Deck 12: Human Development II: Social Development

Question 1

Young Pemba is being observed as he plays in a room with his mother.Pemba frequently goes to the toys in the room,but occasionally looks back at his mother to make sure she is there.After a quick smile is exchanged between mother and child,Pemba goes back to the task of building with the toys.When Pemba's mother leaves the room,he becomes moderately upset,but is easily soothed when she returns.Which type of attachment does Pemba seem to have with his mother?

A) Loving
B) Secure
C) Interdependent
D) Developmental

Answer 1

Secure

Question 2

The term attachment was developed by psychologist __________.

A) Mary Ainsworth
B) Jean Piaget
C) Carol Gilligan
D) John Bowlby

Answer 2

John Bowlby

Question 3

According to the work of Mary Ainsworth,mothers who were loving,warm,and sensitive to the needs of their children were most likely to have __________ babies.

A) content
B) secure
C) developmentally sound
D) physically healthy

Answer 3

secure

Question 4

Psychologist Mary Ainsworth developed the __________ test in order to assess the different types of attachment that might exist between a child and his or her primary caregiver.

A) strange situation
B) separation
C) separation-reunification
D) attachment schema

Question 5

According to ecological theory,why do children develop stranger anxiety?

A) It suggests that children think their parents have abandoned them, thus reducing the availability of breastmilk.
B) It may be a survival strategy that enables babies to perceive unfamiliar faces as potentially threatening.
C) It is a fear response, also named the "Moro Reflex," that helps children alert other children to the presence of danger.
D) It goes back to the Stone Age, when children would cry when a potential predator appeared at the entrance of caves. This signaled to the parent to go into "protection" mode.

Question 6

What kind of animals did Harry Harlow and his colleagues use to discredit the "nourishment" theory of attachment?

A) Geese
B) Monkeys
C) Pigeons
D) Rats

Question 7

Which of the following theories of attachment was effectively discredited by the work of Harry Harlow?

A) Babies become attached to adults who are pleasant to touch.
B) Babies become attached to adults who provide them with nourishment.
C) Babies become attached to adults who smile at them.
D) Babies become attached to adults who talk in quiet voices.

Question 8

Researcher Konrad Lorenz explored the concept of __________ by making sure that he was the first moving thing a clutch of newly hatched goslings saw.The result,as he predicted,was that the young animals followed him around religiously,clearly demonstrating their belief that he was their mother.

A) imprinting
B) sensory primacy
C) neonatality
D) the higher species-lower species schism.

Question 9

The process of socialization involves the influence of all which of the following factors?

A) Genetics
B) Places of worship
C) Nutrition
D) Weather patterns

Question 10

The emotional bond that a newborn baby shares with his or her caregiver(s)is called __________.

A) maternal love
B) paternality
C) affective link
D) attachment

Question 11

The appearance of __________,which normally shows up at around 8 months of age,is an indication that a child's attachment to his or her primary caregiver(s)is getting stronger.

A) agoraphobia
B) separation anxiety
C) stranger anxiety
D) bedwetting

Question 12

Each morning when 2-year-old Sam comes downstairs with his mother,he insists on cuddling with her and watching his favorite episode of "Blue's Clues," a popular children's cartoon program.Even though his mother is VERY tired of this same television show,she knows that it is important to let Sam experience this.Why?

A) Because the culture in which Sam and his mother live requires that children be given their way until they are at least 3 years of age. This promotes normal development.
B) Because familiar experiences are an integral part of the development of attachment.
C) Because Sam is very likely to tantrum if his routine is interrupted, and his mother should do everything to avoid a tantrum.
D) Because if she doesn't give Sam his familiar routine, he is likely to develop an anxious-avoidant attachment style.

Question 13

On your lunch break,you decide to try a new restaurant that you've been hearing about.Once you are seated,a family with a young infant who looks to be 8-9 months old sits next to you.As you smile at the child,thinking how adorable she is,she breaks into tears,screams,and reaches for her father.You should probably

A) take offense that the parents have not taught the child manners yet.
B) smile and order your lunch, because stranger anxiety is very normal at this age.
C) worry that you look very scary to children and go get a haircut and a fashion consult.
D) change tables, because children who act like this are usually suffering from a stomach virus, and the kid could projectile vomit on you at any moment.

Question 14

"Human beings do not demonstrate __________," said Professor Spiegelman."Otherwise most newborns would think that the physician who was handing the childbirth was its mother or father!"

A) plasticity
B) reflexes
C) instincts
D) imprinting

Question 15

John Bowlby believed that attachment between a child and caregiver develops out of __________.

