Deck 15: Testing for Differences Between Groups and for Predictive Relationships

Question 1

In a regression equation, the slope of the line, $\beta$ , is the change in X that is due to a corresponding change of one unit of Y.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

The chi-square test involves comparison of the observed frequencies of the groups with the expected frequencies of the groups.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

A Z-test for differences of proportions requires a sample size greater than 100.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

The degrees of freedom are calculated as df = n - 1 when using the t-test for comparing two means, where n = n1 + n2.

Question 5

Multivariate statistical analysis permits the researcher to consider more than one dependent variable at the same time.

Question 6

One way to test the significance of the relationship shown in a contingency tables is by means of the chi-square test.

Question 7

The chi-square test tests the significance of the relationship shown in an R X C contingency table in which R stands for row and C stands for column.

Question 8

The independent samples t-test tests the differences between means from no more than four independent samples or groups.

Question 9

Cross-tabulation tables typically provide an easy, intuitive way of understanding data.

Question 10

To use the chi-square test, both variables in a 2 x 2 contingency table must be measured on a ratio scale.

Question 11

In regression, the standardized Y-intercept term is always 1.

Question 12

If a researcher is interested in whether adult males purchase a product more frequently than adult females, univariate statistics would be used in the analysis of data.

Question 13

A pooled estimate of the standard error is a poorer estimate of the standard error than one based on the variance from either sample.

Question 14

If the purpose of the regression analysis is forecasting, then standardized regression estimates are most appropriate.

Question 15

In regression analysis, the equation of a straight line is Y = a + $\beta$ X.

Question 16

In multiple regression, the dependent variable must be continuous and interval-scaled.

Question 17

In most business research, the estimate of $\alpha$ in a regression equation is most important.

Question 18

The null hypothesis for an ANOVA test comparing the means of three groups is: $\mu$ 1 = $\mu$ 2 = $\mu$ 3.

Question 19

When the difference between two groups is measured, bivariate statistics are used.

Question 20

The chi-square test requires that the expected frequency in each cell of the contingency table be at least 30.

Question 21

Several dummy variables can be included in a regression model.

Question 22

What is another form of the alternative hypothesis when testing the difference between the means of the two groups?

A) $\mu$ 1 - $\mu$ 2 = 0
B) $\mu$ 1 - $\mu$ 2 $\neq$ 0
C) $\mu$ 1 - $\mu$ 2 = 2
D) $\mu$ 1 - $\mu$ 2 $\neq$ 2

Question 23

The formula given below represents the method for calculating the ____.

A) Z-test
B) F-test
C) $\chi$ 2 test
D) $\alpha$

Question 24

A study compares the means of two groups in which there are 45 males in Group 1 and 37 females in Group 2. The degrees of freedom for this study when using the t-test for the difference between means is ____.

A) 74
B) 80
C) 82
D) 160

Question 25

In a brand awareness study, 25 of a group of 35 males identify the brand correctly and 15 of a group of 35 females identify this brand correctly. The chi-square value for this study is approximately ____.

A) 3.26
B) 4.15
C) 5.84
D) 7.92

Question 26

When the on-time performance of airlines is used to predict the number of customer complaints in a regression equation, on-time performance is the ____ variable and the number of customer complaints is the ____ variable.

A) independent; dependent
B) dependent; dependent
C) dependent; independent
D) independent; predictor

Question 27

In the regression equation, Y = a + $\beta$ X, Y is the ____.

A) dependent variable
B) slope
C) independent variable
D) intercept

Question 28

How many degrees of freedom are there in a four-cell chi-square test?

A) (R + 1)
B) (R - 1)
C) (R - 1)(C - 1)
D) R(C - 1)

Question 29

Mulitvariate dependence techniques are variants of the general linear model (GLM).

Question 30

Suppose that you are using a 9-point rating scale to compare men who have an annual income over $50,000 (Group 1) with men who have an annual income less than or equal to $50,000 (Group 2) with regard to their assessment of a new product. There are forty men in Group 1 and they have a mean of 7 and a standard deviation of 2.5, while the 35 men in Group 2 have a mean of 5 and a standard deviation of 1.4. What is the approximate value of t using the t-test?

A) 3.43
B) 4.19
C) 5.64
D) There is not enough information to determine this.

Question 31

In multiple regression, dummy variables are those that have no effect on the dependent variable.

Question 32

In using the Z-test for comparing two proportions, the null hypothesis is typically stated as ____.

A) $\pi$ 1 = $\pi$ 2.
B) $\pi$ 1 $\neq$ $\pi$ 2.
C) $\pi$ 1 x $\pi$ 2 = 1
D) $\pi$ 1 - $\pi$ 2 = 1

Question 33

The formula for the chi-square test uses ____.

A) observed and expected frequencies
B) observed and expected percentages
C) the two sample means
D) the two sample standard deviations

Question 34

In using the t-test to compare the means of two groups, the alternative hypothesis is typically stated as ____.

A) $\mu$ 1 $\neq$$\mu$ 2
B) $\mu$ 1 = $\mu$ 2
C) $\mu$ 1 - $\mu$ 2 = 2
D) $\mu$ 1 + $\mu$ 2 = 1

Question 35

In a regression equation, the beta coefficients indicate the effect on the dependent variable of a 1-unit increase in any of the independent variables.

Question 36

A researcher hypothesizes that males and females differ with respect to attitude toward sports sponsorships. To investigate this hypothesis that these two groups' attitudes differ, the researcher will use a ____.

A) bivariate test of differences
B) univariate test of differences
C) multivariate test of differences
D) cluster analysis

Question 37

In regression analysis, the symbol X is commonly used for the ____ variable, and the symbol Y is commonly used for the ____ variable.

