Deck 49: Neural Regulation in Animals

Question 1

Which of the following triggers muscles of a frog's hind legs to contract?

A) neurons of the motor system
B) nerves of the enteric nervous system
C) afferent neurons of the PNS
D) parasympathetic nerves of the autonomic nervous system

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Which of the following circulates through the ventricles of the brain and central canal of the spinal cord and supplies the central nervous system (CNS) with nutrients and hormones?

A) blood distributed by the carotid arteries
B) blood that drains into the jugular vein
C) cerebrospinal fluid
D) cerebral lymphatic fluid

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Which of the following structures is involved in the human knee-jerk reflex?

A) spinal cord
B) corpus callosum
C) cerebellum
D) medulla

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Which of the following types of organisms is most likely to have a nerve net?

A) sea anemone
B) planarian
C) octopus
D) shark

Question 5

In the human knee-jerk reflex of a seated individual, as the calf moves from a vertical towards a horizontal position, the muscles of the quadriceps (on the anterior of the thighs) and the muscles of the hamstring (on the posterior side of the thighs) are ________.

A) both excited and contracting
B) both inhibited and relaxed
C) excited and inhibited, respectively
D) inhibited and excited, respectively

Question 6

Imagine you are resting comfortably after a long day of work. What is the most likely state of your peripheral nervous system?

A) increased activity in the sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric nervous systems
B) decreased activity in the sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric nervous systems
C) decreased activity in the sympathetic nervous system, and increased activity in the parasympathetic and enteric nervous systems
D) increased activity in the sympathetic nervous system, and decreased activity in the parasympathetic and enteric nervous systems

Question 7

Where are the stretch sensors of the sensory neurons located in the human knee-jerk reflex?

A) in the cartilage of the knee
B) in the quadriceps muscles on the anterior side of the thighs
C) in the hamstring muscles on the posterior side of the thighs
D) in the brain, the sensorimotor relay

Question 8

Which of the following is associated with the PNS of a chicken?

A) brain
B) hollow dorsal nerve cord
C) ganglia
D) neurons that carry out integration

Question 9

Which of the following organisms demonstrates cephalization?

A) jellies
B) hydras
C) planarians
D) sea stars

Question 10

A patient's reflexes were tested during a medical exam. There is no reaction to the patellar tendon reflex. Where might pathology occur?

A) gray matter in the brain
B) white matter in the brain
C) the spinal cord
D) cerebrospinal fluid

Question 11

What enables the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions to bring about opposing effects in most organs they impact?

A) postganglionic neurons in the sympathetic division release norepinephrine; postganglionic neurons in the parasympathetic division release acetylcholine
B) axons in the sympathetic division are myelinated while axons in the parasympathetic division are unmyelinated
C) the sympathetic division consists only of gray matter; the parasympathetic division consists only of white matter
D) the sympathetic division is associated with ganglia while the parasympathetic division does not involve ganglia

Question 12

In which brain structure are circadian rhythms coordinated?

A) pituitary gland
B) hypothalamus
C) cerebrum
D) thalamus

Question 13

Which part of the nervous system activates the fight-or-flight response?

A) sympathetic
B) somatic
C) enteric
D) parasympathetic

Question 14

Which of the following correctly matches a type of glial cell to one of its functions?

A) astrocytes-participate in the formation of the blood-brain barrier
B) oligodendrocytes-produce myelin sheaths in the peripheral nervous system (PNS)
C) radial glia-guard against pathogens
D) Schwann cells-form tracks along which newly formed neurons migrate

Question 15

Which of the following controls balance and coordinates movements in humans?

A) hypothalamus
B) cerebrum
C) cerebellum
D) spinal cord

Question 16

Which of the following results from increased activity in the sympathetic nervous system?

A) heart rate decreases
B) glucose is converted to glycogen
C) digestion is inhibited
D) epinephrine secretion is inhibited

Question 17

Which of the following pairs of glial cells have functions that are most similar to each other?

A) astrocytes and ependymal cells
B) oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells
C) radial glia and ependymal cells
D) Schwann cells and microglia

Question 18

Which of the following pairs have antagonistic effects towards each other?

