Deck 5: State, Church, and Society

Question 1

Viceroys and captains-general were

A) the supreme military and civil authority in the colonies.
B) judge-presidents who acted as civil governors, but lacked military command and control.
C) civil judges who toured colonial provinces to inspect local conditions.
D) representatives of the royal interest in local town councils or cabildos.

Answer 1

the supreme military and civil authority in the colonies.

Question 2

Which of the following statements is not correct?

A) The trend during the colonial period was toward the concentration of land in fewer hands.
B) The late seventeenth century hacienda had been broken up into smaller units.
C) The law of primogeniture and entail made the breakup of haciendas more difficult.
D) The colonial hacienda varied greatly in size, productive potential, and labor systems.

Answer 2

The late seventeenth century hacienda had been broken up into smaller units.

Question 3

The great majority of cases tried by the colonial Inquisition had to do with

A) heresy.
B) the reading of forbidden books.
C) political subversion.
D) offenses against morality.

Answer 3

offenses against morality.

Question 4

From an economic point of view, the most successful missionary effort was represented by the

A) Jesuit missions in Paraguay.
B) Franciscan missions in New Mexico.
C) Franciscan missions in California.
D) Jesuit missions on the northwest coast of Mexico.

Question 5

Which of the following statements is not correct?

A) Familial relationships in Spanish elite society were characterized by male domination.
B) Fathers had the right to arrange marriages for their daughters.
C) The double sexual standard prevailed in Spanish elite society.
D) Women had no control over their dowries and inheritances during marriage.

Question 6

An important function of oidores was to

A) review the legality of the viceroy's actions.
B) make regular tours of inspection of their provinces.
C) promote the founding of schools and churches.
D) ensure fairness and honesty in municipal elections.

Question 7

Beginning in the reign of Philip II, the

A) election of cabildo members assumed an increasingly democratic character.
B) sale of colonial offices by the crown became the standard practice.
C) local power of great landowners declined with the increasing authority of royal officials.
D) access to courts and legal redress for abuses was firmly established for ordinary people.

Question 8

The ineffectiveness of much Spanish colonial law reflected the

A) problems created by the colonies' great distance from Spain.
B) dilemma of royal officials who had to enforce laws opposed by powerful colonial elites.
C) systematic bribery of royal officials by colonial elites.
D) pressure on the Council of the Indies by procuradores, representatives of colonial elites.

Question 9

The residencia was a(n)

A) unannounced investigation of official conduct by a judge appointed by crown or viceroy.
B) judicial review of an official's conduct at the end of his term of office.
C) joint meeting of the viceroy and the audiencia serving as the viceroy's council of state.
D) list of charges brought against a retiring official by the Council of the Indies.

Question 10

The distinguishing feature of the colonial aristocracy was

A) racial purity.
B) wealth.
C) genteel birth.
D) peninsular origins.

Question 11

The wealthiest order in the Spanish colonies was the

A) Dominicans.
B) Franciscans.
C) Society of Jesus.
D) Augustinians.

Question 12

The patronato real refers to royal

A) control over ecclesiastical affairs in Spain and the colonies.
B) patronage of colonial universities.
C) policy of alternating creoles and peninsulars in filling high colonial church posts.
D) patronage of schools for indigenous upper-class youth.

Question 13

In general, modern studies tend to support the view that

A) black slavery was milder in Latin America than in North America.
B) Spanish protective legislation regarding black slaves was well enforced.
C) manumission was more frequent in North America than in the Spanish colonies.
D) the tempo of economic activity determined the harshness of plantation discipline and the
Frequency of manumission in the Spanish colonies.

Question 14

The Laws of the Indies

A) assigned mestizos of legitimate birth equal status with whites.
B) forbade intermarriage between whites and indígenas or mixed-bloods.
C) gave preference to creoles over peninsulars in the filling of offices.
D) justified royal hiring preferences for peninsulars due to creole indolence and incapacity.

Question 15

Crown policy toward indigenous peoples favored

A) their acculturation to the Hispanic way of life.
B) their systematic segregation from the Spanish community.
C) the reduction of the status of indigenous nobles to that of commoners.
D) movement of indigenous people to Spanish cities to form a pool of cheap labor.

Question 16

Philip II favored the secular over the regular clergy because

A) he was angered by the scandalous lifestyles of the friars.
B) he disliked the independence of spirit shown by the regulars regarding Spain's policy toward indigenous peoples.
C) the papacy had ordered that secular clergy replace the regulars in the spiritual direction of indigenous converts.
D) he was concerned over the excessive number of monasteries and their great wealth.

