Deck 14: The Two Americas: United States-Latin American Relations

Question 1

The crucial problem in the Latin American debt crisis was the

A) inability of Latin American nations to repay their debts and develop their economies.
B) exceedingly low petroleum prices.
C) extremely high interest rates.
D) desire of Mexico to use its debt to open the U.S. border to more Mexican immigration.

Answer 1

inability of Latin American nations to repay their debts and develop their economies.

Question 2

The Rio Treaty of 1947

A) allowed the United States free access to Copacabana beach.
B) brought Latin America into military alliance with the United States.
C) set up the Organization of American States.
D) paved the way for the United Nations.

Answer 2

brought Latin America into military alliance with the United States.

Question 3

Who led the Popular Democratic Party (PPD) of Puerto Rico

A) Luis Muñoz Rivera.
B) Luis Muñoz Marín.
C) Jesús T. Pinero.
D) Rafael Hernández Colón.

Answer 3

Luis Muñoz Marín.

Question 4

The U.S. invasion of Grenada was precipitated by

A) Bishop's assassination.
B) Grenada seizing American investments.
C) failure of U.S. Secretary of State Alexander Haig to mediate the dispute.
D) need of Margaret Thatcher's government to increase its popularity.

Question 5

U.S. involvement in crises in Chile in 1891, Brazil in 1894, and Venezuela in 1895 aimed to

A) protect free access for the navy.
B) protect potential trade markets.
C) free South America from German influence.
D) acquire refueling stations for its coastal trade.

Question 6

Jimmy Carter's Latin American policy was based on his concern for

A) the United States' need for strategic bases in South America.
B) human rights.
C) the potential for war between Chile and Argentina over the Beagle Channel.
D) religious freedom for Protestant evangelicals in Latin America.

Question 7

Which was not a consequence of the U.S. reaction to the Cuban revolution of 1959?

A) The missile crisis of October 1962.
B) The Bay of Pigs invasion.
C) A loosening of restrictions on political freedoms in Cuba.
D) The Alliance for Progress.

Question 8

Central America was important to the United States during the 19^th century because it was the

A) world's most important supplier of coffee.
B) world's sole source of bananas.
C) source of U.S. fears about the spread of British liberalism to Mexico.
D) potential site for a canal between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans.

Question 9

During the first half of the nineteenth century, U.S. policy toward Latin America was primarily interested in

A) acquiring the gold and silver mines of Mexico and Peru.
B) acquiring important ports in the Caribbean.
C) blocking French and Russian territorial ambitions.
D) expanding U.S. territory westward.

Question 10

In the 1973 overthrow of Chile's elected socialist president, the United States provided

A) extensive financial support for Allende's opposition.
B) support for Allende's democratically elected government.
C) indifferent policies toward both groups.
D) support for Allende because he was anti-Communist.

Question 11

U.S. investment in Latin America after World War II was mostly concentrated in

A) mining and oil.
B) tourist industries.
C) railroads and airlines.
D) manufacturing.

Question 12

The Monroe Doctrine was ineffective for much of the 19^th century because the

A) The United States had neither the resources nor the inclination to back it up.
B) United States was willing to send troops to Latin America to enforce it.
C) Latin American nations adhered to it enthusiastically.
D) United States had superior economic might in the region.

Question 13

Which of the following was NOT a result of Ronald Reagan's policies in Central America?

A) Militarization of the region.
B) Economic depression in the region.
C) Loss of autonomy on the part of the region's governments.
D) Destruction of leftist guerrilla movements in the region.

Question 14

The United States went to war with Spain in Cuba to

A) protect the large U.S. investment in the island.
B) help the Cubans win their independence.
C) annex the island.
D) avenge the sinking of its fleet in Havana harbor.

Question 15

The major economic transformation induced by the U.S. occupation of Puerto Rico was the creation of a

A) sugar monoculture.
B) coffee monoculture.
C) national steel industry.
D) tourist industry.

Question 16

The United States overthrew the regime of Jacobo Arbenz in 1954 because Arbenz

A) invaded British Honduras.
B) sought to nationalize its extensive oil holdings.
C) had demanded another term as president.
D) had expropriated properties of the United Fruit Company, a U.S. firm.

Question 17

Regarding military coups in Brazil (1964) and Argentina (1966), U.S. government policy promoted

A) support with extensive military aid.
B) nonrecognition.
C) economic embargos.
D) military intervention to oust them.

