Deck 52: Animal Behavior

Question 1

Which of the following paired terms are incorrectly matched?

A) classical conditioning-extinction
B) habituation-relevant stimuli
C) imprinting-behavioral bonding
D) insight-trial and error
E) operant conditioning-reward

Answer 1

habituation-relevant stimuli

Question 2

You see an advertisement on the television with a very good looking person showing off a new, shiny, powerful car.You seriously think about buying that particular car.Therefore, the person in the advertisement could best be described as the:

A) sign stimulus.
B) operant conditioner.
C) imprinter.
D) classic conditioner.
E) negative reinforcer.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Persistent changes in behavior that result from experience are called:

A) instincts.
B) learned behaviors.
C) proximate causes.
D) ultimate causes.
E) innate behaviors.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

The two body systems that play the largest role in animal behavior are:

A) reproductive and digestive.
B) reproductive and endocrine.
C) nervous and reproductive.
D) nervous and endocrine.
E) reproductive and muscular.

Question 5

Figure 52-1
Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s).
Which of the models in Figure 52-1 would elicit an attack response from another male stickleback?

A) 1 and 2
B) 1, 2, 4, and 5
C) 2, 3, and 5
D) 1, 3, 4, 5, and 6
E) 1 through 6

Question 6

A behavioral pattern is triggered by:

A) a circadian rhythm.
B) an environmental stimulus.
C) a positive reinforcement.
D) a psychological stimulus.
E) a sign stimulus.

Question 7

The best definition of learning is:

A) a conditioned response to a repetitive stimulus.
B) a long-term change in behavior due to experience.
C) a trial and error response to negative feedback.
D) the ability to ignore unwanted or irrelevant stimuli.
E) communication with another member of a society for mutual benefit.

Question 8

This is best described as how an animal responds to stimuli in its environment:

A) behavior.
B) learning.
C) proximate causes.
D) ultimate causes.
E) direct fitness..

Question 9

Proximate causes of behavior are causes that include all of the following except:

A) genetic processes.
B) developmental processes.
C) physiological processes.
D) evolutionary pressures.
E) immediate causes.

Question 10

The brief length of time when mammals and birds learn the appearance of a parent is called:

A) imprinting.
B) habituation.
C) classical conditioning.
D) operant conditioning.
E) insight learning.

Question 11

All of the following factors influence the development of song in male white-crowned sparrows except:

A) acoustical stimuli.
B) genetics.
C) visual stimuli.
D) social interactions.
E) innate behaviors.

Question 12

Reproductive success is measured by:

A) the body mass of an organism.
B) the number of viable offspring.
C) the longevity of an organism.
D) the population size.
E) the amount of food it eats.

Question 13

A cat and a dog share a space in the barn.The cat gives birth to kittens in the dog's bed and then leaves them alone.Later, you notice that the kittens follow the dog around during the day.This is an example of which type of behavior?

A) imprinting
B) habituation
C) classical conditioning
D) operant conditioning
E) insight learning

Question 14

An animal must be physiologically ready before it can exhibit a behavior pattern.This is illustrated by all of the following, except:

A) a 2-day-old human being not being able to walk.
B) a bald eagle not being able to fly at birth.
C) a sand wasp pupa not being able to lay an egg.
D) a taxi driver not being able to locate an address.
E) a sparrow not being able to sing immediately after hatching.

Question 15

The study of behavior in natural environments from an evolutionary perspective is called:

A) ethology.
B) animal behavior.
C) behavioral ecology.
D) behavioral ethology.
E) direct fitness.

Question 16

Which of the following terms is most closely associated with ultimate causes of behavior?

A) physiological changes
B) genetic causes
C) evolutionary pressures
D) developmental processes
E) climatic pressures

Question 17

Which of the following would not be a study of an organism in its natural environment?

A) a copperhead snake in an eastern deciduous forest
B) a fruit fly at a picnic
C) a child in a park
D) a clown fish in an aquarium
E) a lion on the African savanna.

Question 18

Which of the following behaviors is not rigidly genetically programmed for the wasp Philanthus?

A) how to kill bees
B) how to dig a burrow
C) how to locate the burrow
D) how to cover a burrow
E) how to capture a bee

Question 19

Which of the following terms is not applied to innate behavior?

A) inborn
B) learned
C) genetically programmed
D) instinctive
E) inherited

Question 20

A squirrel is born and raised in captivity.Once released into the wild, it immediately begins to bury nuts.This is an example of:

A) direct fitness.
B) learning.
C) proximate causes.
D) ultimate causes.
E) habituation.

Question 21

As the sun is setting, you notice bats coming out of a cave.In the very early morning several days later you notice them entering the cave.Which circadian rhythm would best explain this observation?

A) crepuscular
B) nocturnal
C) diurnal
D) lunar
E) asynchronous

Question 22

In mammals, the master clock is located in the:

A) pineal gland.
B) suprachiasmatic nucleus.
C) crepuscular gland.
D) biological clock.
E) pituitary gland.

Question 23

Figure 52-2
Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s).
Refer to Figure 52-2.In this sequence of events the bell is serving as:

A) a motor stimulus.
B) the conditioned stimulus.
C) a cognition stimulus.
D) a sign stimulus.
E) the unconditioned stimulus.