Question 17

One legacy of the colonial period for independent Latin America was

A) a tradition of unbiased public service and integrity on the part of government officials.
B) a tradition of autonomy for the municipality in relation to the central government.
C) a massive concentration of power in the central government and bureaucracy.
D) the contrast between such nominal concentration of power and the effective supremacy of great landowners on the local level.

Question 18

An important function of the Council of the Indies was to

A) control trade and immigration to the Indies.
B) nominate all high colonial officials to the king.
C) direct military operations in the Indies.
D) investigate and punish heresy in the Indies.

Question 19

After the kinship group, the most important indigenous institution for collective security was the

A) religious brotherhood.
B) indigenous cabildo.
C) tribal council.
D) craft guild.

Question 20

The worst abuses of the corregidor's authority arose in connection with

A) the practice of compelling natives to work in his enterprises.
B) the mandatory purchase of goods from him by the natives of his district.
C) his collection of indigenous tribute.
D) his treatment of indigenous officials responsible for meeting a pueblo's quota of tribute.

Question 21

IDENTIFICATION
cabildo

Question 22

IDENTIFICATION
obedezco pero no cumplo

Question 23

IDENTIFICATION
presidencia

Question 24

Which of the following was not true of Francisco de Toledo, a distinguished viceroy of Peru?

A) He curbed the power of the local conquistadores and promoted economic expansion.
B) He consolidated Spanish royal power in the colonies.
C) He reported to the Crown that laws protecting indígenas were "obeyed and not enforced."
D) He imposed the mita, forcing indigenous people to labor in mines at a high cost in lives.

Question 25

IDENTIFICATION
audiencia

Question 26

IDENTIFICATION
corregidor

Question 27

Which of the following was not true of Vasco de Quiroga, a Catholic bishop and royal judge?

A) He believed indigenous people, unlike Europeans, were not greedy and ambitious.
B) He founded the pueblos of Santa Fe in which all property was collectively owned.
C) He convinced the Crown to create indigenous cities modeled on More's Utopia.
D) He advocated a six-hour work day, women's right to work, and wages based on need.

Question 28

IDENTIFICATION
patronato real

Question 29

Limpieza de sangre and the colonial hierarchy of castas shows that the idea of race was

A) a natural product of the Spanish conquest of the Americas.
B) developed to reflect real biological differences in the developmental potential of people.
C) evidence of perfect legal equality assigned by Laws of the Indies to legitimate citizens.
D) socially constructed to rationalize and preserve the power of a tiny ruling elite.

Question 30

IDENTIFICATION
Francisco de Toledo

Question 31

Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz was a literary giant whose intellectual achievements

A) were fostered by convent life that freed women from male domination and exploitation.
B) exposed the myth that Spanish colonial society oppressed women.
C) were fostered by her family's wealth and high social standing.
D) were largely the product of her successful marriage to a wealthy Spanish aristocrat.

Question 32

IDENTIFICATION
oidor

Question 33

IDENTIFICATION
Laws of the Indies

Question 34

IDENTIFICATION
captain general

Question 35

IDENTIFICATION
Council of the Indies

Question 36

IDENTIFICATION
residencia

Question 37

IDENTIFICATION
Antonio de Mendoza

Question 38

IDENTIFICATION
visita

Question 39

The censo was a

A) royal audit of colonial resources upon which tax assessments were based.
B) colonial head count of indigenous peoples for purposes of tribute assessment.
C) civil settlement designed to facilitate Spanish imperial expansion.
D) common method for landowners to endow religious institutions by mortgaging estates.

Question 40

IDENTIFICATION
viceroy

Question 41

IDENTIFICATION
Vasco de Quiroga

Question 42

Much Spanish colonial law, especially legislation that aimed to protect indigenous communities, was clearly ineffective. What might explain this fact?

Question 43

IDENTIFICATION
missions

Question 44

Indigenous society, like "white" society in the colonial period, was internally differentiated economically and socially. Explain.

Question 45

IDENTIFICATION
censos

Question 46

IDENTIFICATION
zambo

Question 47

Discuss the debate over the condition of black slaves in colonial Spanish America. State your own conclusions.

Question 48

Spain maintained few troops in the Indies before the eighteenth century, yet her power endured for more than three centuries. How do you explain this?

Question 49

IDENTIFICATION
Juan de Zumárraga

Question 50

IDENTIFICATION
Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz

Question 51

What were the causes and the consequences of the profound cleavage within the colonial upper class?

Question 52

IDENTIFICATION
mestizo

Question 53

IDENTIFICATION
Alonzo de Zorita

Question 54

IDENTIFICATION
limpieza de sangre

Question 55

The Jesuit missions in Paraguay have been called a "theocratic capitalism." Explain.