Deck 31: Continuing Divisions and New Limits, 1969-1980

Question 1

The Stonewall Inn riot marked the symbolic beginning of

A) violent demonstrations against the Vietnam War.
B) the gay rights movement.
C) the Gray Panthers.
D) radical feminism.

Answer 1

the gay rights movement.

Question 2

The Vietnam policy devised by President Nixon and Henry Kissinger included

A) increased bombing of North Vietnam coupled with the withdrawal of some American troops.
B) an increase in both troop strength and bombing missions.
C) a reduction of American troops in Vietnam and an end to the bombing of North Vietnam.
D) a reduction in bombing missions coupled with an increase in ground forces.

Answer 2

increased bombing of North Vietnam coupled with the withdrawal of some American troops.

Question 3

In the late 1960s, views of radical feminists differed from those of NOW in which of the following ways?

A) Radical feminists practiced personal politics through such venues as "consciousness-raising" groups; NOW was a traditional lobbying group.
B) Radical feminists were concerned with political issues; NOW concentrated on social and economic issues.
C) Radical feminists were associated with fundamentalist Christian groups; NOW members were not affiliated with any specific religious group.
D) Radical feminists opposed the gay rights movement; NOW supported the movement.

Answer 3

Radical feminists practiced personal politics through such venues as "consciousness-raising" groups; NOW was a traditional lobbying group.

Question 4

Which of the following is true of the United Farm Workers strike in California (1965-1970)?

A) Grape growers were brought to the negotiating table as a result of a national consumer boycott of table grapes.
B) It reflected the culture of the Native Americans who made up the majority of the striking workers.
C) The AFL-CIO refused to officially support the strike.
D) The strike shut down the orange-producing industry of California for two years.

Question 5

At the time of its founding in 1966, the primary goal of the National Organization for Women was to

A) persuade women to run for political office.
B) lobby for enforcement of the sex discrimination provision of the 1964 Civil Rights Act.
C) improve women's self-image.
D) provide safe houses for battered women and their children.

Question 6

Which of the following statements is most consistent with the Supreme Court's ruling in Roe v. Wade?

A) There is no inherent right to privacy embodied in the Constitution; thus, a state may prohibit the sale of contraceptives.
B) The right to privacy is guaranteed by the Constitution; thus, the state has no power to regulate sexual acts between consenting adults.
C) The right to privacy guaranteed in the Constitution protects a woman's decision to have an abortion.
D) The Constitution protects the rights of the fetus over the rights of the mother after the first three months of pregnancy.

Question 7

The term affirmative action refers to efforts to show improvement in

A) ghetto living conditions.
B) air quality.
C) the hiring of minorities.
D) grade level competency tests in public schools.

Question 8

Among the victories that can be attributed to the National Congress of American Indians and the Native American Rights Fund during the 1970s was the

A) return of Alcatraz Island to Native Americans.
B) establishment of programs credited with producing a sharp decline in the incidence of tuberculosis and suicide among Native Americans.
C) return of millions of acres of land to tribal ownership.
D) full integration of Native Americans into the U.S. military.

Question 9

Antifeminists were successful in achieving which of the following?

A) They won a Supreme Court ruling that Congress could not extend the deadline for ratifying the Equal Rights Amendment.
B) They stalled the ratification of the Equal Rights Amendment.
C) They persuaded many major corporations to provide daycare centers to working mothers.
D) They persuaded Congress to ban abortions in the United States.

Question 10

Kwaanza is

A) a ritual transported from Africa to America in the eighteenth century and preserved by secret societies in African American communities.
B) a type of music attacked as demeaning by African American rights activists in the 1970s.
C) a fashion featuring colorful shirts, caps, and head wraps brought from Africa and adopted by African Americans in the 1970s as an expression of cultural pride.
D) a holiday created in 1966 to celebrate the shared African heritage of all African Americans.

Question 11

Beginning in the early 1970s, the significant increase in the participation of women in sports at colleges and universities can be traced in large part to

A) studies by medical researchers showing a direct correlation between women's participation in sports and good mental health.
B) Title IX of the Higher Education Act, passed by Congress in 1972.
C) the popularity and influence of the book Our Bodies, Ourselves.
D) the sex discrimination provision of the 1964 Civil Rights Act.