Question 24

The ability of an infant organism to be able to keep track of the location of its mother is an example of which type of behavior?

A) classical conditioning
B) habituation
C) imprinting
D) insight
E) operant conditioning

Question 25

Animals, like fiddler crabs, that are busiest at dawn or dusk are termed:

A) crepuscular.
B) nocturnal.
C) diurnal.
D) lunar.
E) asynchronous.

Question 26

You place ant traps around the house.You notice after a period of time that the ants do not enter the traps and the population size is greater than it was originally.This experience would best be explained by:

A) classical conditioning.
B) habituation.
C) proximate cause.
D) innate behavior.
E) operant conditioning.

Question 27

Which of the following statements concerning play is false?

A) It may be an example of imprinting.
B) It may be a way of learning to coordinate movements.
C) It may help animals learn social skills.
D) It may be a way to practice adult behavior.
E) It may function as a means of exercise.

Question 28

Consider a rat that has had one bad experience with a poisoned food that caused it to become sick.This rat will now avoid that food due to a behavior known as:

A) classical conditioning.
B) habituation.
C) imprinting.
D) insight.
E) operant conditioning.

Question 29

When some animals mature, they then migrate long distances to their breeding grounds or to escape harsh weather.A signal for this type of behavior is often:

A) a conditioned stimulus.
B) day length.
C) negative reinforcement.
D) a sign stimulus.
E) territoriality.

Question 30

Which of the following statements about biological clocks is false?

A) They are limited to vertebrates.
B) They are regulated by clock proteins that act both within and outside the nervous system.
C) They have complex feedback loops.
D) They are controlled by genes.
E) They are capable of sustaining biological rhythms independently of environmental cues.

Question 31

The optimal foraging theory states that when animals forage, they maximize their _____ per unit of foraging time.

A) migration rates
B) energy intake
C) ability to capture prey
D) interaction with predators
E) ability to hide from predators

Question 32

Which of the terms describes an animal whose behavior is tied to a circadian rhythm?

A) carnivore
B) crepuscular
C) parasitic
D) reptilian
E) symbiotic

Question 33

Which animals exhibit insight learning?

A) all vertebrates
B) a few vertebrates, including primates
C) only primates
D) only humans
E) all vertebrates, and a few invertebrates

Question 34

Mothers with small children often do not seem to hear their noisy children.This is an example of:

A) imprinting.
B) habituation.
C) classical conditioning.
D) operant conditioning.
E) insight learning.

Question 35

Figure 52-2
Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s).
The sequence in Figure 52-2 illustrates:

A) classical conditioning.
B) habituation.
C) imprinting.
D) insight.
E) operant conditioning.

Question 36

What secretes melatonin, a hormone that promotes sleep, in human beings?

A) pineal gland
B) suprachiasmatic nucleus
C) crepuscular gland
D) biological clock
E) hypothalamus

Question 37

The typical waking and sleeping cycles of most people can be described as:

A) crepuscular.
B) nocturnal.
C) diurnal.
D) lunar.
E) annual.

Question 38

How does the availability of milkweed plants affect the migration of monarch butterflies?

A) Without milkweed plants, the female monarch would starve.
B) Without milkweed plants, the monarch larvae would starve.
C) Without milkweed plants, the male monarch would starve.
D) When milkweed plants are abundant, monarch predators would thrive
E) When milkweed plants are abundant, the male monarch could not find a mate.

Question 39

Which of the following is not used by animals as a guide for navigation?

A) gravity
B) odors
C) magnetic fields
D) sun
E) stars

Question 40

Figure 52-2
Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s).
The first panel of the sequence in Figure 52-2 reflects:

A) trial-and-error.
B) negative reinforcement.
C) an irrelevant stimulus.
D) the conditioned response.
E) the unconditioned response.

Question 41

The field of sociobiology was much expanded by the book, Sociobiology: The New Synthesis, written by:

A) K.Lorenz.
B) N.Tinbergen.
C) W.Hamilton.
D) W.Dilger.
E) E.O.Wilson.

Question 42

Distinguish between diurnal, nocturnal, and crepuscular animals, and give an example of each.

Question 43

One of the drawbacks to using pheromones for communication is:

A) they are effective only at night.
B) they can only affect unrelated species.
C) they are toxic to unrelated species.
D) they require little energy for production.
E) they can transmit only a limited amount of information.

Question 44

Identify two different types of mating systems and list the advantages and disadvantages of each.

Question 45

Parental care of offspring:

A) for many animals has a lower cost than benefit.
B) results in a decreased probability that each offspring will survive.
C) is more common in species in which the female produces two or more times during a breeding season.
D) is more common among male animals than among females.
E) is more common among male fishes.

Question 46

Figure 52-3
Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s).
Which of the following statements accurately reflects the data in Figure 52-3?

A) Successful foraging is independent of prey density.
B) Hunting groups of two to three individuals are more effective at low prey densities.
C) Larger hunting groups are more effective at low prey densities.
D) Hunting groups of two to three individuals are more effective at all prey densities.
E) Successful foraging is independent of hunting group size.

