Deck 9: Violence and Sport

Question 1

Which of the following is a fair criticism of Michael Smith's categories of sports violence?

A) The categories used by Smith are arbitrary and subjective.
B) The boundaries between categories used by Smith are not always clear and can change over time.
C) The categories used by Smith cannot be applied to all sports.
D) The categories used by Smith cannot be applied to children's sport activities.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Which of the following is defined as a healthy venting of aggression that reduces the risk of further, more dangerous manifestations of violence?

A) Aggression
B) Frustration
C) Catharsis
D) Pankration

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Your son engages in a fistfight while playing hockey. According to Michael Smith's categories of sports violence, this would be an example of:

A) criminal violence
B) borderline violence
C) quasi-criminal violence
D) brutal body contact

Answer 3

B

Question 4

According to the definition in the text provided by Young (2012), if a visiting fan shouts racist abuse at an opposing team's player, this kind of act would be referred to as:

A) Hooliganism
B) Sports crowd violence
C) Fan violence
D) Undocumented racist abuse

Question 5

Using Smith's categories of sports violence, a tackle in football would be considered:

A) brutal body contact
B) criminal violence
C) borderline violence
D) quasi-criminal violence

Question 6

Which of the following were noted in the text as being crucial elements of hockey's spectator appeal?

A) Goal scoring, penalties, fighting
B) Fighting, body checking, manly displays of toughness
C) Goaltending, manly displays of toughness, power plays
D) Body checking, penalty killing, power plays

Question 7

In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, according to Kimmel (1996), the over-presence of _____ was seen as a significant problem in the lives of boys.

A) Older men
B) Religious leaders
C) Women
D) Peers

Question 8

Which of the following was NOT listed in the text as a way that the NFL has packaged and promoted violence?

A) Linking the game of football to war
B) Making aggression into an art-form through their various media outlets
C) Portraying players as gladiators
D) Encouraging players to tackle at shoulder height and above

Question 9

Violence has been part of the attraction of sport since:

A) the invention of sticks, bats, etc., used as equipment in different sports
B) children and youth began playing certain contact sports like hockey and football in North America
C) the first organized athletic spectacles in the ancient world
D) women and members of visible minority groups were allowed entry into certain sports

Question 10

Which of the following would NOT be considered a key critique of the frustration-aggression theory of violence?

A) Violence can be attributed to structural and cultural factors rather than merely biological factors
B) Catharsis does not necessarily lead to the harmless expression of violence
C) Frustration is only one of many potential contributors to aggression
D) Neither frustration nor aggression is possible to accurately measure using scientific methodology

Question 11

According to the text, during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, one of the most influential masculine ideals in North America was an aggressive version of manliness that valued:

A) Sporting success, misogyny, toughness
B) Combativeness, competitiveness, toughness
C) Competitiveness, capital accumulation, heterosexuality
D) Sporting success, heterosexuality, combativeness

Question 12

Which of the following was NOT included among the violent ancient Greek and Roman sporting events?

A) Mixed martial arts
B) Boxing
C) Wrestling
D) Chariot racing

Question 13

You are watching a friend's daughter play soccer and see a player on her team viciously head-butt a player on the opposing team. This is an example, according to Michael Smith's categories of sports violence, of:

A) brutal body contact
B) criminal violence
C) borderline violence
D) quasi-criminal violence

Question 14

Which of the following theories of violence in sport is rooted in biology?

A) frustration-aggression theory
B) instinct theory
C) social learning theory
D) catharsis theory

Question 15

According to Michael Smith, what is the main difference between the definitions of 'aggression' and 'violence'?

A) Aggression is directed toward willing participants, whereas violence is directed towards innocent bystanders
B) Aggression includes behaviour designed to injure another person not just physically, but also psychologically
C) Violence is premeditated, whereas aggression is spontaneous
D) Aggression is instinctive behaviour, whereas violence is learned behaviour

Question 16

The most successful sports league is the United States is the _____ and in Canada the dominant sports business is the _____.

A) NBA; NHL
B) NFL; MLS
C) NBA; CFL
D) NFL; NHL

Question 17

NHL commissioner Gary Bettman likened fighting in hockey to a thermostat that regulates the game. Based on Bettman's analogy, we could argue that he is a proponent of a variation of which of the following theories?

A) instinct theory
B) functionalism
C) catharsis theory
D) frustration-aggression theory

Question 18

According to the text, the most convincing explanation of violence in sport is the _____ theory.

A) social learning
B) instinct
C) frustration-aggression
D) catharsis

Question 19

Michael Smith defines _____ as any behaviour designed to injure another person, psychologically or physically.

A) Authority
B) Power
C) Violence
D) Aggression

Question 20

If applying the _______ theoretical framework, sport-related violence would be seen to 'serve a need' and to stabilize both sport and society and consider an approved means for minimizing what some see as 'unavoidable' forms of violence.

A) Structural-functionalist
B) Marxist
C) Symbolic interactionist
D) Weberian

Question 21

While some recent studies have shown that the ideology of men being expected to play through pain and injury has softened in recent years, what do we also know to be true, according to research?

A) This ideology is not at all shared by women
B) Diagnoses of head injuries have also gone down in recent years
C) Showing a disregard for one's well-being continues to be a way of 'performing' masculinity
D) Levels of off-field violence among men have also declined

Question 22

In recent years, which of the following has the NHL NOT faced increased pressure to eliminate?

A) Hits below the waist
B) Blind-side hits
C) Hits from behind the boards
D) Hits to the head

Question 23

In their research considering female athletes' responses to their own pain and injury, both Charlesworth and Young, and Young and White, would argue that the difference between male and female athletes in this regard is:

A) a matter of where on the body the pain occurs
B) only a matter of degree
C) related to the level of sport one participates in
D) almost non-existent

Question 24

Mike Webster is best known as:

A) The NHL general manager who denied the effects of CTE on hockey players
B) The doctor who first discovered CTE in professional football players
C) The NFL Commissioner who denied the effects of CTE on football players for many years
D) The first NFL players diagnosed with CTE

Question 25

Michael Messner suggests that male athletes commit three main forms of violence, both during and outside their sport. Which of the following is NOT one of the three forms noted
By Messner?

A) violence against women
B) violence against other men
C) violence against strangers
D) violence against their own bodies

Question 26

Growing opposition to fighting in hockey has resulted from a greater understanding of the long-term consequences of _____.

A) Concussions
B) broken bones
C) knee and elbow injuries
D) post-traumatic stress

Question 27

"Pansification" essentially refers to:

A) allowing women to play what have traditionally been male only sports
B) a perceived threat to the maleness of a sport, especially hockey
C) violence against one's own body
D) refusing to play on in a game after being injured

Question 28

The degenerative brain disease that has led to hundreds of deaths in football and hockey players carried the acronym:

A) HGC
B) PEC
C) CTE
D) MPE

Question 29

'The required performance of neophyte athletes of often traumatic initiation rituals in the pursuit of a new group identity and induction into a new team setting', is Young's definition of what phenomenon?

A) Hazing
B) Raffing
C) Stiffing
D) Chipping

Question 30

According to a study by Crosset, Benedict and McDonald, which of the following is true of male athlete violence in NCAA Division 1 sports programs?

A) Between 2005 and 2010, only six student-athletes were convicted of sexual assault
B) From 1991 to 1993, male athletes represented 3.3% of all students' athletes, but committed 19% of all reported sexual assaults
C) From 1984 to 2003, hazing and other initiation rituals were banned by the NCAA
D) The first case of a male athletes coming forward as a victims of sexual assault was not until 2013