Deck 7: Learning

Question 1

__________ recovery is the reoccurrence of a learned behavior after extinction has taken place.

A) Reclaimed
B) Anterograde
C) Proactive
D) Spontaneous

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Ivy grew up in a home where it was well-understood that if someone is in the shower you should wait to flush a toilet,or else you will burn your family member who is in the midst of washing! Years later,when Ivy was living with her husband and children in a home with more modern plumbing,she would still get startled and start to jump out of the shower if she heard a toilet flush in the bathroom.This pairing of two stimuli with a response is an example of __________.

A) intrinsic learning
B) conditioning
C) extrinsic learning
D) cognitive mapping

Answer 2

B

Question 3

The approach to studying learning that suggests an exclusive focus on overt,observable,and measurable responses and the discarding of references to inner thoughts,feelings,and motivations is called __________.

A) functionalism
B) externalism
C) behaviorism
D) extrinsic exclusivity

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Lucy the Cat learns that every time she is given a bowl of yummy tuna fish by her daddy,she hears the sound of the can opener first! Over time,she learns to come running into the kitchen every time she hears the sound of the can opener.This is an example of __________.

A) conditioning
B) innate learning
C) the learning-performance distinction
D) discriminative learning

Question 5

All learning is,in some way,a result of __________.

A) experience
B) interpretation
C) reflection
D) interaction with media

Question 6

The process of learning associations between two events based on repeated exposure to those stimuli is called __________.

A) conditioning
B) instinctive drift
C) innate learning
D) associative learning

Question 7

A __________ stimulus is a cue signaling that a particular response will be positively reinforced.

A) differential
B) discriminative
C) generalized
D) latent

Question 8

The concept of __________ learning occurs when an animal links two events that occur together.

A) associative
B) constructive
C) dissociative
D) paired

Question 9

A __________ map is a mental representation of an environment.

A) heuristic
B) cognitive
C) latent
D) intrinsic

Question 10

If you learn that "red light means stop,green light means go,and yellow light means slow down," you are demonstrating __________.

A) stimulus generalization
B) responsive differentiation
C) responsive activation
D) stimulus discrimination

Question 11

For months after he was involved in a very serious car accident,Micah would cringe when he drove past the site where the accident took place.Over time,however,that response to the bad memory started to fade away,and after about a year his "jitters" had disappeared completely.The process by which a learned response fades away is called __________.

A) extinction
B) unlearning
C) conditioned diminishing
D) unconditioned diminuation

Question 12

__________ is the process by which experience results in a relatively permanent change in future behavior.

A) Cognition
B) Assimilation
C) Learning
D) Adaptation

Question 13

How long has it been since you rode a bicycle? 5 years? 10 years? Do you remember how to properly shift gears? Do you remember that you shouldn't shift gears unless you are actively pedaling at the same time? If you forgot some of these basics,but then got on a bicycle,you might find that the old principles of riding a bicycle would come back to you much faster than the first time you learned to ride a bicycle.This is known as __________.

A) spontaneous recovery
B) conditional recovery
C) savings
D) applied retention

Question 14

Psychologist Edward Tolman demonstrated that rats would learn to complete a maze in a shorter period of time,but only when they had an incentive to do so.This is known as __________ learning.

A) conditioned
B) associated
C) latent
D) motivated

Question 15

Professor Kaikai often tells his students that "repetition is the mother of retention,so make sure to study the material we discuss in class repeatedly,and you will do better on the next exam! Trust me,what took you an hour to learn today will only take you 20 minutes to re-learn tonight,but only if you make sure to study!" Professor Kaikai is attempting to use the learning principle of __________ to assist his students' study skills.

A) discrimination
B) generalization
C) savings
D) extinction

Question 16

The __________ distinction refers to the difference between what a person learns and its application on that particular day.

A) application-theory
B) learning-performance
C) diathetical
D) qualitative-quantitative

Question 17

Some of the earliest psychologists to take up the challenge of studying learning were of the __________ school of thought,which suggested that we can only study that which can be seen and observed.

A) behavioral
B) nomothetic
C) ideographic
D) empirical

Question 18

While shopping for a dress one afternoon,Lilly sees an old friend across the store.She calls out and waves,but the friend does not respond .When the friend turns around,however,Lilly realizes that it is,in fact,a complete stranger who only resembles her friend.Lilly is very embarrassed,but she has demonstrated __________,which is responding to one stimulus in the same way we learned to respond to a different,similar stimulus.