A) dependent; moderating
B) independent; dependent
C) dependent; independent
D) independent; moderating

Question 38

Multiple regression analysis includes a single independent variable but several dependent variables.

Question 39

In comparing the difference of the means between two groups, the null hypothesis can also be stated as ____.

A) $\mu$ 1 - $\mu$ 2 = 0
B) $\mu$ 1 + $\mu$ 2 = 0
C) $\mu$ 1 x $\mu$ 2 = 0
D) $\mu$ 1 / $\mu$ 2 = 0

Question 40

In the regression equation, Y = a + $\beta$ X , $\beta$ is the ____.

A) y-intercept
B) independent variable
C) slope of the regression line
D) dependent variable

Question 41

The null hypothesis when using the Z-test for the differences between the proportions of two groups is that ____________________.

Question 42

An appropriate test for comparing the scores of two interval variables drawn from related populations is the ____________________.

Question 43

The ____________________ is the mean of a variable over all observations.

Question 44

In the regression equation, Y = a + $\beta$ X, a is the symbol for the ____.

A) slope of the regression line
B) y-intercept of the regression line
C) dependent variable
D) independent variable

Question 45

If the regression equation is: Y = -4.2 + 3.6 X, then the expected score for Y when X is 4 would be ____.

A) -18.6
B) 10.2
C) 18.6
D) 20.2

Question 46

A variable that has two distinct levels that are coded as either zero or one is called a(n) ____.

A) regression variable
B) dummy variable
C) MANOVA variable
D) ANOVA variable

Question 47

The statistical significance of a regression model is determined using the ____.

A) t-test
B) $\chi$ 2
C) F-test
D) Z-test

Question 48

Consider the regression equation: Y = 98.3 +.35X1 + 22.3X2, the predicted value for Y when X1 = 3 and X2 = 5 is ____.

A) 67.23
B) 98.34
C) 118.45
D) 210.85

Question 49

Jamal is analyzing data and his current focus centers on how strongly interrelated the independent variables in his model are. Jamal is concerned about ____.

A) multicollinearity
B) MANOVA
C) degrees of freedom
D) convergence

Question 50

Which analysis is portrayed by the equation: Y = bo + $\beta$ 1X1 + $\beta$ 2X2 + $\beta$ 3X3... + $\beta$ nXn?

A) simple regression
B) multiple regression
C) chi-square
D) factor analysis

Question 51

In using the t-test to compare the difference between the means of two groups, the formula for determining the degrees of freedom is ____________________.

Question 52

The equation, Y = a + $\beta$ X, is the equation for the ____.

A) coefficient of determination
B) correlation coefficient
C) least-squares regression line
D) F-test

Question 53

Multivariate dependence techniques are variants of the ____, which is a way of modeling some process based on how different variables cause fluctuations from the average dependent variable.

A) ordinary linear model (OLM)
B) weighted average model (WAM)
C) general linear model (GLM)
D) metric scaling model (MSM)

Question 54

When a researcher is attempting to predict sales volume by using building permits, amount of advertising, and the income levels of residents, the researcher is most likely using ____.

A) univariate analysis
B) a chi-square analysis
C) multiple regression analysis
D) factor analysis

Question 55

Which type of analysis involves three or more variables?

A) univariate statistical analysis
B) bivariate statistical analysis
C) multivariate statistical analysis
D) polyvariate statistical analysis

Question 56

Which of the following is computed by most regression programs and provides an indication of how much multicollinearity exists among a set of independent variables?

A) $\chi$ 2
B) $\beta$
C) collinear coefficient
D) variance inflation factor (VIF)

Question 57

In the formula df = n - k, k represents the ____.

A) number of observations
B) degrees of freedom of the denominator
C) number of independent variables
D) sample size

Question 58

____________________ is the appropriate test to use when comparing the means of three or more groups to see if they are significantly different from one another.

Question 59

Consider this regression equation: Y = 24.35 - 14.2 X. Here, 24.35 is the ____, and -14.2 is the ____.

A) slope; y-intercept
B) independent variable; slope
C) dependent variable; y-intercept
D) y-intercept; slope

Question 60

Which value provides a common metric allowing regression results to be compared to one another, regardless of what the original scale range may have been?

A) standardized regression coefficient $\beta$ )
B) $\chi$ 2
C) coefficient of determination (R2)
D) raw parameter estimates

Question 61

The statistical test used to determine whether there is more variability in the scores of one sample than in the scores of another sample is the ____________________.

Question 62

What is ANOVA and when is it the appropriate statistical technique? What test is used to determine significance?

Question 63

The test for the statistical significance of the regression model is the ____________________ test.

Question 64

If the number of coupons given out at shopping malls is used to predict the number of tickets that will be sold to a country and western band's performance at a local club, the number of coupons is the ____________________ variable.

Question 65

A(n) ____________________ variable has two distinct levels that are coded as 0 and 1.

Question 66

Discuss when a paired-samples t-test is appropriate and give an example of when it should be used.

Question 67

Multivariate dependence techniques are variants of the ____________________.

Question 68

The sum of differences between the group mean and the grand mean summed over all groups for a given set of observations is called ____________________.

Question 69

The F-test partitions total variance into ____________________ variance and ____________________ variance.

Question 70

Describe a Z-test for comparing two proportions along with its appropriate null hypothesis.

Question 71

Discuss the pros and cons of raw regression estimates and standardized regression estimates and discuss when each is appropriate.

Question 72

Statistical methods that permit the study of three or more variables at the same time are called ____________________ statistical analysis.

Question 73

____________________ in regression analysis refers to how strongly interrelated the independent variables in a model are.

Question 74

____________________ may be used to assess problems with multicollinearity.

Question 75

Discuss the steps in interpreting a multiple regression output.