Question 12

Like the younger generation of African Americans, the younger generations of Mexican American and Native American activists in the late 1960s and early 1970s emphasized

A) local rather than national issues.
B) assimilation and cooperation with white society.
C) their own distinct cultures and histories.
D) reparations for past wrongs rather than funding for current programs.

Question 13

Which of the following caused resentment among white working-class men during the recession of the 1970s?

A) Affirmative action programs that reduced the number of white men hired and increased the number of minorities and women hired
B) Federal funding of job-training programs for African Americans but not for whites
C) Attempts within major industries to equalize the wages of males and females by giving female employees substantially higher raises than male employees
D) The dramatic decline in African American unemployment and the corresponding increase in white unemployment

Question 14

The 1970 campus protest at Kent State University that ended with the deaths of four students occurred in response to

A) the incursion of American troops into Cambodia.
B) a scheduled visit to the campus by Vice President Spiro Agnew.
C) President Nixon's denunciation of college students as "bums."
D) the decision by the Nixon administration to end student draft deferments.

Question 15

Which of the following is true of La Raza Unida?

A) It became the voice for militant Puerto Ricans in Los Angeles.
B) It was founded in the Southwest in the 1970s by Chicano activists and was instrumental in registering tens of thousands of new voters.
C) It was successful in bringing unity and a sense of common purpose to Latinos throughout the United States.
D) It acted primarily as a legal-aid organization to prevent deportation of refugees from Central America.

Question 16

Which of the following was a gain made by women in the early 1970s?

A) The admission of record numbers of women to professional schools
B) The establishment of federally-funded daycare centers for the children of working women
C) A reduction in the difference between what the average working woman earned and what the average working man earned
D) Ratification of the Equal Rights Amendment

Question 17

Rather than relying on the EEOC to prove that an employer intentionally discriminated against an individual, some people argued that it was possible to prove discrimination by

A) using statistics on the relative numbers of women and minorities hired or promoted by an employer.
B) relying on expert witnesses.
C) using competency tests as evidence of a job applicant's suitability for employment or an employee's suitability for promotion.
D) enlisting the aid of civil rights organizations.

Question 18

In their campaign against the Equal Rights Amendment, antifeminist leaders

A) proposed progressive legislation to guarantee just compensation to working women and federal aid to working mothers.
B) argued in favor of passing new laws that would relegate women to an inferior status in American society.
C) argued that the ERA would decriminalize rape and make women subject to the military draft.
D) engaged in a reasoned debate with those who supported the amendment.

Question 19

Which of the following is true of Betty Friedan's book The Feminine Mystique?

A) It improved male understanding of what women wanted from them.
B) It helped revive the women's movement by presenting ideas concerning the dissatisfaction of educated wives and mothers.
C) It exposed the widespread exploitation of women in advertising.
D) It helped women learn to adapt to women's traditional and proper roles.

Question 20

The first major government affirmative action program, the Philadelphia Plan, applied to

A) college admissions at the University of Pennsylvania.
B) Philadelphia businesses that held contracts with the federal government.
C) promotions in state and federal governmental offices and agencies in Philadelphia.
D) the hiring of elementary and high-school teachers in Philadelphia schools relying on federal funding.

Question 21

After President Nixon's opening to China, American and Chinese conferees reached which of the following agreements?

A) The Soviet Union should not be allowed to make gains in Asia.
B) The United States should break its ties with the Nationalist Chinese government of Taiwan.
C) China should relinquish control of the province of Kashmir to Pakistan.
D) The United States should withdraw its forces from Laos and Cambodia.

Question 22

Hawkish critics debating the meaning of the Vietnam War blamed the nation's failure in Vietnam on

A) the expansionist and interventionist nature of American foreign policy.
B) the failure of the containment doctrine to distinguish between peripheral areas and areas vital to national security.
C) the emergence of the imperial presidency.
D) a loss of will within America.

Question 23

The 1972 presidential candidate who was paralyzed as the result of an assassination attempt was

A) George Wallace.
B) Richard Nixon.
C) George McGovern.
D) Ted Kennedy.

Question 24

Through the Nixon Doctrine, President Nixon and his advisers demonstrated their belief that

A) the containment doctrine was no longer valid.
B) the Middle East was far more important to the security of the United States than was South Vietnam.
C) the Vietnam War could be won simply by sending more American troops to South Vietnam.
D) the United States, for financial reasons, would have to rely more on regional allies to contain communism.