A) discrimination
B) responsive spreading
C) generalization
D) counterdifferentiation

Question 19

Mischa bought a new gate to install at the top of his stairs so that his young son couldn't have an accident.He took the gate out of the box and studied the instructions for several minutes,before deciding that he knew all he needed to know.With tools in hand,Mischa then proceeded to get horribly lost during the installation of the gate.The difference between knowing how to install the gate and actually being able to do the installation is an example of the __________ distinction.

A) studying-doing
B) knowledge-use
C) theory-application
D) learning-performance

Question 20

__________ refers to the ability to reacquire a learned behavior in a shorter period of time than it took to learn originally.

A) Generalization
B) Stimulus discrimination
C) Efficient re-acclamation
D) Savings

Question 21

In the smash hit comedy "Meet the Parents," the cat named Mister Jinx was taught to use a toilet by its owner,Mr.Burns.Despite this training,the cat's mother,Mrs.Burns,said "I don't think he likes it very much.Every chance he gets he tries to dig,squat,and bury!" The tendency of Mister Jinx to revert back to its instinctive behavior even after being trained to act in a different way is called __________.

A) instinctive drift
B) latent learning
C) innate action sequencing
D) cognitive mapping

Question 22

As a child,Takahiro went for pizza with his parents and because he had the beginnings of a virus,he got violently sick just 10 minutes after eating two slices.For the next several years,Takahiro refused to have anything whatsoever to do with pizza.Takahiro has clearly been a victim of __________ learning.

A) gustatory repulsion
B) taste-aversion
C) nausea-induced
D) punishment motivated

Question 23

Of the four types of conditioning discussed in your textbook,which did Ivan Pavlov find to be the least effective at helping dogs make an association between a bell and food?

A) Simultaneous conditioning
B) Delayed conditioning
C) Trace conditioning
D) Backward conditioning

Question 24

While __________ conditioning focuses on spreading a reflexive response to a new precipitating stimulus,__________ conditioning utilizes an organism's ability to associate actions with future consequences.

A) operant; vicarious
B) vicarious; latent
C) latent; classical
D) classical; operant

Question 25

In many rural areas of the United States of America,salt licks are placed in the wilderness so that animals can ingest nutrients that are vital to their health and survival.The fact that these animals instinctively know to go to these areas to feed at the salt licks demonstrates that

A) food preference may be a partially unlearned, or innate, response.
B) animals recognize that although human beings are predators, they must be counted on for the animal's survival.
C) human beings are higher on the evolutionary ladder because we do not have instinctive food preferences.
D) animals that are able to seek out their own digestive needs are higher on the evolutionary ladder than animals that are not.

Question 26

Awanatu works at a bowling alley snack bar.She slings hot dogs and pizza for six hours a night each weekend,even though she really hates the work.When her mother asks her why she keeps the job,she says "Well,it doesn't really take much effort,the pay is alright,and the tips are great."Awanatu is clearly staying at her job because of __________ motivation.

A) rewarding
B) intrinsic
C) reinforcing
D) extrinsic

Question 27

Which of the following is not one of the types of classical conditioning with which Ivan Pavlov experimented?

A) Second-order conditioning
B) Backward conditioning
C) Trace conditioning
D) Anterograde conditioning

Question 28

Human beings are generally prewired to have a dislike of bitter flavors,because evolutionary theory suggests that many naturally growing poisonous substances have an initial bitter flavor.This is an example of taste-__________ learning.

A) affected
B) disdain
C) disgust
D) aversion

Question 29

Suritha is climbing to the top of Mount Everest,which is a daunting task to say the least.When her friends asked her why she is doing it,she took a solemn pose and said,"Because it's there!" Clearly,Suritha is __________ motivated to get to the top of the mountain.

A) latently
B) cognitively
C) extrinsically
D) intrinsically

Question 30

Which type of learning was inspired by the work of Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov?

A) Operant conditioning
B) Classical conditioning
C) Vicarious conditioning
D) Latent learning

Question 31

In Ivan Pavlov's original demonstration of classical conditioning,why is the food referred to as an unconditioned stimulus?

A) Because the food is something the animal had to learn that it wanted in all cases.
B) Because the animal knows he is going to get food whether he salivates or not, so salivation is not a "condition" of getting food.
C) Because lower animals do not have the capacity to decide what they will and will not respond to, so all stimuli for animals other than human beings are "unconditioned."
D) Because the food evokes the salivation response before any intentional learning has taken place.

Question 32

Instinctive __________ is the tendency for an organism to revert to instinctive behaviors after being trained to have new behaviors.

