Deck 43: Animal Transport Systems

Question 1

What is the theoretical cardiac output of a patient with a heart rate of 70 beats per minute and a stroke volume of 70 mL/beat?

A) 1,000 mL/minute
B) 1,400 mL/minute
C) 2,800 mL/minute
D) 4,900 mL/minute

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Organisms belonging to a species with a high resting cardiac output are most likely to have which of the following characteristics?

A) small compact bodies
B) wide-diameter veins
C) large distance between its heart and its brain
D) a relatively inactive lifestyle

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Which of the following mechanisms are used to regulate blood pressure in the closed circulatory system of vertebrates?
I) changing the strength of heart contraction
II) constricting and relaxing smooth muscle in the walls of arterioles
III) opening or closing precapillary sphincters

A) only I and II
B) only I and III
C) only II and III
D) I, II, and III

Answer 3

D

Question 4

The greatest difference in the concentration of respiratory gases is found in which of the following pairs of mammalian blood vessels?

A) the pulmonary vein and the superior vena cava
B) the veins from the right and left legs
C) the pulmonary artery and the inferior vena cava
D) the pulmonary vein and the aorta

Question 5

An electrocardiogram (ECG) provides information about ________.

A) the pressure of blood in the heart chambers
B) the rhythm of heart contractions
C) the amount of oxygen in the blood as it leaves the heart
D) the speed of blood flow through the blood vessels

Question 6

How many capillary beds must a red blood cell pass through to move from an artery in the left arm to the left ventricle of the heart?

A) one
B) two
C) three
D) four

Question 7

Which of the following is most analogous in structure and function to the circulatory systems of bony fishes, rays, and sharks?

A) the three-chambered heart of reptiles, where oxygenated and non-oxygenated blood mix in the ventricles
B) the portal systems of mammals, where two capillary beds occur sequentially, without passage of blood through a pumping chamber
C) the circulatory systems of sponges, where gas exchange in all cells occurs directly with the external environment
D) the four-chambered heart of humans, where non-oxygenated blood is pumped to the lungs from one ventricle and oxygenated blood is pumped to the body from another ventricle

Question 8

The velocity of blood flow lowest in capillaries because ________.

A) the capillaries have internal valves that slow the flow of blood
B) the diastolic blood pressure is too low to deliver blood to the capillaries at a high flow rate
C) the systemic capillaries are supplied by the left ventricle, which has a lower cardiac output than the right ventricle
D) the total cross-sectional area is greater in the capillaries than in any other part of the circulatory system

Question 9

Which of the following are the only vertebrates in which blood flows directly from respiratory organs to body tissues without first returning to the heart?

A) amphibians
B) fishes
C) mammals
D) reptiles

Question 10

While jogging, a person has a stroke volume of 130 mL/beat and a heart rate of 120 beats per minute. Their resting stroke volume is 70 mL/beat and resting heart rate is 60 beats per minute. Which answer best describes the effect of jogging on the person's cardiac output?

A) Their cardiac output did not change. Only their respiratory rate changed.
B) During exercise, their cardiac output decreased by 11,400 mL/minute.
C) During rest, their cardiac output increased by 60 mL/beat.
D) Their cardiac output increased from 4,200 mL/minute to 15,600 mL/minute when jogging.

Question 11

Which of the following results in the greatest blood pressure in the mammalian aorta?

A) systole of the left atrium
B) diastole of the right ventricle
C) systole of the left ventricle
D) diastole of the right atrium

Question 12

Which of the following would an organism need to adjust blood pressure independently in the blood vessels of the gas-exchange surface and in the blood vessels of the general body circulation?

A) open circulatory system
B) hemocoel
C) two-chambered heart
D) four-chambered heart

Question 13

In which of the following organisms does blood flow from the pulmocutaneous circuit to the heart before circulating through the rest of the body?

A) annelids
B) fishes
C) frogs
D) insects

Question 14

Which type of circulatory system is most likely present in organisms with a circulating body fluid that is distinct from the fluid that directly surrounds the body's cells?

A) an open circulatory system
B) a closed circulatory system
C) a gastrovascular cavity
D) branched tracheae

Question 15

Which of the following is the correct sequence of blood flow in birds and mammals?