Question 25

Which of the following is true of William Calley?

A) He was a corporal who provided proof to U.S. Senate investigators that three American officers were victims of "fragging."
B) He was a soldier who was tried and executed for cowardice in the face of the enemy.
C) He was an army lieutenant convicted for his involvement in the atrocity known as the My Lai massacre.
D) He was a World War II veteran much vilified by the American Legion and other veterans groups for his outspoken opposition to the Vietnam War.

Question 26

Richard Nixon's crime in the Watergate scandal was

A) taping conversations in the Oval Office without the permission of those being taped.
B) obstruction of justice because he ordered the CIA to stop the FBI's investigation of the break-in at the offices of the Democratic National Committee.
C) directly ordering the Plumbers to tap George McGovern's phones.
D) hiring illegal aliens to play dirty tricks on the unexpectedly strong third party headed by George Wallace.

Question 27

Which of the following was one of the terms of the Paris Peace Accords that ended American participation in the war in Vietnam?

A) North Vietnam was to withdraw its troops immediately from South Vietnam and disband the Vietcong.
B) The United States promised to withdraw all of its remaining troops from Vietnam within sixty days.
C) The North Vietnamese agreed to recognize the independence of South Vietnam and the permanent division of Vietnam into two nations.
D) North and South Vietnam would be reunited by merging the northern and southern governments into one.

Question 28

Based on his domestic policy initiatives, which of the following labels might reasonably be applied to President Nixon?

A) A liberal
B) An idealist
C) A straightforward conservative
D) A cunning politician who seemingly supported a liberal agenda but who ultimately had conservative goals

Question 29

One of the ways in which President Nixon and his secretary of state Henry Kissinger tried to weaken communism was by

A) making a big show of expanding the American arsenal of nuclear weapons.
B) increasing America's military presence in Turkey and Iran.
C) halting exports of American wheat to Russia and China.
D) improving relations with both the Soviet Union and the People's Republic of China at a time when tensions were increasing between those two communist nations.

Question 30

Two countries in which Nixon's foreign policy and operations by the CIA reflected Cold War fears of leftist-inspired instability were

A) Angola and Chile.
B) the Philippines and Thailand.
C) France and Italy.
D) Mexico and Honduras.

Question 31

Which of the following was an element of Richard Nixon's "southern strategy?"

A) His support for busing as a means of integrating schools
B) His nomination of two southerners for positions on the Supreme Court
C) His request for an extension of the Voting Rights Act of 1965
D) His appointment of Andrew Young as United Nations ambassador

Question 32

Which of the following best describes the Nixon administration's response to the election of Salvador Allende as president of Chile in 1970?

A) The administration grudgingly recognized Allende's position once it was evident that the election was valid.
B) The administration worked through the CIA to encourage Chilean military officers to overthrow Allende.
C) The administration extended support to Allende in order to woo him away from Soviet influence.
D) The administration pressured other Latin American nations to join in a total boycott of Chilean goods.

Question 33

Which of the following is considered the primary reason for the post-traumatic stress disorder suffered by thousands of Vietnam veterans?

A) Many soldiers were exposed to Agent Orange.
B) Soldiers had to fight in the midst of jungles, rains, and withering heat.
C) Soldiers suffered from battle fatigue.
D) Soldiers saw large numbers of women, children, and elderly people killed.

Question 34

In response to the Supreme Court's ruling in the Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg case, President Nixon

A) proposed that busing also be used to solve the de facto segregation of northern school systems.
B) sent federal troops to ensure the peaceful integration of the Charlotte-Mecklenburg schools.
C) urged the Charlotte-Mecklenburg school system to defy the Court's ruling.
D) said that busing as a remedy to end segregated schools was reckless and extreme.

Question 35

The 1972 arms agreement between the United States and the Soviet Union attempted to slow the arms race by limiting

A) nuclear submarines.
B) antiballistic missile defenses.
C) the number of nuclear warheads on a missile.
D) tactical nuclear weapons.

Question 36

The primary purpose of the Nixon-Kissinger policy of détente was to

A) check Soviet expansion and limit the Soviet arms buildup.
B) enlarge the influence of the United Nations.
C) guarantee the self-determination of the Third World.
D) elevate the international stature of America's European allies.

