Deck 4: American Society Transformed, 1720-1770

Question 1

By 1775, the largest indigenous industry in the American colonies was the

A) furniture-making industry.
B) iron-making industry.
C) textile industry.
D) woolens industry.

Answer 1

iron-making industry.

Question 2

In 1718 France strengthened its presence near the Gulf of Mexico by establishing

A) Biloxi.
B) Mobile.
C) New Orleans.
D) Pensacola.

Answer 2

New Orleans.

Question 3

A significant alliance of Indians and African slaves occurred in 1729 in

A) Louisiana.
B) Maryland.
C) North Carolina.
D) Virginia.

Answer 3

Louisiana.

Question 4

What impact did the end of King George's War have on Boston?

A) Many women widowed by the war were left on Boston's relief rolls.
B) Boston shipbuilders entered a period of unprecedented prosperity.
C) Because the British retained Louisbourg, a sense of security returned to the city.
D) Reduction of taxes on the city's residents led to a general economic recovery.

Question 5

Why did the American colonies become less dependent on Europe for manufactured goods during the eighteenth century?

A) Parliament encouraged such independence by placing severe restrictions on the quantity and type of European goods that could be imported.
B) Many colonies encouraged the development of colonial industries by enacting protective tariffs.
C) The American colonies were able to get such items more cheaply from Asia and Africa.
D) The increased demand for goods that accompanied the growth of the colonial population encouraged the development of colonial manufacturing enterprises.

Question 6

In contrast to seventeenth-century immigrants, immigrants to the colonies in the eighteenth century

A) had fewer opportunities for advancement.
B) were seldom able to assimilate into Anglo-American culture.
C) almost always came by choice.
D) were primarily of English origin.

Question 7

In the mid-eighteenth century, French settlements along the Mississippi River and south of what is now St. Louis, Missouri, produced

A) alfalfa.
B) corn.
C) soy beans.
D) wheat.

Question 8

Which of the following is considered a consequence of the growing racial and ethnic diversity of the American colonies in the eighteenth century?

A) Colonial assemblies continued to be disorganized and weak.
B) Colonial leaders in the 1760s advocated that government take positive steps to improve the lives of minority groups.
C) Many colonial assemblies enacted legislation that guaranteed civil rights to minority groups.
D) Rather than speaking specifically of "English liberties," leaders of the revolutionary movement of the 1770s spoke more broadly about the "rights of man."

Question 9

Why did Anglo-American elites often foster animosity between and among people of different ethnic origins?

A) They wanted to put pressure on all settlers of non-English origin to learn the English language and adopt English culture quickly.
B) They wanted to teach immigrants of non-English origin the value of defending one's own ethnic past and culture.
C) They did not want different ethnic groups to ally with each other and possibly challenge the political and economic power of the elite.
D) They wanted to prepare people of non-English origin to participate in colonial government by teaching them the value of societal and cultural debate.

Question 10

Which of the following would be the most likely to benefit from the economic growth of Britain's North American colonies during the eighteenth century?

A) A slave trader
B) A small landowner
C) An urban laborer
D) An urban artisan

Question 11

Approximately what percentage of the colonial population south of New England was of non-English origin by 1775?

A) 10 percent
B) 30 percent
C) 50 percent
D) 70 percent

Question 12

Approximately what percentage of the American population was under age sixteen in 1775?

A) 10 percent
B) 30 percent
C) 50 percent
D) 70 percent

Question 13

Which of the following is a characteristic of the German immigrants to the American colonies in the eighteenth century?

A) They seldom came in family groups.
B) Because they belonged to a variety of Protestant sects, they added to the religious diversity of middle colonies such as Pennsylvania.
C) Most were Catholics fleeing persecution at the hands of Lutherans in the German states.
D) Most were exiled from their respective German states because of their radical political ideas.

Question 14

Why did many planters consider slave women more valuable than slave men?