A) fear
B) love
C) necessity
D) instinct

Question 16

As Enrique grows up from childhood to adolescence and then adulthood,he is constantly receiving messages about how he should think,feel and act.He gets these messages from his parents,siblings,friends,school,church,and from various media sources (television,radio,internet,etc).The way in which his behaviors are shaped by his surroundings is called __________.

A) cognitization
B) maturation
C) socialization
D) normalization

Question 17

A __________ period refers to the optimal time period shortly after birth during which normal sensory and perceptual development takes place.

A) maturation
B) initiation
C) critical
D) fast-mapping

Question 18

__________ is a process of early attachment in which the first thing a new born sees is considered its mother.

A) Primacing
B) Familiarity
C) Imprinting
D) Plasticity

Question 19

___________ is the process through which a person shapes his or her behavioral patterns according to the environment in which he or she lives.

A) Socialization
B) Externalization
C) Acculturation
D) Internalization

Question 20

At about ___ months of age,children demonstrate that their attachment to their primary caregiver(s)is getting stronger as they demonstrate stranger anxiety.

A) 4
B) 6
C) 8
D) 12

Question 21

Many parents worry about the amount of imaginary play in which their children engages.Having studied the developmental theories that discuss the various benefits of play,what would you advise these parents?

A) Children who engage in too much imaginary play before the age of 10 have a statistically significant increase in their chance of developing schizophrenia later in life.
B) Children who engage in imaginary play are likely to be having social difficulties, which is why the other children are unwilling to play with them.
C) Children who engage in imaginary play are just going through a phase, and it has no real long-term consequences or benefits for a child's psychological health.
D) Children who engage in social fantasy role-play are more likely to have greater levels of self-confidence and self-control.

Question 22

As a result of his observations of children playing in the communities of La Paz and San Andres,both located in Mexico,anthropologist Douglas Fry concluded that aggression was

A) easily muted in boys, as long as they were exposed to girls around whom aggression was not appropriate.
B) instinctive to young boys, but rarely seen in young girls.
C) the result of learned social behavior, which begins in childhood.
D) not tolerated because religion preached friendship and love and punished acts of aggression.

Question 23

Some parents worry that if their children play with "older kids," they are very likely to pick up bad habits."The older kids," the parents seem to feel,"are going to corrupt my child!" Which of the following book titles would give the best information to these parents?

A) "Your Child and His Peers: Why older kids are a bad influence!"
B) "Older Siblings: The ONLY time your child should play with older kids!"
C) "Junior/Senior: Why children only develop properly if they have younger kids to play with."
D) "Relax and Let Kids Have Fun: Why older children can be a positive influence on younger playmates!"

Question 24

Which psychologist investigated the different types of attachment through the use of the "strange situation" experiment?

A) John Bowlby
B) Konrad Lorenz
C) Mary Ainsworth
D) Harry Harlow

Question 25

Jean Piaget argued that unsupervised play with peers is critical to the __________ development.

A) moral
B) social
C) emotional
D) cognitive

Question 26

Which of the following statements has been supported by research investigating the pros and cons of letting children of different ages play together?

A) The play tends to be more competitive.
B) The play teaches younger kids more advanced skills when they watch older kids.
C) The play teaches younger children how to be nurturing of older children.
D) The play can bolster the self-esteem of older kids, but harm the self-esteem of younger kids.

Question 27

The process of practicing self-discipline,a concept labeled by Lev Vygotsky as self-__________,is something that play helps children develop.

A) monitoring
B) regulation
C) control
D) efficacy

Question 28

Which of the following types of attachment styles in infancy is not one of the attachment styles that describes different adult relationships?

A) secure
B) anxious
C) disorganized-disoriented
D) avoidant

Question 29

Young boys tend to play in large groups and engage competitive,rough-and-tumble play.Young girls,on the other hand,tend to play in smaller groups geared toward maintaining group cohesion.These differences are described by psychologist __________ as "the two cultures of childhood."

A) Mary Ainsworth
B) Harry Harlow
C) Eleanor Maccoby
D) Carol Lorenz

Question 30

When the work of Mary Ainsworth and the "strange situation" experiment are examined in cultures beyond the United States of America,there is often criticism that this type of investigation is not appropriate for assessing the attachment of children in other cultures.Which of the following does your textbook state is one such argument against this type of research in other cultures?

A) Japanese infants are rarely separated from their mothers, so the use of a test that calls for separation is not valid.
B) In Finland, only boys are to be separated from their parents to foster independence, while girls are taught to be very dependent. Therefore, a test that calls for separation is not valid.
C) In Iran, infants are expected to be very dependent on their parents, and are praised for such behaviors. Therefore a test that calls for separation is not valid.
D) In Somalia, the scarcity of resources necessitates that children be kept very close to their parents at all times. Therefore, a test that calls for separation is not valid.