A) left ventricle → aorta → lungs → systemic circulation
B) vena cava → right atrium → right ventricle → pulmonary vein
C) pulmonary vein → left atrium → left ventricle → pulmonary circuit
D) vena cava → right atrium → right ventricle → pulmonary artery

Question 16

A paleontologist discovers the fossilized heart of an extinct animal. The evidence indicates that the organism's heart was large, was well-formed, and had four chambers, with no connection between the right and left sides. Which of the following conclusions is best supported by these observations?

A) the animal had evolved from birds
B) the animal was endothermic and had a high metabolic rate
C) the animal was most closely related to alligators and crocodiles
D) the animal had little to no need to regulate blood pressure

Question 17

Atrial systole ________.

A) occurs at the same time as ventricular diastole
B) pumps blood to the aorta
C) refers to the relaxation of the cardiac muscle
D) only occurs in the left heart chambers

Question 18

Damage to the SA node in humans is most likely to result in a ________.

A) blockage of conductance between the bundle branches and the Purkinje fibers
B) negative effect on peripheral resistance
C) disruption on the rate and timing of cardiac muscle contractions
D) direct effect on blood pressure monitors in the aorta

Question 19

Circulatory systems help to overcome which of the following physiological challenges?

A) temperature differences between the lungs and the active tissue
B) the slow rate at which diffusion occurs over large distances
C) the problem of communication systems involving only the nervous system
D) the need to cushion animals from trauma

Question 20

Which one of the following organisms likely has the highest systolic pressure in its aorta?

A) mouse
B) human
C) hippopotamus
D) giraffe

Question 21

Although having evolved independently, the tracheal tubes of mammals and insects are both supported by rigid tissues. The trachea of a mammal are supported by cartilage, and the tracheae of an insect are supported by chitin. Which of the following is a selective pressure that most likely led to the convergent evolution of these respiratory structures?

A) Both mammals and insects have similar oxygen needs.
B) When breathing air, there is a risk that trachea and tracheal tubes will collapse.
C) Insects and mammals both keep their internal temperature constant.
D) A decrease in environmental carbon dioxide made structural support necessary.

Question 22

Which of the following is a normal event in the process of blood clotting?

A) production of erythropoietin
B) conversion of fibrin to fibrinogen
C) activation of prothrombin to thrombin
D) synthesis of hemoglobin

Question 23

Suppose an organism had a mutation in the thrombin gene such that the thrombin protein was nonfunctional. Which of the following is the most likely impact that the mutation would have on this organism?

A) The organism would not be able to produce new erythrocytes.
B) The organism's blood would not clot effectively.
C) The organism's immune system would be weakened.
D) The organism would not be able to exchange gases as well.

Question 24

Which hormone is released to stimulate the production of red blood cells?

A) growth hormone
B) erythropoietin
C) cortisol
D) acetylcholine

Question 25

Which of the following represents the correct flow of air into the lung of a mammal?

A) trachea → bronchioles → bronchi → alveoli
B) larnyx → trachea → bronchi → bronchioles → alveoli
C) trachea → tracheoles → bronchi → alveoli
D) alveoli → tracheoles → bronchi → trachea

Question 26

Atmospheric pressure at the summit of Mount Everest is about one third the pressure at sea level, which is 760 mm Hg. What is the partial pressure of oxygen (PO₂) at the summit of Mount Everest if oxygen makes up 21% of the atmosphere by volume at both locations?

A) 53 mm Hg
B) 157 mm Hg
C) 255 mm Hg
D) 760 mm Hg

Question 27

The sun shining on a tidal pool during a hot day heats the water, causing some water to evaporate. Which of the following is most likely to occur because the water has become warmer and saltier?

A) the carbon dioxide content will increase
B) the oxygen content will decrease
C) it will be better able to sustain aerobic organisms
D) it will become more dense

Question 28

Which of the following would be the consequence if the direction of water flow over the gills of a fish was reversed, moving water inward past the operculum, past the gills, then out the mouth?

A) the efficiency of gas exchange would be reduced
B) the efficiency of gas exchange would increase
C) the thickness of the blood would increase
D) the thickness of the blood would decrease

Question 29

What is the partial pressure of oxygen (PO₂) when the air in a testing chamber is mixed so that its oxygen content is 10% and its overall air pressure is 400 mm Hg?

A) 400 mm Hg
B) 82 mm Hg
C) 40 mm Hg
D) 4 mm Hg

Question 30

During aerobic exercise, the partial pressure of oxygen in muscle cells will ________, thus the rate of diffusion of oxygen into the muscle tissue from the blood will ________.