Question 47

Dominance, sexual behavior, and territoriality can all be related in song birds.This is because:

A) the establishment of a territory by singing tends to reduce conflict.
B) the establishment of a territory encourages use of the entire habitat and regulates the size of the breeding area.
C) competing species are eliminated.
D) only individuals that successfully defend their territory can mate.
E) females sing but males do not.

Question 48

Dominance hierarchies:

A) are limited to primate societies.
B) are only characteristic of males defending territories.
C) in chimpanzees, cannot be passed from one generation to the next.
D) in chimpanzees, are independent of nutrition and maternal care.
E) in female chimpanzees, impact the survival and development of their offspring.

Question 49

Many types of social behavior involve cooperative behavior.The major purpose of a pair bond is to form a stable relationship for the purpose of:

A) securing food.
B) defending territory.
C) kin selection.
D) mating and caring for young.
E) selection of a mate.

Question 50

Males of some animal species have a display area where they compete for reproductively available females.This area is known as:

A) a lek.
B) a home range.
C) a pride.
D) a territory.
E) a hive.

Question 51

Which of the following vertebrates has a social structure most closely resembling social insects?

A) the phalarope
B) lions
C) the naked mole rats
D) Siberian tigers
E) chimpanzees

Question 52

In some animals, such as the marsh wren, one male bird mates with several females.This is known as:

A) polygyny.
B) polyandry.
C) monogamy.
D) a dominance hierarchy.
E) codominance.

Question 53

When a honey bee scout returns to the hive, it will perform a round dance to indicate that the nectar is close, while the waggle dance indicates the nectar is distant to the hive.This dance is an example of:

A) sign stimuli linked to social interaction.
B) migratory behavior stimulated by environmental changes.
C) insight learning based on trial and error.
D) a physiologically meaningful stimulus (food) and an irrelevant stimulus (dance).
E) optimal foraging dependent on cooperative social behavior.

Question 54

Some members of an animal society may have greater success at reproduction as a result of:

A) dominance hierarchy.
B) sexual selection.
C) reproductive isolating mechanisms.
D) dominance hierarchy along with sexual selection.
E) dominance hierarchy along with sexual selection and reproductive isolating mechanisms.

Question 55

A soldier ant dies defending the ant colony from invading termites.Which of the following terms best describes this event?

A) suprachiasmatic protection
B) sociobiology
C) ultimate cause
D) inclusive fitness
E) altruism

Question 56

Which of the following is the most important in order for organisms to facilitate social behavior?

A) There must be a large population.
B) All present must be of the same species.
C) All present must have the same genetic imprinting.
D) There must be a mechanism for communication.
E) No outsiders can be allowed to enter the group.

Question 57

Sexual selection:

A) is the basis for establishing elaborate societies.
B) leads to a reproductive advantage for some individuals over others of the same sex and species.
C) favors monogamous mating systems.
D) leads to the investment of parental care of offspring.
E) is not a type of natural selection.

Question 58

The difference between a society and an aggregation is that aggregations are characterized by:

A) communication between all animals present.
B) individuals present only for breeding.
C) a lack of intentional interaction between those animals present.
D) confinement; while in a society the individuals are free to enter and exit.
E) genetically determined behavioral responses required to bring these individuals together.

Question 59

For an animal to respond to a pheromone it must:

A) have a specific receptor.
B) be able to see it coming.
C) be able to smell it with its nose.
D) have a thin epidermis or hair so it can penetrate.
E) be of the opposite sex of the individual from which it was produced.

Question 60

Many organisms have different reproductive strategies.Which of the following most accurately reflects altruistic behavior?

A) courtship rituals
B) dominance hierarchy
C) optimal foraging strategies
D) infant care of related offspring
E) territoriality

Question 61

In the mammalian biological clock, the "master clock" is located in the pineal gland.
____________________

Question 62

Imprinting is a type of social learning based on an early experience.
____________________

Question 63

In polygyny, one female mates with several males.
____________________

Question 64

Navigation requires both compass sense and map sense.
____________________

Question 65

Proximate causes of behavior have evolutionary explanations.
____________________

Question 66

By definition, pheromones are chemical signals secreted into the bloodstream.
____________________

Question 67

If the food supply is far from a beehive, the scout bee performs a waggle dance.
____________________

Question 68

In classical conditioning, an animal must do something to gain a reward or avoid punishment.
____________________

Question 69

Discuss the concept of inclusive fitness.

Question 70

The salivating response to a bell is what Pavlov called an unconditioned response.
____________________

Question 71

In a honeybee society, the worker bees are all male.
____________________

Question 72

The egg rolling behavior in the European graylag goose is an example of a motor program.
____________________

Question 73

Aposematic coloration is also called habituation.
____________________

Question 74

Diurnal animals are most active at night.
____________________

Question 75

Develop a scenario different from that in the book that demonstrates a survival benefit of each of the following types of learning: classical conditioning, operant conditioning habituation, imprinting, and insight.

Question 76

Instinct is another name for innate behavior.
____________________

Question 77

Hansen's rule is a mathematical model dealing with altruism.
____________________