Question 18

The Good Neighbor Policy

A) advocated economic aid for Latin American nations suffering from the Great Depression.
B) renounced the right of U.S. military intervention in the affairs of Latin American nations.
C) helped Mexico recover from its economic woes following its revolution.
D) sought to combat communism in Latin America.

Question 19

In 1916 the government of Woodrow Wilson militarily occupied

A) no Caribbean nations.
B) Mexico.
C) Panama, Nicaragua, Haiti, Cuba, and the Dominican Republic.
D) Grenada, Haiti, Jamaica, and Honduras.

Question 20

The United States acquired land for the Panama Canal by

A) treaty with Colombia.
B) treaty with Great Britain.
C) war with Panama.
D) negotiations with the New Panama Canal Company.

Question 21

In 2001, Richard Cooper, a foreign policy advisor to Britain's Tony Blair, favored a

A) globalization plan based upon respect for national sovereignty and popular democracy.
B) program to increase British influence in Latin America in violation of the Monroe Doctrine.
C) policy of appeasement for military dictators in Latin America.
D) return to a new kind of imperialism based upon force, pre-emptive attack, and deception.

Question 22

Like Cooper, George W. Bush supported the idea of "nation-building," which referred to

A) foreign loans to assist in development of economic infrastructure like roads and railroads.
B) foreign intervention to promote globalization and manage popular opposition to it.
C) U.S. efforts to foster the development of independent national cultures in Latin America.
D) U.S. support for sovereign democratic nations in Latin America.

Question 23

IDENTIFICATION
Venezuelan crisis 1895

Question 24

U.S. counter-narcotics aid to Colombia was used instead to

A) expand the cultivation of coca and modernize its production and distribution networks.
B) finance programs aimed at promoting the democratization of the Colombian army.
C) strengthen a Colombian army that had abused human rights.
D) pay bribes to high ranking military officers in exchange for their protection of the drug trade.

Question 25

Which of these was not typical of globalization promoted by the U.S. in Latin America?

A) Free and fair democratic elections.
B) State deregulation.
C) Privatization of state-owned resources.
D) Free trade.

Question 26

Which of these was not required by the Bush regime to avoid risk of U.S. military intervention?

A) Universal suffrage and free, fair, democratic elections.
B) Opposition to terrorism, especially when it targeted the U.S., its citizens, or interests.
C) Sound economic policies including open markets and sustainable budget policies.
D) Strong support for individual entrepreneurship.

Question 27

Like Cyrus Vance, the Project for a New American Century favored U.S. intervention, but it

A) called for internationally recognized guidelines against which to measure regime legitimacy.
B) stressed the development of multilateral mechanisms for peaceful resolution of conflicts.
C) emphasized unilateral, imperialist interference and deployment of military power.
D) insisted that the President secure Congressional authority, consistent with the Constitution.

Question 28

Which of these was not a reason that Bush supported a 2002 coup against Hugo Chávez?

A) Chávez had opposed the U.S. war in Afghanistan.
B) Chávez was a military dictator who seized power in a bloody coup.
C) Chávez resisted neoliberal policies promoted by the United States, World Bank, and IMF.
D) Chávez maintained friendly diplomatic relations with Cuba.

Question 29

IDENTIFICATION
Monroe Doctrine

Question 30

Which of these was not evidence of growing opposition to U.S. policy in Latin America?

A) The 2002 Brazilian presidential election of Lula da Silva.
B) The 2002 coup d'etat against Hugo Chávez, Venezuela's democratically elected president.
C) The 2003 Argentine presidential election of Nestor Kirchner.
D) The 2005 Ecuadorian presidential election of Rafael Correa.

Question 31

After Congress prohibited U.S. aid to military forces engaged in human rights violations,

A) U.S. military forces withdrew from Colombia and abandoned drug interdiction efforts.
B) Plan Colombia ceased to be a viable policy for defeating rebel insurgents.
C) U.S. policy supported peaceful, democratic, political negotiations to end the violence.
D) U.S. military forces continued to aid Colombian units accused of human rights violations.

Question 32

Which of these was not an example of U.S. intervention in the 2001 Nicaraguan elections?

A) The U.S. authorized billions of dollars to fund a military coup d'etat against Ortega.
B) The U.S. pressured Conservatives to drop out of the race to consolidate the anti-Ortega vote.
C) The U.S. distributed emergency food aid to promote the candidacy of Ortega's rival.
D) The U.S. alleged that Ortega condoned terrorism and implied that his election meant war.