A) Since slave women prepared the food for the planter's family, their labor was perceived as a necessity.
B) Since slave women cared for all the white children on the plantation, they were perceived as mother figures.
C) Since the children of slave women were also slaves, their offspring added to the planter's labor force and capital.
D) Since cotton was the crop tended by slave women, their labor accounted for most of a plantation's profit.

Question 15

Most of the eighteenth-century population growth in the British colonies in North America was due to

A) continuing migrations from England.
B) natural increase resulting in part from the healthy colonial environment.
C) the influx of political refugees from wars in France and Germany.
D) medical advances that dramatically lowered infant mortality rates.

Question 16

The standard of living rose for all property-owning Americans in the colonies in the eighteenth century for which of the following reasons?

A) Overseas demand for American exports never slowed during the course of the century.
B) The passage of tax reform legislation by Parliament gave the American colonists more spendable income.
C) Instead of buying expensive British imports, the colonists bought less expensive goods manufactured and crafted in the colonies.
D) The price of British manufactured goods fell relative to the incomes of Americans.

Question 17

The largest group of white non-English immigrants to the American colonies in the eighteenth century came from

A) Holland and Belgium.
B) the Germanies.
C) Ireland and Scotland.
D) Sweden and Norway.

Question 18

In eighteenth-century America, poverty was most noticeable in the

A) southern colonies.
B) middle colonies.
C) cities.
D) rural areas.

Question 19

Which of the following was the largest Spanish colony by the end of the eighteenth century?

A) Argentina
B) Cuba
C) New Mexico
D) Puerto Rico

Question 20

Which of the following is true of the black population in the Chesapeake by the mid-eighteenth century?

A) It was characterized by an excess of males over females.
B) It stabilized, with births equaling deaths.
C) Blacks suffered a death rate five times that of the white population.
D) It grew especially fast because imports from Africa were added to a population that sustained itself by natural increase.

Question 21

Around 1750, the largest single export from the American colonies was

A) cotton.
B) tobacco.
C) rice.
D) grain.

Question 22

Which of the following was true of education in the eighteenth century?

A) Completion of high school was expected of boys but not of girls.
B) Regardless of one's social status, literacy was considered essential.
C) Higher education was available to all young men.
D) A small number of young men from elite families began to enroll in colleges to study for careers other than the ministry.

Question 23

Which of the following was true of mestizos in the Spanish Borderlands?

A) They often served as middlemen in trade transactions between Spanish colonists and Native Americans.
B) By law they were given the same status as their fathers.
C) They were often appointed to positions of colonial leadership by the Spanish government.
D) They were treated as degraded individuals.

Question 24

Which of the following became a crucial component in the trading rituals between Europeans and Indians?

A) Gold
B) Guns
C) Rum
D) Tobacco

Question 25

Which of the following had the highest average wealth per freeholder in Anglo-America by the time of the American Revolution?

A) Virginia
B) South Carolina
C) Pennsylvania
D) Massachusetts

Question 26

Which of the following was James Oglethorpe's original purpose in founding Georgia?

A) The colony was intended as a haven for Baptists.
B) The colony was to provide the major port of entry for slaves imported from Africa and the West Indies.
C) The colony was to serve as the southernmost defensive buffer for the English colonies against Spanish Florida.
D) The colony was intended as a profit-making venture based on the establishment of the silk industry.

Question 27

Overall, the British colony that experienced the most rapid economic growth during the last half of the eighteenth century was

A) Massachusetts.
B) Pennsylvania.
C) South Carolina.
D) Virginia.

Question 28

Seating in Congregational churches was a reflection of

A) whether one was of the elect or of the damned.
B) one's marital status.
C) one's occupation.
D) one's standing in the community.

Question 29

John Locke argued that human beings

A) are basically bad.
B) are born with an innate sense of morality.
C) do not have the ability to govern themselves.
D) acquire all knowledge through observations of the external world.