A) decrease; increase
B) increase; decrease
C) not change; also not change
D) decrease; decrease

Question 31

Consider the following reaction. Which of the following would happen if the pH of the blood was decreased?
CO₂ + H₂O ⇔ H₂CO3 ⇔ HCO3- + H+

A) the amount of carbon dioxide would increase
B) the bicarbonate concentration in the blood would increase
C) the amount of oxygen in the blood will decrease
D) the amount of protons in the blood will increase

Question 32

Which of the following indicates a diagnosis of hypertension in adults?

A) measurement of fatty deposits on the endothelium of arteries
B) measurement of the LDL/HDL ratio in peripheral blood
C) percentage of blood volume made up of platelets
D) blood pressure being greater than 140 mm Hg systolic and/or greater than 90 mm Hg diastolic

Question 33

A rabbit taken from a meadow near sea level and moved to a meadow high on a mountainside would have some trouble getting adequate oxygen delivery. Which statement best explains why this would occur?

A) The percentage of oxygen in the air at high elevations is lower than at sea level.
B) The percentage of oxygen in the air at high elevations is higher than at sea level.
C) The partial pressure of oxygen in the air at high elevations is lower than at sea level.
D) The partial pressure of oxygen in the air at high elevations is higher than at sea level.

Question 34

Which of the following statements correctly compares respiration in fish and in mammals?

A) The respiratory medium for fish carries more oxygen than the respiratory medium of mammals.
B) A countercurrent exchange mechanism between the respiratory medium and blood flow is seen in mammals but not in fish.
C) The movement of the respiratory medium in mammals is bidirectional, but in fish it is unidirectional.
D) In blood, oxygen is primarily transported by plasma in fish, but by red blood cells in mammals.

Question 35

Which biological membranes must atmospheric molecules of oxygen cross to become bound to hemoglobin for transport in mammals?

A) one membrane (the lining in the lungs)
B) two membranes (in and out of the cell lining the lung)
C) four membranes (in and out of the cell lining the lung, in and out of the endothelial cell lining an alveolar capillary)
D) five membranes (in and out of the cell lining the lung, in and out of the endothelial cell lining an alveolar capillary, and into the red blood cell)

Question 36

Some human infants, especially those born prematurely, suffer serious respiratory failure because of ________.

A) the sudden change from the uterine environment to the air
B) the overproduction of surfactants
C) lung collapse due to inadequate production of surfactant
D) mutations in the genes involved in lung formation

Question 37

Which of the following examples illustrates the process of countercurrent exchange?

A) flow of water across the gills of a fish and the blood within those gills
B) flow of blood in the dorsal vessel of an insect and that of air within its tracheae
C) flow of air within the primary bronchi of a human and the blood within the pulmonary veins
D) flow of water across the skin of a frog and the blood flow within the ventricle of its heart

Question 38

Which of the following features of the mammalian circulatory system helps to prevent damage to capillaries from high arterial blood pressure?

A) Blood flow through the capillaries is essentially frictionless, and this reduces the amount of pressure on their walls.
B) The total cross-sectional diameter of the blood vessels increases with progression from artery to arteriole to capillary, leading to a reduced blood pressure.
C) Fluid loss from the arteries is high enough that pressure drops off significantly by the time blood reaches the capillaries.
D) Capillary beds have the thickest walls of any blood vessel to resist these high pressures.

Question 39

Countercurrent exchange in the fish gill helps to maximize ________.

A) blood pressure
B) diffusion
C) active transport
D) osmosis

Question 40

Which of the following is an adaptation of the avian lung that best helps meet the metabolic demands of flight?

A) Airflow through the avian lung is bidirectional like in mammals.
B) There is more dead space within the avian lung so that oxygen can be stored for future use.
C) Countercurrent circulation is present in the avian lung.
D) Gas exchange occurs during both inhalation and exhalation.

Question 41

Respiratory acidosis is a condition that can result from decreased ventilation rates (hypoventilation). If a sign of respiratory acidosis is decreased blood pH, which of the following is most likely true about the blood in the body?

A) There is less hemoglobin in red blood cells.
B) There is more hemoglobin in red blood cells.
C) There is less CO₂ in the blood.
D) There is more CO₂ in the blood.