Question 33

The Andean Regional Initiative was a Bush administration policy that

A) increased military assistance to Colombia and threatened war in Peru, Bolivia, and Ecuador.
B) promoted greater trade and economic cooperation among Peru, Bolivia, and Ecuador.
C) sought to reduce the power and influence of South American drug cartels.
D) encouraged expansion of democracy and import substitution industrialization in the Andes.

Question 34

President Nixon and Henry Kissinger specifically approved of the Brazilian dictatorship's

A) program to promote equal access to higher education.
B) effort to rig the 1971 Uruguayan elections to defeat a left-wing coalition.
C) decision to allow opposition parties in future elections and begin a transition to democracy.
D) electoral reforms, which enabled literate women to vote for the first time.

Question 35

Former U.S. Secretary of State Cyrus Vance oversaw the creation of the

A) Project for New American Century.
B) Commission on Preventing Deadly Conflict.
C) Security Commission.
D) Inter-American Democratic Charter.

Question 36

President Nixon worked with military dictatorships that created Operation Condor to

A) save an endangered species of birds native to the Andean highlands.
B) promote the development of democracy throughout the western hemisphere.
C) destroy leftist, anti-dictatorial political movements throughout South America.
D) smash powerful drug cartels that profited from cocaine sales and defied U.S. power.

Question 37

The Bush administration intervened in Bolivia by funding a mercenary army and

A) defending the nation against a threatened Brazilian invasion.
B) threatening to cut off all economic aid if Bolivians elected Evo Morales, a socialist.
C) eradicating all coca cultivation in the Bolivian highlands.
D) destroying terrorist cells planning to blow up the Caño-Limón oil pipeline.

Question 38

IDENTIFICATION
Roosevelt Corollary

Question 39

IDENTIFICATION
Clayton-Bulwer Treaty

Question 40

IDENTIFICATION
Philippe Bunau-Varilla

Question 41

IDENTIFICATION
Chapultepec Conference

Question 42

IDENTIFICATION
Victor Paz Estenssoro

Question 43

IDENTIFICATION
Alliance for Progress

Question 44

IDENTIFICATION
GATT

Question 45

IDENTIFICATION
Jean-Bertrand Aristide

Question 46

IDENTIFICATION
Manuel Noriega

Question 47

IDENTIFICATION
Pershing Expedition

Question 48

IDENTIFICATION
Jacobo Arbenz

Question 49

IDENTIFICATION
Foraker Act

Question 50

IDENTIFICATION
Bryan-Chamorro Treaty

Question 51

IDENTIFICATION
Gerardo Machado

Question 52

IDENTIFICATION
Luis Muñoz Marín

Question 53

IDENTIFICATION
Grenada

Question 54

IDENTIFICATION
Rafael Trujill

Question 55

IDENTIFICATION
Clark memorandum

Question 56

IDENTIFICATION
Pedro Albizu Campos

Question 57

IDENTIFICATION
Luis Muñoz Rivera

Question 58

IDENTIFICATION
Platt Amendment

Question 59

IDENTIFICATION
Cheddi Jagan

Question 60

IDENTIFICATION
Zimmerman Telegram

Question 61

The United States was involved in two wars in Latin America during the nineteenth century: the war with Mexico (1846-1848) and the war with Spain in Cuba (1898). Why did the United States go to war in these instances? What were the results of these wars?

Question 62

The attitude of the Clinton administration toward human rights violations by Latin American governments has been selective and pragmatic, taking account of their acceptance or rejection of U.S. economic policies. Explain and cite some examples.

Question 63

IDENTIFICATION
João Goulart

Question 64

What were U.S. objectives in Latin America and how did its tactics vary throughout the twentieth century?

Question 65

IDENTIFICATION
Maurice Bishop

Question 66

Compare and contrast U.S. reaction to revolutions in Mexico (1910-1920), Bolivia (1952), Guatemala (1946-1954), and Cuba (1959).

Question 67

IDENTIFICATION
Salvador Allende

Question 68

IDENTIFICATION
Operation Condor

Question 69

How did the Bush administration's policy in Iraq and the Middle East affect U.S. interests in Latin America after 2002?

Question 70

Relations between the United States and Latin America have passed through four major stages in the twentieth century: the era of intervention, 1898-1933; the Good Neighbor Policy, 1933-1945; the cold war, 1945-1990; and the post-cold war, 1990 to the present. Characterize these stages. How did U.S. policy change from one stage to the next?

Question 71

Compare and contrast U.S. occupations of three of the following: Haiti (1915-1934), the Dominican Republic (1916-1924), Cuba (1898-1902, 1906, 1917-1921), and Nicaragua (1912-1925, 1926-1933).