Question 30

In a work published in 1751, this American established the terminology and basic theory of electricity:

A) Benjamin Franklin
B) John Adams
C) Jonathan Edwards
D) William Bartram

Question 31

During the early eighteenth century, the economic fortunes of the colonies depended on

A) the shifting markets of Europe and the Caribbean.
B) intercolonial economic ties.
C) relations with Indian tribes.
D) intraregional economic ties.

Question 32

The mistress of an eighteenth-century farm household was responsible for

A) planting the fields.
B) salting and smoking meat.
C) marketing crops.
D) butchering livestock.

Question 33

Which of the following was a consequence of the Chesapeake's conversion to grain cultivation after 1745?

A) The region experienced a prolonged depression due to falling grain prices.
B) Port towns emerged in which merchants marketed wheat and corn.
C) Tobacco production plummeted, and corn became the region's largest export.
D) It took the lead among colonial regions in the production of foodstuffs for the European market.

Question 34

The ideas associated with the Enlightenment

A) challenged the notion of a divinely sanctioned political order.
B) reinforced the idea that monarchs owe their power to God.
C) challenged the concept of constitutional monarchy.
D) challenged the concept of natural rights.

Question 35

Which of the following is true concerning voting in the Chesapeake in the eighteenth century?

A) Each eligible voter was required to make a statement to an election official about the issues in the election before being allowed to cast a ballot.
B) Single women and widows were allowed to vote, but they had to own twice as much property as male voters.
C) Each eligible voter was called forward by an election official to publicly declare his choice from among the candidates.
D) All eligible voters in the Chesapeake colonies of Virginia and Maryland had to travel to the capital of their respective colonies to cast their written ballots.

Question 36

Why did the impact of King George's War on the middle colonies differ from the war's impact on the New England colonies?

A) Fertile soil allowed the middle colonies to lead the way in the foodstuffs trade during and after the war.
B) The shipbuilding industry put the middle colonies in a favorable economic position during and after the war.
C) The variety of ethnic groups in the middle colonies caused political, social, and economic instability during and after the war.
D) Because of heavy casualties during the war, the middle colonies experienced severe labor shortages and economic stagnation in the war's aftermath.

Question 37

Which of the following is true of South Carolina rice growers after Parliament removed rice from the list of enumerated products?

A) The prices they received declined throughout the period.
B) They became less dependent on enslaved labor.
C) They suffered a decline in worldwide demand.
D) They could trade directly with continental Europe and prospered until the outbreak of King George's War.

Question 38

What impact did King George's War have on the Chesapeake?

A) A sizable number of Chesapeake planters were rendered destitute when the British returned massive amounts of land in western Virginia to the Indians.
B) The munitions industry was centered in the Chesapeake.
C) French promises of freedom to slaves who migrated to French colonies caused slave insurrections in the Chesapeake.
D) Some Chesapeake planters converted tobacco fields to wheat and corn to take advantage of increasing grain prices.

Question 39

In his Two Treatises of Government Locke argued that

A) the monarch was placed on the throne by God and was, therefore, responsible only to God for his decisions and actions.
B) human beings were innately bad.
C) monarchs should be eliminated so that political power could rest directly in the hands of the people.
D) the people could oust a ruler from power if he failed to protect their rights.

Question 40

Which of the following was the most important public ritual through which colonists forged their cultural identities?

A) Church attendance
B) Political barbecues
C) Militia musters
D) Barn raisings

Question 41

The elected colonial assemblies gained power in the eighteenth century by

A) supporting the concept of democracy.
B) assuming privileges associated with the British House of Commons.
C) defying orders issued by the British monarch.
D) allying with powerful colonial religious leaders.

Question 42

Which of these statements is most consistent with the religious ideas expressed by Jonathan Edwards?

A) Even though human beings are filled with sin, they may be released from the bondage of that sin if they totally submit to the will of God.
B) Human beings are so filled with sin that nothing they do, no decision they make, will gain them entry into heaven.
C) Human beings are basically good and have the freedom to choose the path to salvation.
D) God is no longer active in the world, but by giving humans the power of reason, He gave them the means by which to make a better world.