Question 37

Which of the following was revealed in the Pentagon Papers?

A) American leaders had consistently lied to the American people about the Vietnam War.
B) American corporations had played a dominant role within the government in shaping Vietnam War policies.
C) The initiative for escalating American involvement in Vietnam had come from Congress rather than from President Johnson.
D) Toward the end of his term, President Johnson was often unable to function coherently.

Question 38

This massacre of some 300 unarmed South Vietnamese civilians by American soldiers took place in 1968.

A) The Hanoi massacre
B) The My Lai massacre
C) The Danang massacre
D) The Pleiku massacre

Question 39

The War Powers Act of 1973

A) represented a furthering of the trend toward an "imperial presidency."
B) reorganized the administrative command structure of the military services.
C) strengthened the president's powers as commander-in-chief of the armed services.
D) attempted to limit the president's war-making power.

Question 40

In 1975, Secretary of State Kissinger persuaded Israel and Egypt to accept which of the following?

A) Egyptian withdrawal from the Golan Heights and an end to the building of Israeli settlements in occupied lands
B) Egyptian withdrawal from Jerusalem and Israeli withdrawal from the West Bank
C) Egyptian recognition of Israel's existence as a nation and an end to hostilities
D) A United Nations peacekeeping force in the Sinai

Question 41

In Regents of the University of California v. Bakke, the Supreme Court ruled in Bakke's favor and

A) upheld the principle of affirmative action.
B) outlawed quotas and the principle of affirmative action.
C) upheld quotas but outlawed the principle of affirmative action.
D) upheld quotas and the principle of affirmative action.

Question 42

President Carter's inconsistency in foreign policy was due in large part to

A) the pressure he was under to halt the nuclear arms race but at the same time reach nuclear parity with the Soviet Union.
B) the dilemma he faced in wanting to reduce arms sales while at the same time end the United States recession.
C) the changing policies of the Soviet Union toward its client states and the Third World.
D) the disagreements between his national security adviser and his secretary of state.

Question 43

One of Gerald Ford's first official acts as president was to

A) pardon Richard Nixon.
B) request a new voting rights act.
C) release funds impounded by the Nixon administration.
D) open negotiations with the Soviet Union on arms reduction.

Question 44

Love Canal, Three Mile Island, and the Cuyahoga River are all sites of

A) counterculture music festivals of the 1970s.
B) major tax-revolt demonstrations.
C) beneficiaries of Lady Bird Johnson's beautification campaign.
D) environmental disasters.

Question 45

As unemployment mounted in 1974, the federal government found that

A) there was little public support for action to reduce unemployment.
B) there was strong opposition among congressional Democrats to President Ford's spending proposals.
C) people feared that direct action could lead to new foreign embargoes.
D) policies designed to deal with unemployment fueled the already substantial inflation rate.

Question 46

President Richard Nixon's second term ended

A) when he had completed his full term in disgrace and with little power.
B) with his mental breakdown and replacement by Vice President Spiro Agnew.
C) with his impeachment, conviction, and removal from office.
D) with his resignation in the face of certain impeachment and conviction.

Question 47

Which of the following was a consequence of deindustrialization?

A) Blue-collar workers were transferred by corporations into higher-paying, service-oriented positions.
B) Many blue collar workers lost their jobs in the automobile and steel industries and found that the new jobs being created were in the lower paying service sector.
C) The salaries for traditionally female jobs in the service sector of the economy rose substantially.
D) Minimum-wage and part-time jobs became more and more scarce, putting an additional burden on retirees and students.

Question 48

Which of the following was an accomplishment of the Carter administration?

A) The establishment of national medical insurance for the poor
B) The establishment of wage and price controls
C) A reduction in the rate of inflation
D) The establishment of an environmental "superfund" to clean up abandoned chemical-waste sites

Question 49

Which of the following is true of Gerald Ford?

A) His term of office was shorter than that of any other president.
B) He refused to pardon Richard Nixon.
C) He used the veto more than any other president.
D) He was the first unelected president in U.S. history.

Question 50

The feature of the 1970s American economy that economists called "stagflation" consisted of economic stagnation with a combination of

A) high unemployment and low inflation.
B) low unemployment and high inflation.
C) low unemployment and low inflation.
D) high unemployment and high inflation.

Question 51

Which of the following was a major cause of inflation in the 1970s?