A) reversion
B) drift
C) dominance
D) aversion

Question 33

Julio has been dating Maria for the past 2 years,and has grown accustomed to the scent of her favorite perfume.After their relationship ended,Julio was walking through a store,minding his own business,when a woman passed who was wearing the same perfume.Instantly,Julio turned around and started looking for his lost love.In this example,what is the conditioned stimulus?

A) The strange woman in the store
B) Julio looking for his lost love
C) The scent of the perfume
D) Maria

Question 34

In the original work of Ivan Pavlov,what was the neutral stimulus?

A) The laboratory
B) The salivation
C) The food
D) The bell

Question 35

You wake up at 3 in the morning with a mouth as dry as dirt! You want to go down to the kitchen to get a glass of milk,but do not want to wake up everyone in the house by turning on the lights.Even though you're walking in the dark,you are able to get to the kitchen without too much risk because you have a _________ of the layout of your house.

A) mental heuristic
B) cognitive map
C) psychic algorithm
D) latent image

Question 36

What kind of animals did Ivan Pavlov use to demonstrate the principles of classical conditioning?

A) Pigeons
B) Monkeys
C) Rats
D) Dogs

Question 37

Which of the following is true about the relationship of the conditioned response (CR)to the unconditioned response (UR)?

A) The CR will be much stronger than the UR in classical condition.
B) The CR appears before the UR in classical conditioning.
C) The CR and the UR refer to the same action, but they are elicited by different stimuli.
D) The UR is something that will eventually extinguish, but the CR remains permanently.

Question 38

When Ivan Pavlov rang a bell until the dogs saw the food sitting in front of them,this was __________ conditioning.

A) trace
B) latent
C) delayed
D) backward

Question 39

What is the difference between a fear of a shark and a phobia of a shark?

A) Both fears and phobias serve the purpose of protecting us from threatening stimuli, but a phobia is a physiological response, while a fear is a cognitive response.
B) A phobia of a shark is a biological predisposed response to a potentially threatening stimulus. A fear is an over-exaggerated response
C) Both fears and phobias serve the purpose of protecting us from threatening stimuli, but a phobia is a biological response, while a fear is an emotional response.
D) Fear of a shark is a biologically predisposed response to a potentially threatening stimulus. A phobia is an over-exaggerated fear response.

Question 40

When two stimuli are associated to produce a reflexive response in an organism,that animal (or person)has demonstrated __________ conditioning.

A) classical
B) aversive
C) operant
D) associative

Question 41

__________-order conditioning is a type of classical conditioning in which the conditioned stimulus is paired with a neutral stimulus.

A) Second
B) Inverse
C) Trace
D) Backward

Question 42

A __________ reinforcer satisfies a basic survival need,like hunger or thirst.

A) primary
B) physiological
C) positive
D) secondary

Question 43

Young Rachel is in her second grade class,when the teacher announces a new challenge."Every time you memorize a new poem and recite it before the entire class,you will get a gold star.As soon as you get 20 gold stars,you get to pick a prize out of the prize box!" The new star chart,a beautiful grid on multicolored posterboard,is placed at the front of the class for all to see.Rachel immediately pulls out her reader,and looks for a poem she can memorize.What type of conditioning has Rachel's teacher used to help stimulate a memory-enhancing activity?

A) Reinforcing conditioning
B) Classical conditioning
C) Vicarious conditioning
D) Operant conditioning

Question 44

The law of effect,which states that an organism is likely to repeat a response that produces a desirable outcome and is unlikely to repeat a response that produces an undesirable outcome,was proposed __________.

A) Edward Thorndike
B) John Watson
C) B.F. Skinner
D) Ivan Pavlov

Question 45

Psychoneuroimmunology is the study of how psychology relates to events involving the __________ and immune systems.

A) digestive
B) circulatory
C) endocrine
D) nervous

Question 46

When Ivan Pavlov rang a bell once,put the bell away,and then presented food to the dogs,he was demonstrating __________ conditioning.

A) backward
B) delayed
C) trace
D) simultaneous

Question 47

Dr.Ramirez is a researcher who wants to know the relationship between getting laid off or fired from a job and developing hypertension (high blood pressure).He believes that the negative stress associated with occupational difficulties can impair a body's ability to fight off illness.Dr.Ramirez is clearly involved in the specialty called __________.

A) psychoneuroimmunology
B) physical psychology
C) neurophysiology
D) psycnoneurology

Question 48

B.F.Skinner developed his "Skinner box," or an "operant-conditioning chamber," with the belief that human and animal behavior can be analyzed by examining three different parts of each action.Which of the following is the first one of those parts to occur?