Question 31

Which of the following children is most likely to have a temper tantrum when her father leaves the room?

A) Nola, who has a secure attachment to her father.
B) Ilsa, who has an anxious-ambivalent attachment to her father.
C) Denia, who has a disorganized-disoriented attachment to her father.
D) Lakesha, who has an anxious-avoidant attachment to her father.

Question 32

The very first developmental crisis that human beings experience,according to the theory of Erik Erikson,is

A) autonomy vs. shame and doubt
B) trust vs. mistrust
C) initiative vs. guilt
D) intimacy vs. isolation

Question 33

Which of the following statements about the effect of culture on play is the most accurate?

A) Children play in every culture, and the way they interact is surprisingly universal.
B) Children in very religious cultures play in a much more reserved manner than children in cultures that place less emphasis on religion.
C) Children in collectivist cultures play more cooperatively than children in individualistic cultures.
D) Children's play varies greatly from culture to culture, and no one variable can predict exactly which type of interactions will be seen.

Question 34

Some children who were observed did not demonstrate one consistent attachment style,but instead seemed unable to decide how they should react to their mother and to new circumstances.Researchers have labeled this the __________ attachment style.

A) secure
B) anxious-ambivalent
C) disorganized-disoriented
D) anxious-avoidant

Question 35

The majority of children who were studied by Mary Ainsworth had were labeled as having which of the following attachment styles?

A) Anxious-ambivalent
B) Secure
C) Anxious- avoidant
D) Disorganized-disoriented

Question 36

Which one of the following children would most likely be described as "independent?"

A) Jerome, who has a secure attachment to his mother.
B) Jesse, who has an anxious-ambivalent attachment to his mother.
C) James, who has an anxious-avoidant attachment to his mother.
D) Jeremiah, who has a disorganized-disoriented attachment to his mother.

Question 37

One theory that explains why children play such different types of games - from tag to playing house with dolls,from building brick towers to playing word games - suggests that

A) play helps children develop the skills that they need later in life.
B) play helps children find out who their favorite "clique" of peers will be.
C) play helps children relate to their parents by finding commonly enjoyed activities.
D) play helps children individuate from their parents, by providing a task that requires no assistance or intervention.

Question 38

According to psychologist Ann Kruger,children's moral development is best strengthened when they discuss social dilemmas with their __________.

A) peers
B) parents
C) teachers
D) siblings

Question 39

In most cultures,from the age of four or five onward,we spend more time with our __________ than with our parents.

A) clergy
B) siblings
C) teachers
D) peers

Question 40

Which of the following was one of the attachment styles proposed by Mary Ainsworth?

A) Anxious-ambivalent
B) Easy
C) Slow-to-warm-up
D) Difficult

Question 41

Peer pressure

A) is a concept that parents use to make excuses for the moral lessons that they failed to instill in their children.
B) is a myth that is used to justify irresponsible actions of adolescents.
C) can be a negative event, but can also have positive effects.
D) has been shown to be much more prevalent in private schools than in public schools.

Question 42

While many describe the process of conformity as a negative event,research suggests that conforming to a particular peer group can help adolescents from a sense of __________.

A) identity
B) self-esteem
C) scheme
D) autonomy

Question 43

Theorist __________ believed that every stage of life has a crisis in need of resolution.

A) Carl Jung
B) Lev Vygotsky
C) Erik Erikson
D) Jean Piaget

Question 44

"You know," Doug said to his wife Sue,"I really don't like the boys our son hangs out with.They dress in all black,wear chains,wear black make-up,and dye their hair.I know that the whole Goth thing is very popular these days,but do you think our son might start going down bad roads?" What would be Sue's best answer?

A) Our son is just testing the water of a new clique. Peer pressure is not as prevalent as you might think. Besides, I'm sure these boys don't do anything we wouldn't approve of.
B) This is something we should talk to our son about, because peer pressure can really lead to bad decisions.
C) The research suggests that despite common belief, cliques such as this actually promote better decision-making and that peer-pressure is a positive phenomenon, not a negative one!
D) You deal with this. Fathers should guide their sons, and mothers should guide their daughters.

Question 45

According to Erikson,we cannot develop close,intimate relationships with others until what developmental milestone has been reached?

A) Deciding on a career
B) Achieving financial independence
C) Graduating from college
D) Establishing a clear and comfortable self

Question 46

While adolescents in the United States of American often ridicule each other for achieving academic success,using such monikers as 'nerd' and 'teacher's pet," adolescents in __________ often meet to do homework together and encourage each other to do well academically.