A) Deregulation of the airline and trucking industries
B) Increased industrial productivity
C) Tight credit policies
D) OPEC price increases

Question 52

Which of the following factors made it difficult for major industries to hold the line against inflation in the 1970s?

A) The quality of manufactured products increased, causing production costs to increase.
B) Higher labor costs accompanied a decline in productivity.
C) The supply of manufactured goods outstripped the demand for goods.
D) Corporate tax rates tripled during the decade.

Question 53

According to the tenets of monetary theory, which of the following is a prescription for reducing inflation?

A) If less money is available, price increases will slow and the inflationary spiral will end.
B) Credit can be eased by lowering interest rates, thus allowing the supply of money to grow quickly.
C) Increased federal spending will spur economic expansion, reduce unemployment, and increase personal spending.
D) Reduced federal taxes will give consumers more buying power.

Question 54

In the wake of skyrocketing oil prices, the United States experienced

A) rising unemployment accompanied by a serious inflationary spiral.
B) stable employment but soaring inflation that reduced buying power.
C) stability in the cost of living but near-depression levels of unemployment.
D) a reduction in unemployment accompanied by double-digit inflation.

Question 55

In the 1976 presidential campaign, Jimmy Carter presented himself to the electorate as

A) a pacifist.
B) a social conservative.
C) a fiscal liberal.
D) an honest politician.

Question 56

Which of the following statements about the American economy in the 1970s is accurate?

A) As productivity lagged, workers expected wage reductions.
B) Productivity increased as the expectations of workers concerning wages increased.
C) Major increases in productivity were accompanied by a decrease in workers' expectations concerning wages.
D) Although productivity declined, workers' wages usually did not.

Question 57

The treaties that President Carter signed with Panama

A) called for the creation of a democratically-elected government in Panama.
B) provided for the demilitarization of the Caribbean.
C) caused anti-American rioting in Panama because more Panamanian territory was placed under American control.
D) gave the United States the right to defend the Panama Canal after it was returned to Panama in the year 2000.

Question 58

The inflation of the early 1970s was caused in part by

A) President Johnson's decision to wage an expensive war in Vietnam while also increasing spending on Great Society programs.
B) President Nixon's decision to devalue the dollar by allowing it to "float" in international money markets.
C) the large increases in federal spending that President Nixon requested and received at the start of his term.
D) the growing concentration of economic power and wealth in a small number of dominant corporations.

Question 59

The code name used by journalists Carl Bernstein and Bob Woodward for the high-ranking government official who helped them uncover the link between the men who broke into the Democratic National Committee offices in the Watergate and the Nixon White House was

A) "Chatterbox."
B) "Creep."
C) "Deep Throat."
D) "Tape Worm."

Question 60

The House Judiciary Committee voted to impeach President Nixon on three counts, including

A) waging a war against the nation of Cambodia without congressional approval.
B) obstruction of justice.
C) manipulation of the media for the purpose of defrauding the public.
D) impounding funds approved by Congress.

Question 61

In an attempt to free the American hostages in Iran, President Carter

A) ordered a daring rescue mission that failed.
B) apologized for past CIA involvement in Iran.
C) returned the shah to Iran.
D) publicly condemned the state of Israel.

Question 62

Which of the following was a provision of the Camp David accords?

A) Israel promised to withdraw its troops from the Sinai.
B) Israel agreed to the creation of an autonomous Palestinian state.
C) Egypt promised to return the West Bank to Jordan.
D) The Palestine Liberation Organization agreed to recognize the right of Israel to exist.

Question 63

The Carter Doctrine proclaimed that the United States would intervene against Soviet aggression in

A) the Persian Gulf.
B) the Mediterranean Basin.
C) the Indian subcontinent.
D) Africa.

Question 64

Among President Jimmy Carter's successes was

A) major improvements in relations with the Soviet Union.
B) the brokering of the first treaty between Israel and an Arab state.
C) the release of American hostages from Iran.
D) the delay of the emergence of Islamic fundamentalism.

Question 65

Which of the following was one of President Carter's responses to the 1979 Soviet intervention in Afghanistan?

A) He approved the sale of AWACS planes to the People's Republic of China.
B) He diverted shipments of grain from Russia to the rebels in Afghanistan.
C) He broke off diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union.
D) He withdrew a major arms control treaty from Senate consideration.