Question 42

A molecule of CO₂ released into the blood in your left toe can be exhaled from your nose without passing through which of the following structures?

A) the pulmonary vein
B) the trachea
C) the right atrium
D) the right ventricle

Question 43

What is a person's total lung capacity if they have a tidal volume of 450 mL (milliliters), a vital capacity of 4,000 mL, and a residual volume of 1,000 mL?

A) 1,450 mL
B) 4,000 mL
C) 4,450 mL
D) 5,000 mL

Question 44

The human respiration rate is most closely correlated to the blood levels of which compound during most daily activities?

A) nitrogen
B) oxygen
C) carbon dioxide
D) carbon monoxide

Question 45

Which statement best describes how diving mammals are different than mammals that are not adapted for diving?

A) Diving mammals have larger lungs
B) Diving mammals can store more oxygen in their muscles
C) Diving mammals have smaller blood vessels
D) Diving mammals always keep blood flowing to their lungs during a dive

Question 46

Which of the following respiratory systems is independent from a fluid-based circulatory system?

A) the lungs of a vertebrate
B) the gills of a fish
C) the tracheal system of an insect
D) the skin of an earthworm

Question 47

The bar-headed goose is one of the highest flying birds in the world, having been observed flying at over 27,000 feet. Which of the following adaptations would provide an advantage for flying at high altitudes?

A) hemoglobin with a very high affinity for oxygen
B) use of negative pressure breathing
C) a low concentration of myoglobin in its muscles
D) low tidal volumes

Question 48

A researcher investigating the effect of temperature on hemoglobin saturation collected the data represented in the graph. Which of the following claims is most consistent with the data?

A) The greatest delivery of oxygen from the blood to the surrounding tissues occurs at 37℃.
B) Increasing blood pH results in more oxygen unloading in tissues.
C) Colder blood temperature results in greater dissociation of oxygen and hemoglobin.
D) Hemoglobin has a lower affinity for oxygen under high temperature conditions.

Question 49

Compared with the interstitial fluid that bathes active muscle cells, blood reaching these cells in arterioles has a ________.

A) higher P02
B) higher PcO₂
C) greater bicarbonate concentration
D) lower pH

Question 50

Blood returning to the mammalian heart in a pulmonary vein drains first into the ________.

A) left atrium
B) right atrium
C) left ventricle
D) right ventricle

Question 51

One feature that amphibians and humans have in common is ________.

A) the number of heart chambers
B) a complete separation of circuits for circulation
C) the number of circuits for circulation
D) a low blood pressure in the systemic circuit

Question 52

A decrease of blood pH from 7.4 to 7.2 would cause hemoglobin to ________.

A) release all bound carbon dioxide molecules
B) bind more oxygen molecules
C) bind fewer H+ ions
D) bind fewer oxygen molecules

Question 53

Pulse is a direct measure of ________.

A) blood pressure
B) stroke volume
C) cardiac output
D) heart rate

Question 54

Damage to the external intercostal muscles, which are located between the ribs and function to help expand the chest cavity, will likely directly result in difficulty with which of the following functions?

A) inhalation
B) exhalation
C) gas exchange
D) regulation of blood pressure

Question 55

A physiologist is tracking airflow through an animal's body. The animal inhales once and exhales once. After the animal exhales, the physiologist does not detect any of the initially inhaled air. Which animal is the physiologist likely observing?

A) a human
B) a lizard
C) a turtle
D) a crow

Question 56

When you hold your breath, which of the following blood gas changes first leads to the urge to breathe?

A) rising O₂
B) falling O₂
C) rising CO₂
D) falling CO₂

Question 57

Which statement best describes what happens to the carbon dioxide produced by humans?

A) It is converted to bicarbonate ions.
B) It is bound to hemoglobin.
C) It is transported in the erythrocytes as carbonic acid.
D) It is simply dissolved in the plasma.

Question 58

Which of the following best describes how an organism senses a disturbance in gas levels?

A) the brain directly measures and monitors oxygen levels and causes breathing changes accordingly
B) the medulla oblongata, which is in contact with cerebrospinal fluid, monitors pH and uses this measure to control breathing
C) the brain alters the pH of the cerebrospinal fluid to force the animal to retain more or less carbon dioxide
D) stretch receptors in the lungs cause the medulla oblongata to speed up or slow breathing