A) China
B) Senegal
C) Puerto Rico
D) Korea

Question 47

Regarding the relationships between teenagers and their parents,which of the following statements is the best summary of the current research?

A) Most teenagers report that they wish they had different parents, but they do not act in ways that demonstrate these feelings.
B) Most teenagers admire their parents and support their religious and political beliefs.
C) Most teenagers think their parents are too strict, and feel neither very positively nor very negatively toward them.
D) Most teenagers report that they "like" their parents, but do not agree with the way their parents view the world.

Question 48

The terms "clique" and "crowd," as used to define the peer groups of adolescents,was first identified by Australian researcher __________.

A) Samuel Striata
B) Dexter Dunphy
C) Erik Erikson
D) Anthony Field

Question 49

"This one time,at Band Camp,we had a pillow fight even though we weren't supposed to!" This famous line from the movie American Pie describes the shared actions of a large group of friends,including both boys and girls,who enjoyed sharing social time together.According to Dexter Dunphy,this group is an example of a

A) crowd
B) clique
C) peer-group
D) cohort

Question 50

Many parents worry that their children will be lured into negative and unhealthy behaviors if they give in to peer pressure.What does research suggest about these fears?

A) These fears have no merit, as peer pressure very rarely influences the actions of adolescents.
B) These fears are only valid in Europe, where teenagers tend to be more reckless than in the United States of America.
C) These fears are valid for girls, but not for boys. Research suggests that girls "cave" more easily to the demands of peer pressure, while boys are more able to resist peer pressure.
D) These fears are well-founded, as teenagers of the same friendship group usually indulge in similar risky behaviors.

Question 51

Martin has just turned 50 years old,and lately he has been questioning whether his life has had any real meaning."If I were to die today,would my life really have made a difference?" According to the social development theory of Erik Erikson,Martin is struggling with the crisis of __________.

A) proactivity vs. negativity
B) generativity vs. stagnation
C) ego integrity vs. despair
D) contribution vs. selfishness

Question 52

Generally speaking,when do cliques tend to break down?

A) by early adulthood
B) when puberty occurs
C) by the time we graduate from high school
D) by mid-adolescence

Question 53

The developmental crisis of adolescence,according to Erik Erikson,is called __________.

A) autonomy vs. shame and doubt
B) identity vs. role confusion
C) intimacy vs. isolation
D) competence vs. inferiority

Question 54

Psychologist Carl Jung believed that we do not establish a sense of self until we reach __________.

A) puberty
B) parenthood
C) adulthood
D) adolescence

Question 55

Adolescence is a famously awkward period in life in which our __________,or our sense of self,undergoes quite a bit of change and becomes a critical part of our relationships with others.

A) thanatos
B) ego ideal
C) self-concept
D) identity

Question 56

The battle for independence between adolescents and their parents usually begins in the __________ teens and does not end until __________.

A) early; mid teens
B) mid; the adolescent moves out of the home
C) early; late teens
D) late; the adolescent becomes a parent

Question 57

A __________ is a small,same-sex group of peers while a __________ is a large,mixed-sex group of peers.

A) cohort; crowd
B) clique; crowd
C) cohort; clique
D) crowd; clique

Question 58

Mara enjoys hanging out with her friends,all of whom are very "up" on each other's information.They all share secrets with each other,and though there little troupe is only made up of 5 girls,they seem to have no real need or desire to interact with other kids their own age.Mara's group would be described as a:

A) clique
B) crowd
C) cache
D) cohort

Question 59

Many new parents read that the "Ferber Method," a process of child-rearing that promotes letting children learn to self-sooth,will teach independence and avoid spoiling children from a very early age.According to the theory of Erik Erikson,however,using this sort of approach would most likely teach a child __________.

A) shame and doubt
B) despair
C) mistrust
D) inferiority

Question 60

Which of the following develops earlier in girls than in boys?

A) sexual interest
B) physical changes
C) visual problems
D) increased adrenal androgen production

Question 61

Which hormone increases in production during puberty and is generally believed to be responsible for the development of sexual interest?

A) Gall bladder bile
B) Estrogen in girls and testosterone in boys
C) Adrenal androgen
D) Serotonin

Question 62

The recent decline in the teen pregnancy rate in the United States of American can be partially attributed to which of the following influences?

A) A decreased tendency of teenagers to use contraception
B) A decrease in sexually-themed programming on television
C) A reduction in avail ability to sexually-themed sites on the internet
D) Increased willingness of parents to discuss issues pertaining to sex with their children

Question 63

In the United States of America,the average age for a first marriage has increased by ____ years since 1960,when the average age was 23 for men and 21 for women.