A) the motor system and the autonomic nervous system
B) the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system
C) the enteric nervous system and the motor system
D) the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system

Question 19

Among molluscs, which of the following traits is associated with cephalization?

A) a complete gut
B) active predation
C) radial symmetry
D) segmentation

Question 20

Which of the following structures contains an abundance of axons?

A) in the gray matter of the brain and the white matter of the spinal cord
B) in the white matter of the brain and the gray matter of the spinal cord
C) in the gray matter of the brain and the gray matter of the spinal cord
D) in the white matter of the brain and the white matter of the spinal cord

Question 21

In which part of the brain is hunger and thirst regulated?

A) cerebrum
B) thalamus
C) hypothalamus
D) medulla oblongata

Question 22

Use the figure to answer the following question. Which Roman numeral indicates a brain region that controls hand-eye coordination?

A) I
B) II
C) III
D) V

Question 23

In which part of the brain is body temperature regulated?

A) cerebrum
B) cerebellum
C) thalamus
D) hypothalamus

Question 24

Which of the following best explains the differences in the relative size of particular brain regions of vertebrates?

A) variations in circulatory patterns of blood
B) the type of thermoregulation used by a group of vertebrates
C) how long a particular group has evolved
D) increased responsibilities of a particular brain region

Question 25

Use the figure to answer the following question. Which parts of the brain regulate the "fight-or-flight" response?

A) I and IV
B) II and III
C) II and V
D) III and V

Question 26

The telencephalon region of the developing brain of a mammal ________.

A) divides further into the metencephalon and myelencephalon
B) develops from the midbrain
C) gives rise to the thalamus and hypothalamus
D) gives rise to the cerebrum

Question 27

Emotional responses and memories are stored and recalled from which part of the brain?

A) amygdala
B) cerebellum
C) cerebrum
D) pons

Question 28

Which of the following illustrates a circadian rhythm?

A) Canada geese migrate north in the spring and south in the fall.
B) Hummingbirds lay eggs when local flowers are abundant.
C) A dog barks whenever someone knocks on the door of its home.
D) Raccoons routinely sleep during the day and are active at night.

Question 29

Which of the following brain structures includes the motor cortex?

A) cerebrum
B) cerebellum
C) spinal cord
D) medulla oblongata

Question 30

What is a key difference between arousal and sleep?

A) During sleep we are not aware of the external world.
B) During sleep external stimuli are received but not consciously perceived.
C) During sleep activities in our cerebrum shut down and rest.
D) Arousal involves the cerebrum but not the midbrain. Sleep mostly involves the midbrain and not the cerebrum.

Question 31

Use the figure to answer the following question. Which of the following regions arose developmentally from the hindbrain?

A) I
B) II
C) III
D) IV

Question 32

Which of the following is most likely caused by an injury to the brainstem?

A) auditory hallucinations
B) visual hallucinations
C) an inability to regulate body temperature
D) an inability to regulate heart function

Question 33

How do the brains of birds and mammals compare to other groups of vertebrates?

A) Birds and mammals have much smaller brains relative to body size than other groups of vertebrates.
B) Birds and mammals have proportionately larger hindbrains than other groups of vertebrates.
C) The brains of birds and mammals have proportionately larger midbrains than other groups of vertebrates.
D) The ratio of brain size to body weight for birds and mammals is about ten times greater than other groups of vertebrates.

Question 34

In which part of the brain are movement and balance coordinated?

A) cerebrum
B) cerebellum
C) thalamus
D) medulla oblongata

Question 35

In which part of the brain is the suprachiasmatic nucleus located?

A) hypothalamus
B) epithalamus
C) amygdala
D) Broca's area

Question 36

What happens when biological clocks do not receive environmental cues?

A) they typically shift to about 12-hour cycles
B) they continue at roughly 24-hour cycles
C) they typically shift to about 48-hour cycles
D) cycles usually end, shifting to irregular patterns of physiology and behavior

Question 37

Which of the following strategies allows bottlenose dolphins to breathe air while sleeping in the ocean?