A) the operant response
B) the discriminative stimulus
C) the process of determining what response is needed
D) the reinforce/punisher

Question 49

The law of __________,proposed by Edward Thorndike,states that an organism is likely to repeat a response that produces a desirable outcome and is unlikely to repeat a response that produces an undesirable outcome.

A) reward
B) effect
C) avoidance
D) punishment

Question 50

Paulo is a freshman at college,and the first weekend he is there he and his friends go to the fraternities to unwind,relax,and party.Having had very little exposure to alcohol in his high school years,Paolo gets very tipsy after one beer,and very drunk after two.Three years later,when Paulo is a senior who is president of his fraternity,he brags that he can drink a 12-pack of beer and barely feel a thing.Instead of bragging about this ability,Paolo should be concerned that he is demonstrating drug __________ to alcohol.

A) addiction
B) tolerance
C) dependence
D) withdrawal

Question 51

The classic,though somewhat controversial,experiment of little Albert was used to show that __________ can be conditioned in human beings.

A) pain
B) hunger
C) fear
D) sorrow

Question 52

If Ivan Pavlov rang a bell while putting a bowl of food on the floor in front of his dogs,this would be an example of __________ conditioning.

A) delayed
B) trace
C) simultaneous
D) latent

Question 53

Allison has a piercing headache that is really getting in the way of her ability to do anything.She takes two extra-strength pain killers and sits quietly for a half-hour.When that time is up,the pain has significantly reduced,and Allison is able to get some of her chores done.Allison will probably take the pain-killers again the next time she has a headache,and this is due to the effects of:

A) negative reinforcement
B) positive punishment
C) negative punishment
D) positive reinforcement

Question 54

Drug __________ is a lessening of physiological and behavior effects caused by a drug through the repeated use of that drug.

A) dependence
B) tolerance
C) abuse
D) rehabilitation

Question 55

Which of the following is the last-occurring part of the three-term contingency?

A) observational learning
B) a discriminative stimulus
C) an operant response
D) a reinforce/punisher

Question 56

A(n)__________ behavior is a response that an organism makes to produce an effect on its environment.

A) operant
B) voluntary
C) effective
D) influential

Question 57

If you present the conditioned stimulus after the unconditioned stimulus,you are using __________ conditioning.

A) inverted
B) affective
C) reverse
D) backward

Question 58

Which of the following is the best synonym for "reinforcer?"

A) gift
B) prize
C) reward
D) token

Question 59

Which of the following is an example of a primary reinforcer?

A) Money
B) A kiss
C) Gold stars
D) Food

Question 60

After Pavlov trained his dogs to respond to the sound of a bell by salivating,he might have decided to show the dogs a striped handkerchief each time he rang the bell.Eventually,the handkerchief would have been able to cause the dogs to salivate,even if the bell was not sounded.This is an example of _________ conditioning.

A) graduated
B) tertiary
C) second-order
D) elevated

Question 61

The operant process of __________ occurs when the final step in a sequence is reinforced first,becoming a conditioned reinforcer for the preceding response.

A) partial punishment
B) chaining
C) shaping
D) successive reinforcing

Question 62

The development of superstitions is usually a result of __________.

A) continuous reinforcement
B) fixed-interval reinforcement
C) partial punishment
D) accidental reinforcement

Question 63

The reward __________ effect is a sudden shift in the attractiveness of a reward.

A) upsell
B) contrast
C) exchange
D) transformation

Question 64

The beauty of birthday presents is that you get them once a year.No matter how much you beg,you generally will not get them until the full year has passed.This is an example of a __________ schedule of partial reinforcement.

A) fixed interval
B) variable interval
C) variable ratio
D) fixed ratio

Question 65

Positive reinforcement is to the __________ of a stimulus as negative reinforcement is to the __________ of a stimulus.

A) changing; ignoring
B) presentation; removal
C) removal; presentation
D) ignoring; changing

Question 66

A standard Las Vegas slot machine does not have any set number of times it must be played before it pays out.You might win on your first try,you might win on your fifth try,or you might not win at all! This is an example of a __________ schedule of partial reinforcement.

A) variable interval
B) fixed ratio
C) fixed interval
D) variable ratio

Question 67

__________ reinforcement is a reward that does not immediately follow an action.

A) Delayed
B) Operant
C) Classical
D) Secondary

Question 68

Like many performing animals,Shamu,the famous whale,was taught to do her tricks by receiving rewards each time she got closer and closer to the desired goal.This process of using reinforcement to guide an organism toward a specific action is called __________.

