Deck 8: The Independence of Latin America

Question 1

The success of a slave revolt in Haiti

A) inspired creole elites in Spanish America to work for independence.
B) dampened interest in independence among creole elites.
C) provoked similar slave uprisings in Colombia and Venezuela.
D) encouraged Francisco de Miranda to attempt to launch a revolt in Venezuela.

Answer 1

dampened interest in independence among creole elites.

Question 2

The Venezuelan constitution of 1811

A) abolished black slavery.
B) established universal suffrage.
C) abolished indigenous tribute.
D) separated church and state.

Answer 2

abolished indigenous tribute.

Question 3

The Venezuelan llaneros initially supported the royalist cause because

A) the Spanish government offered them land and other rewards.
B) they resented the aristocratic manners of the creole leaders.
C) they expected to enrich themselves by pillaging Caracas and other cities.
D) the Venezuelan republic attempted to transform them into semiservile peons.

Answer 3

the Venezuelan republic attempted to transform them into semiservile peons.

Question 4

The Latin American wars of independence

A) were accompanied by sweeping social changes.
B) left existing economic and social structures basically intact.
C) enabled large numbers of indígenas and mixed-bloods to rise in the social scale.
D) significantly broadened the base of landownership in Latin America.

Question 5

What distinguished the Hidalgo revolt in Mexico from other Latin American revolutions was

A) the strong support given the revolt by conservative creole leaders.
B) Hidalgo's immediate proclamation of independence.
C) the large-scale participation of the indigenous and mixed-blood proletariat.
D) the support of the church hierarchy for the revolt.

Question 6

Some Spanish writers attributed alleged creole indolence and incapacity to

A) the noxious effects of the American climate and soil.
B) the fact that peninsular fathers spoiled their creole children.
C) the lack of opportunity for the display of creole talents and enterprise.
D) the lack of adequate educational facilities for creole youth.

Question 7

A major difference between the American Revolution and the Latin American struggle for independence was that the latter

A) received no significant foreign assistance.
B) lacked the popular base provided by the more democratic society of the English colonies.
C) lacked such able military leaders as George Washington.
D) was not a civil war between patriots and royalists.

Question 8

In the late eighteenth century, the conflict of interests between Spain and its colonies was most sharply expressed in

A) colonial demands for self-government.
B) colonial demands for an end to the Spanish trade monopoly.
C) the revolts of Tupac Amaru and the Comuneros.
D) the cleavage between creoles and peninsulars.

Question 9

As a result of Napoleon's decision to place his brother Joseph on the Spanish throne, creole leaders

A) accepted French offers of autonomy within the French empire.
B) accepted British offers of support for Spanish American independence.
C) formed juntas that rejected the royal claims of both Ferdinand VII and Joseph.
D) prepared to seize power on the pretext of loyalty to Ferdinand VII.

Question 10

The last major battle of the Spanish American wars for independence was fought at

A) Junín.
B) Chacabuco.
C) Ayacucho.
D) Maipú.

Question 11

Hidalgo's social reforms included

A) abolition of slavery.
B) expropriation of large estates.
C) separation of church and state.
D) abolition of titles of nobility.

Question 12

The Uruguayan leader José Gervasio Artigas proposed

A) complete independence of Uruguay from Argentina.
B) the union of Uruguay with Brazil.
C) a loose federal connection with Argentina.
D) union with Paraguay.

Question 13

Bolívar's political program for Venezuela envisioned

A) the establishment of a monarchy to be ruled by a foreign prince.
B) a republican regime based on universal suffrage.
C) a republican regime with suffrage restricted to the propertied elite.
D) his own personal dictatorship.

Question 14

Iturbide's program for Mexican independence proposed

A) the civil equality of creoles and peninsulars.
B) the establishment of a monarchy with himself as ruler.
C) free trade with all nations.
D) a republic based on universal suffrage.

Question 15

One important consequence of Spain's alliance with Napoleon against England was

A) the British invasion and conquest of Buenos Aires.
B) British open support for independence movements in Latin America.
C) Spain's opening of Spanish American ports to trade with neutral nations.
D) a massive increase in British contraband trade with Spanish America.

Question 16

The event that precipitated the declaration of Brazil's independence was the

A) French invasion of Portugal.
B) Strangford Treaty of 1810.
C) flight of the Portuguese court to Rio de Janeiro.
D) refusal of Dom Pedro to obey the order of the Cortés that he return to Portugal.

