Work of breathing is quantified as the product of pressure and volume, which is represented by the formula Work = pressure * volume.

Question 5

Which of the following is considered a normal tidal volume for a normal adult?&#10;A) 4 to 6 mL/kg&#10;B) 7 to 9 mL/kg&#10;C) 9 to 11 mL/kg&#10;D) 10 to 12 mL/kg

Accepted Answer

Normal tidal volume for a normal adult is approximately 7 to 9 mL/kg of body weight. This is the amount of air moved into or out of the lungs during a normal breath.

Question 6

Which of the following is considered a symptom a patient with pulmonary disease may complain of when in distress?&#10;A) Dyspnea&#10;B) Tachypnea&#10;C) Retractions of intercostal spaces&#10;D) Distressed facial expressions

Accepted Answer

Dyspnea is a symptom of pulmonary disease that refers to shortness of breath or difficulty breathing.

Question 7

Which of the following terms describes a patient's severe resistant to taking a deep breath?&#10;A) Splinting&#10;B) Pursed-lip breathing&#10;C) Retractions&#10;D) Pleurisy

Accepted Answer

Splinting refers to the behavior where a patient avoids taking deep breaths due to pain, often seen in conditions like pleurisy or after surgery. This can lead to shallow breathing to minimize pain, which is why it's associated with resistance to deep breathing.

Question 8

Which of the following terms is used to describe shortness of breath in the reclining position?&#10;A) Orthopnea&#10;B) Eupnea&#10;C) Exertional dyspnea&#10;D) Cardiac dyspnea

Accepted Answer

Orthopnea specifically refers to shortness of breath (dyspnea) that occurs when lying down and is relieved by sitting up or standing. This condition is often associated with heart failure but can be related to other conditions as well.

Question 9

What ventilatory pattern occurs when the compliance of the lungs decreases?&#10;A) No noticeable change.&#10;B) Rate generally increases while the tidal volume simultaneously decreases.&#10;C) Rate and tidal volume generally increase.&#10;D) Rate generally decreases while the tidal volume simultaneously decreases.

Accepted Answer

When the compliance of the lungs decreases, it becomes harder for them to expand. As a result, the body compensates by increasing the breathing rate to ensure adequate oxygen intake and carbon dioxide expulsion, while the tidal volume (the amount of air moved in or out of the lungs with each respiratory cycle) decreases because the lungs cannot expand as much.

Question 10

Which of the following are considered accessory muscles of inspiration?
1) Sternocleidomastoids
2) Scalenes
3) Internal obliques
4) Transversus abdominis

A)1, 2
B)2, 3
C)1, 2, 4
D)2, 3, 4

1, 2

Accepted Answer

Accessory muscles of expiration, which are typically engaged during forceful expiration, include the abdominal muscles such as the external obliques and the transversus abdominis. The trapezius is not typically classified as an accessory muscle of expiration.

Question 11

A patient is complaining of a constant chest pain that is centrally located, does not worsen with deep inspiration, but does radiate? Which of the following disorders is associated with these complaints?

A) Pneumonia
B) Lung cancer
C) Pulmonary hypertension
D) Tuberculosis

Accepted Answer

The answer of A patient is complaining of a constant...

Question 12

In patients with chronically high PaCO₂ and low PaO₂which of the following is the primary receptor site for the control of ventilation? A) Central chemoreceptors B) Peripheral chemoreceptors C) Juxtapulmonary-capillary receptors D) Aortic and carotid sinus baroreceptors

Accepted Answer

The answer of In patients with chronically high PaCO₂ and...

Deck 3: The Pathophysiologic Basis for Common Clinical Manifestations