A) Skinnerian conditioning
B) operant training
C) shaping
D) classical conditioning

Question 69

Which of the following is an illustration of the Premack principle?

A) Teaching a child to tie their shoes one small step at a time.
B) Promising a child that he will get cookies for dessert if he eats all of his vegetables.
C) Giving your child the payment for mowing the lawn before they've actually done the chore.
D) Using a spanking to punish a child for lying, even though their behavior was not a serious "crime."

Question 70

Kris and Jen like to go fishing on the weekends.They drive the boat to their favorite spot,drop anchor,toss their lines in the water and wait.They never know how long it will be before they catch a fish,but they spend the time listening to music,nibbling on snacks and wine,and sharing great conversation.The reward of catching a fish is uncertain,but they don't worry about it! This is an example of a __________ schedule of partial reinforcement.

A) variable ratio
B) fixed interval
C) variable interval
D) fixed ratio

Question 71

After several terms of struggling academically,Justin worked very hard,buckled down,and brought home a report card with all A's.His father,immensely proud of Justin,went out and bought him front row seats to the upcoming baseball game so that Justin and a friend could have a fun night as a reward.What kind of operant outcome did Justin's father provide for the brilliant report card?

A) Positive reinforcement
B) Negative reinforcement
C) Material reinforcement
D) Innate reinforcement

Question 72

College athletes of exceptional ability are often faced with the difficult decision of ending their college career before graduating so that they can enter the ranks of professional players and,hopefully,make a lot of money.Some players,however,choose to delay entering the professional leagues and finish school instead.This is an example of __________.

A) the three-term contingency
B) delayed reinforcement
C) vicarious reinforcement
D) the logical effect theory

Question 73

A vending machine,assuming that it is fully stocked and working properly,is an example of __________ reinforcement.

A) fixed variable
B) intermittent
C) continuous
D) partial

Question 74

A local supermarket advertises a special deal on Sunday,and only on Sunday.The deal says "Come in on Sunday between noon and 3 pm and get our special ice cream for only $.50 a container!" Shoppers come running to the store at noon,only to find out that the "container" is not the standard half-gallon size,but instead is a one-serving size amount of ice cream.Suddenly their desire to buy multiple containers of ice cream diminishes significantly.This is an example of the __________ effect.

A) reward contrast
B) bait and switch
C) partial reinforcement
D) vicarious reward

Question 75

Partial,or __________,reinforcement is a method in which responses are sometimes reinforced and sometimes not.

A) trace
B) porous
C) delayed
D) intermittent

Question 76

A positive reinforce is effective because:

A) it is a way of adding something that is aversive, like a spanking or a penalty
B) it is a way to remove something that a person dislikes, like a restriction or a punishment.
C) it involves the use of a "good" reward, which most people are interested in receiving.
D) it involves giving a person a reward for a demonstrating a desirable behavior.

Question 77

Why do children tend not to understand the value of money until they see all of the wonderful things that it can buy?

A) Because money is a secondary reinforcer, and only primary reinforcers provide gratification.
B) Because money is a secondary reinforcer, whose value becomes satisfying or pleasurable through experience .
C) Because children have learned that money must be earned, and therefore receiving it does not feel like a reward or reinforcer, but rather like a payment.
D) Because children do not have the cognitive skills necessary to make the connection between an abstract concept like money and a concrete concept like a toy or candy.

Question 78

Although different people have different views on whether punishment or reinforcement is the best way to alter behavior,most agree that

A) Punishment works better for adults, while reinforcement works better for children.
B) Both punishment and reinforcement are both most effective when they immediately follow the performed behavior.
C) The only way to truly alter a person's behavior is if they really want to change. Otherwise it makes no difference whether you use punishment or reinforcement.
D) Negative reinforcement is better than positive reinforcement, and negative punishment is better than positive punishment.

Question 79

Using the principles of operant conditioning,many inpatient psychiatric facilities use token __________ systems,so patients can earn a token for exhibiting desirable behavior,and later trade that token in for a desired privilege or treat.

A) operant
B) reinforcement
C) economy
D) reward

Question 80

Bella likes to knit blankets for babies,and the local hospital has offered her a sweet deal.For every ten blankets she knits in blue or pink yarn,they will pay her a lump sum of $75.Of course,they are going to charge $15 per blanket in their gift shop to make a profit.Bella understand that she only gets paid for batches of 10 blankets,and does not get paid $7.50 for each blanket as she knits them.This is an example of a __________ schedule of partial reinforcement.

A) fixed ratio
B) fixed interval
C) variable ratio
D) variable interval