Question 17

One factor responsible for the spread of Enlightenment ideas in the Spanish colonies was the

A) circulation of scientific texts based on the theories of Descartes, Newton, and Leibnitz.
B) circulation of copies of the French Encyclopedia in the colonies.
C) propaganda of French revolutionary agents in the colonies.
D) propaganda activity associated with U.S. diplomatic missions in the colonies.

Question 18

The critical issue discussed at the Conference of Guayaquil was

A) whether Guayaquil should belong to Peru or Gran Colombia.
B) whether independent Spanish America should be monarchical or republican.
C) whether Bolívar or San Martín should bring the struggle for independence to an end.
D) how to secure continental liberation by defeating Spanish forces in Peru.

Question 19

The liberation of New Granada was achieved by the decisive patriot victory at

A) Carabobo.
B) Boyacá.
C) Pipincha.
D) Ayacucho.

Question 20

A distinctive feature of Bolívar's military leadership was his

A) rejection of the slogan War to the Death against all Spaniards.
B) skillful use of ambush and hit-and-run tactics.
C) advancement of soldiers for merit, without regard to social background or color.
D) masterful use of cavalry charges.

Question 21

IDENTIFICATION
Boyaca

Question 22

IDENTIFICATION
Toussaint L'Ouverture

Question 23

IDENTIFICATION
José Gervasio Artigas

Question 24

IDENTIFICATION
llaneros

Question 25

IDENTIFICATION
José Rodríguez de Francia

Question 26

Toussaint L'Ouverture was a

A) former slave who led the Haitian Revolution in its demand for the abolition of slavery.
B) leader of the French Revolution who sought to preserve Haiti as a French colony.
C) free mulatto who supported slavery, but called for the political independence of Haiti.
D) Frenchman who abandoned his Haitian plantation and slaves during the Revolution.

Question 27

IDENTIFICATION
José de San Martín

Question 28

José Rodríguez de Francia was Paraguay's first president and

A) bishop.
B) prime minister.
C) king.
D) dictator.

Question 29

IDENTIFICATION
Gran Colombia

Question 30

IDENTIFICATION
Simón Bolívar

Question 31

IDENTIFICATION
José Tomás Boves

Question 32

Which of the following did not influence the Latin American Wars of Independence?

A) Bourbon political, economic, and religious reforms.
B) Rivalries between criollos and peninsulares.
C) Enlightenment ideas, the American Revolution, and Napoleonic Wars.
D) John Locke's Second Treatise on Government and the doctrine of natural law.

Question 33

IDENTIFICATION
Ferdinand VII

Question 34

IDENTIFICATION
Antonio José Sucre

Question 35

IDENTIFICATION
Manuel Belgrano

Question 36

IDENTIFICATION
Manuel de Godoy

Question 37

The woman whom Bolívar praised as an "Amazon" for her heroic defense of liberation was

A) Josefa Ortiz de Domínguez.
B) Manuela Saenz.
C) Policarpa Salvarrieta.
D) María Quiteira de Jesus.

Question 38

IDENTIFICATION
Francisco de Miranda

Question 39

IDENTIFICATION
Carabobo

Question 40

The woman who saved Bolívar's life, known as "La Libertadora" (the female liberator), was

A) Josefa Ortiz de Domínguez.
B) Manuela Saenz.
C) Policarpa Salvarrieta.
D) María Quiteira de Jesus.

Question 41

IDENTIFICATION
Manuela Saenz

Question 42

How did racial and class struggles affect the movements for political independence?

Question 43

IDENTIFICATION
Conference of Guayaquil

Question 44

It has been said that Napoleon Bonaparte was the liberator of Latin America. Explain.

Question 45

Assess the relative contributions of the Enlightenment, the American Revolution, and the French Revolution to Latin American independence.

Question 46

To what extent was the Latin American movement for independence a social revolution?

Question 47

IDENTIFICATION
Dom Pedro

Question 48

IDENTIFICATION
Miguel Hidalgo

Question 49

IDENTIFICATION
José María Morelos

Question 50

Explain why the division between creoles and peninsulars grew sharper as the eighteenth century advanced.

Question 51

IDENTIFICATION
José Antonio Páez

Question 52

Mexico's transition to independence was peculiarly difficult and contradictory. Explain the reasons for this.

Question 53

IDENTIFICATION
Bernardo O'Higgins

Question 54

IDENTIFICATION
Spanish Constitution of 1812

Question 55

What roles did women play in the Latin American movement for independence?

Question 56

IDENTIFICATION
Agustín de Iturbide