Question 43

Which of the following was a consequence of the case of John Peter Zenger?

A) It helped establish the free-press principle in American law.
B) It helped establish the principle of religious toleration.
C) It helped establish the right of a person charged with a crime to have a defense attorney.
D) It helped establish the right of habeas corpus.

Question 44

The extended family was important to blacks for which of the following reasons?

A) It was the basic work unit on most plantations.
B) The uncertainties of slave life increased the need for a large support group.
C) It was the one aspect of black culture respected by whites.
D) It was the focus of all religious teaching.

Question 45

Which of the following was true of the followers of the Great Awakening?

A) They refused to be governed by secular bodies such as colonial assemblies.
B) They retreated into isolated communities to prepare for the Second Coming.
C) They often used their religious ideas to question social and political norms.
D) They confined their beliefs to the religious arena.

Question 46

The members of colonial assemblies believed that their primary function was to

A) remain neutral to mediate disputes between the colonial governors and the people.
B) remain neutral to implement the policies of the colonial governors.
C) act defensively to prevent encroachment on the people's rights.
D) act positively to improve the lives of their constituents.

Question 47

Eighteenth-century colonial political leaders viewed colonial governors and appointed councils as

A) a potential threat since such officials primarily represented the interests of England.
B) defenders of the privileges of the upper class.
C) protectors of the people's rights.
D) powerless figureheads.

Question 48

Which of the following was a consequence of the Great Awakening?

A) It eventually led to increased tolerance of religious diversity.
B) It brought intellectualism into religion.
C) It created a new sense of unity between the genteel and the ordinary.
D) It made it more difficult for individuals to question those in positions of political or religious authority.

Question 49

What caused the Regulator movements of the late 1760s and early 1770s?

A) Tobacco growers were angry over high commissions charged by tobacco factors.
B) Backcountry farmers were angry that the rights of local Indian tribes were officially recognized.
C) Merchants believed that British economic policies were harmful to the import business.
D) Backcountry farmers believed that they did not have an adequate voice in colonial politics.

Question 50

The Stono Rebellion, the New York conspiracy, and the Hudson Valley land riots serve as evidence that

A) colonial assemblies did not have the means to prevent serious internal disorder.
B) France posed a serious threat to British control in the American colonies.
C) colonial governments made every attempt to protect the rights of all the people.
D) political activism often led to the extension of political power to more people.

Question 51

Why did frontier dwellers often complain about colonial government?

A) Property requirements for voting were usually greater in newer frontier communities than in established communities.
B) When colonial governments passed laws that benefited people in established communities, such laws seldom applied to the newer frontier communities.
C) Colonial governors usually drafted young men for the colonial militia only from newer frontier communities.
D) Because colonial assemblies seldom reapportioned themselves, many people in newer frontier communities were not adequately represented.

Question 52

The case of Charles Cook, slaveowner and member of the Dan River Baptist Church, supports which of the following conclusions?

A) Members of new evangelical sects often had to compromise their religious ideals to escape the wrath of the plantation gentry.
B) In order to get financial backing from powerful southern planters, many southern evangelists preached that slavery was biblically based.
C) The Great Awakening caused some people to question previously acceptable patterns of behavior within the master-slave relationship.
D) The Great Awakening increased the distance between whites and blacks in southern society.

Question 53

Colonial assemblies most effectively influenced British-appointed officials by

A) sending petitions to the king.
B) sending petitions to Parliament.
C) threatening to engage in economic boycotts or strikes.
D) threatening to withhold their salaries.

Question 54

Which of the following is true of the Stono Rebellion?

A) In its aftermath laws governing the behavior of African Americans were made less harsh throughout the colonies.
B) It led whites in New York City to believe that a gang of thieves and arsonists was involved in a conspiracy to bring about a slave uprising.
C) All of those involved in the rebellion were able to make their way to Spanish Florida where they were given their freedom.
D) The rebellion led to debates about the morality of slavery in the South Carolina and Georgia colonial assemblies.