A) they sleep for only 30 minutes at a time, which is the maximum interval they can cease breathing
B) they fill their swim bladder with air to keep their blowholes above the surface of the water while they sleep
C) they move to shallow water to sleep, so they do not need to swim to keep their blowholes above the surface of the water
D) they alternate which half of their brain is asleep and which half is awake

Question 38

Use the figure to answer the following question. If a person suffered a serious blow to the head that resulted in damage to the outer layer of brain region B, what might be the expected outcome?

A) The person would be unable to breathe.
B) The person's perception, voluntary movement, and/or learning would be impaired.
C) The person would not be able to detect any light in the environment.
D) Emotional responses would be impaired.

Question 39

Which part of the brain controls breathing, swallowing, vomiting, and digestion?

A) medulla oblongata
B) thalamus
C) pituitary
D) cerebellum

Question 40

In which part of the brain are sleep and arousal regulated?

A) the basal nuclei
B) the cerebral cortex
C) the reticular formation
D) the limbic system

Question 41

Long-term potentiation is required for which of the following functions?

A) elimination of memories, especially after trauma
B) integration of the somatosensory and motor systems
C) the integration of sight and sound into memories
D) memory storage and learning

Question 42

Which part(s) of your brain are most involved in writing an essay?

A) frontal lobes
B) parietal lobe
C) Broca's area
D) occipital lobe

Question 43

Stem cell transplants may someday be used to treat Parkinson's disease. How could stem cell transplants alleviate the symptoms of Parkinson's disease?

A) by preventing temporal lobe seizures
B) by repairing sites of traumatic brain injury
C) by replenishing missing ion channels
D) by secreting the neurotransmitter dopamine

Question 44

Which of the following allow some birds to have sophisticated information processing?

A) a very convoluted cerebral cortex
B) a cerebellum with several flat layers
C) neurons clustered into nuclei within the pallium
D) microvilli on the cerebrum which increase the brain's surface area

Question 45

Which of the following is a function of Wernicke's area?

A) It promotes the ability to understand speech.
B) It promotes the ability to speak.
C) It coordinates the reception of color.
D) It helps to initiate the fight-or-flight response.

Question 46

Which of the following functions is associated with Wernicke's and Broca's regions?

A) olfaction
B) vision
C) speech
D) hearing

Question 47

What sense is most likely to be impaired by an injury to the temporal lobe?

A) hearing
B) sight
C) taste
D) touch

Question 48

What do we call the capacity of the nervous system to be remodeled, especially in response to its own activity?

A) neuronal plasticity
B) synaptic reorganization
C) neurological deconstruction
D) neuronal regeneration

Question 49

Which of the following describes a difference between bipolar disorder and schizophrenia?

A) schizophrenia typically involves hallucinations, not seen in bipolar disorder
B) schizophrenia typically involves manic and depressive states, not seen in bipolar disorder
C) bipolar disorder involves genes and factors in the environment, not seen in schizophrenia
D) bipolar disorder increases biogenic amines not seen in schizophrenia

Question 50

What was the consequence of a metal rod driven into the frontal lobe of Phineas Gage (with similar results to a frontal lobotomy)?

A) the loss of the sense of balance
B) the loss of all short-term memory
C) greatly altered emotional responses
D) greatly increased long-term memory

Question 51

Damage to Broca's area is likely to impair what brain function?

A) generating speech
B) recognizing faces
C) understanding language
D) experiencing emotion

Question 52

Which of the following shows a brain lobe correctly paired with one of its primary functions?

A) frontal lobe-decision making
B) occipital lobe-control of skeletal muscles
C) temporal lobe-visual processing
D) parietal lobe-hearing

Question 53

For which of the following do experiments indicate an association with autism?

A) exposure to vaccine preservatives
B) a disruption of activity-dependent remodeling at synapses
C) a decline in the ability to generate NMDA and AMPA receptors
D) a disruption of the binding capacity of acetylcholine to NMDA receptors

Question 54

Which of the following is a result of long-term potentiation?