A) 2
B) 4
C) 6
D) 8

Question 64

The current teen pregnancy rate in the United States of America is

A) Increasing due to teenagers' beliefs that contraception is not an acceptable practice.
B) The highest it has been in the last 20 years, despite massive efforts to stop this trend.
C) The lowest it has been in the last 3 decades.
D) Holding steady with neither increases nor decreases seen in the past several years.

Question 65

__________ adulthood is a period during a person's early 20s in which they still depend on their parents for financial and emotional support.

A) Early
B) Adolescent
C) Transitional
D) Emerging

Question 66

"Man,I cannot believe how smart David is! He is so much more intelligent than other kids his age,and he also seems to have a good head on his shoulders when it comes to making decisions.He is polite,doesn't get into trouble,and seems to naturally make good decisions.It is hard to believe he is only 13 years old!" According to Bernice Neugarten,David's __________ age appears to be well ahead of his __________ age.

A) social; chronological
B) mental; social
C) chronological; mental
D) chronological; social

Question 67

In several of his movies,actor Adam Sandler has achieved fame by playing buffoons whose __________ ages were clearly far behind their __________ ages.

A) mental; social
B) adolescent; adult
C) social; chronological
D) chronological; mental

Question 68

After the United States of America,which country/countries report the highest rate of births to mothers between the ages of 15 and 19 years?

A) France
B) Sweden
C) Canada
D) England and Wales

Question 69

2008 Vice-presidential candidate Sarah Palin,the governor of Alaska,made headlines when it was announced that her unwed 17-year-old daughter,Bristol,was pregnant.According to research,which of the following is now true of the young Miss Palin?

A) She is likely to finish high school so that she can provide for her son.
B) She is unlikely to have a sustained, long-term marriage.
C) She is unlikely to receive government assistance, since she had the child prior to the age of 18.
D) She is likely to work hard to improve her economic status, so that she can provide for her son.

Question 70

In 1960,the average age for marriage was ___ years for a woman and ___ years for a man.

A) 21; 27
B) 18; 27
C) 21; 23
D) 18; 23

Question 71

While __________ development occurs earlier in girls than in boys,__________ occurs at the same time for both boys and girls.

A) physical; emotional development
B) cognitive; adolescence
C) physical; fertility
D) physical; sexual interest

Question 72

The maturity level a person develops based upon his or her life experiences describes that individual's __________ age.

A) cognitive
B) social
C) chronological
D) affective

Question 73

Which of the following countries has the highest rate of teen pregnancy in the Western world?

A) The United States of America
B) Canada
C) France
D) Ireland

Question 74

Which of the following events are teen mothers more likely to experience?

A) Difficulties in improving their economic status
B) An increase in self-esteem and self-confidence as a result of giving birth
C) Having a sustained, long-term marriage
D) Graduating from high school

Question 75

The distinction between a person's chronological age and his or her social age is one that was first emphasized by behavioral scientist ____________.

A) Bernice Neugarten
B) Erik Erikson
C) Carol Gilligan
D) Sandra Bem

Question 76

Which of the following countries has the lowest rate of pregnancy among women between the ages of 15 and 19 years?

A) Canada
B) The United States of America
C) Sweden
D) France

Question 77

The amount of time that has passed since a person was born is called their __________ age.

A) chronological
B) social
C) mental
D) ideographic

Question 78

There is a famous collection of movies about a trio of kids who are in the same "year" at school.You may have heard of them,but just in case you haven't,they are the Harry Potter films.Of the three characters,Hermione is very level-headed,dislikes breaking the rules,and always tries to act responsibly.Ronald,on the other hand,tends to be a bit of a slacker,is irresponsible,and is often more interested in having fun than he is taking care of his obligations.According to Bernice Neugarten,Hermione's ____ age appears to be much higher than Ron's.?

A) chronological?
B) cognitive?
C) social?
D) developmental

Question 79

To what does the term "quarter-life crisis" refer?

A) The fact that most people still get married by the age of 25.
B) The difficult and unsettled period between adolescence and adulthood.
C) The fact that those who have children before the age of 25 are likely to be dissatisfied with their lives when surveyed 20 years later.
D) The fact that most people finish school by the age of 25 and still feel unqualified to find a job that will provide adequate financial security.

Question 80

The uncertainty of emerging adulthood is usually resolved by __________,when people tend to achieve total independence from parental support and develop the ability to empathize with others as fellow adults.

A) The age of 18
B) The age of 25
C) The late 20s
D) The mid-30s