A) The set of receptors on the postsynaptic membrane change, resulting in a stable increase in the size of the postsynaptic potentials at the synapse.
B) The set of receptors on the presynaptic membrane change, resulting in a decrease in the size of the postsynaptic potentials at the synapse.
C) As a result of summation, new synapses form on neurons most involved in storing a memory.
D) The number of types and the relative amounts of neurotransmitters greatly increase at a synapse involved in memory formation.

Question 55

In which of the following have advances in research most improved our understanding of mental illness?

A) the structural organization of the brain
B) the sequence of developmental specialization
C) the chemicals involved in brain communications
D) the nature of the blood-brain barrier

Question 56

Which of the following must happen for long-term potentiation to occur in the hippocampus?

A) a presynaptic neuron must release more acetylcholine neurotransmitter into the synapse
B) NMDA receptors must be unblocked so that they can respond to glutamate
C) the postsynaptic cell responds to glutamate by opening AMPA receptors
D) the presynaptic cell must grow more axon terminals to synapse with the dendrites of the postsynaptic cell

Question 57

Which of the following appears to involve cellular mechanisms very similar to those responsible for brain growth and development?

A) learning skills and procedures
B) memorizing phone numbers, facts, and places
C) integrating diverse sensory information into a memory
D) applying concepts to new situations

Question 58

What do we call the point of connection between two communicating neurons?

A) an axon hillock
B) a dendrite
C) a synapse
D) a glion

Question 59

In which brain structure does short-term memory information processing take place?

A) brainstem
B) medulla
C) hypothalamus
D) hippocampus

Question 60

Which of the following correctly notes how short-term memory and long-term memory are related?

A) Short-term memory involves temporary links formed in the cerebral cortex while long-term memory involves permanent connections within the hippocampus.
B) Short-term memory and long-term memory store information in the cerebellum but use different neurotransmitters.
C) Short-term memory permanently stores small bits of information like facts while long term memory permanently stores general conceptual information.
D) Short-term memory occurs within the hippocampus and is essential for acquiring new long-term memories within the cerebral cortex.

Question 61

The cerebral cortex lacks a major role in ________.

A) short-term memory
B) long-term memory
C) circadian rhythm
D) breath holding

Question 62

Which of the following is true about the brain reward system?

A) It represents an emergent brain property that has arisen independent of natural selection.
B) It is a reflex of the peripheral nervous primarily under autonomic control.
C) It is housed in the thalamus and primarily regulates the enteric division of the autonomic nervous system.
D) It utilizes the neurotransmitter dopamine and is affected by drug addiction.

Question 63

Which of the following structures or regions is incorrectly paired with its function?

A) limbic system-motor control of speech
B) medulla oblongata-homeostatic control
C) cerebellum-coordination of movement and balance
D) amygdala-emotional memory

Question 64

Injury localized to the hypothalamus would most likely disrupt ________.

A) regulation of body temperature
B) short-term memory
C) executive functions, such as decision making
D) sorting of sensory information

Question 65

Patients with damage to Wernicke's area have difficulty ________.

A) coordinating limb movement
B) generating speech
C) recognizing faces
D) understanding language

Question 66

What neurotransmitter is involved in schizophrenia, Parkinson's disease, and drug addiction?

A) glutamate
B) dopamine
C) norepinephrine
D) acetylcholine

Question 67

After suffering a stroke, a patient can see objects anywhere in front of him but pays attention only to objects in his right field of vision. When asked to describe these objects, he has difficulty judging their size and distance. What part of the brain was likely damaged by the stroke?

A) the left frontal lobe
B) the right frontal lobe
C) the right parietal lobe
D) the corpus callosum

Question 68

Activation of the parasympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system ________.

A) increases heart rate
B) enhances digestion
C) triggers release of epinephrine
D) causes conversion of glycogen to glucose

Question 69

Which of the following characteristics are associated with Alzheimer's disease?

A) amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles
B) extreme swings of mood ranging from manic to depressive phases
C) hallucinations and delusions
D) muscle tremors, poor balance, and a shuffling gait