Deck 46: Gas Exchange

Question 1

The exchange of gases between an organism and its environment is known as:

A) exhalation.
B) aeration.
C) inhalation.
D) respiration.
E) ventilation.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

To facilitate respiration, birds have extensions of their lungs called __________, which reach into all parts of their bodies.

A) tracheal tubes
B) spiracles
C) air bladders
D) parabronchi
E) air sacs

Answer 2

E

Question 3

If mitochondria were deprived of oxygen:

A) cellular respiration would cease.
B) ATP synthesis would cease.
C) cells would eventually die.
D) cellular respiration and ATP synthesis would cease.
E) cellular respiration and ATP synthesis would cease and the cells would eventually die.

Answer 3

E

Question 4

_____ have the most efficient respiratory system of any living vertebrate.

A) Amphibians
B) Birds
C) Mammals
D) Fish
E) Nonavian reptiles

Question 5

Mitochondria use inspired oxygen as an electron acceptor in the process known as:

A) pulmonary ventilation.
B) cellular respiration.
C) external respiration.
D) internal respiration.
E) anaerobic respiration.

Question 6

The ventilation of insect tracheal tubes is dependent upon the presence of:

A) pores.
B) alveoli.
C) gills.
D) spiracles.
E) opercula.

Question 7

A respiratory system is needed if an organism is too __________ to rely on the diffusion of gases through the body's tissues.

A) small
B) long
C) thick
D) thin
E) round

Question 8

Amphibians:

A) may exchange gases across their body surfaces.
B) all have fairly simple, book lungs.
C) all have gills and swim bladders, homologous to those found in fishes.
D) are characterized by having parabronchi across which most of the gas exchange occurs.
E) have a large oxygen demand that is met by using a countercurrent gas exchange mechanism.

Question 9

Both aquatic and terrestrial organisms must have __________ across which gas exchange can take place.

A) a respiratory system
B) tracheal tubes
C) gills and lungs
D) stratified squamous epithelial tissue
E) a moist surface

Question 10

In the process of organismic respiration:

A) oxygen is extracted from the environment by the organism and delivered to its cells.
B) the citric acid cycle takes place in the cells.
C) carbohydrates are broken down and electrons are transferred to oxygen.
D) there is an accumulation of lactic acid in the tissues due to the absence of oxygen.
E) carbon dioxide is produced in the Krebs cycle.

Question 11

Clams and other bivalves typically have:

A) dermal gills.
B) gills adapted for trapping food.
C) an operculum.
D) book lungs.
E) swim bladders.

Question 12

Fish can control buoyancy by:

A) holding air in their lungs.
B) expelling air from their lungs.
C) swift movements of their opercula.
D) adjusting the amount of gas in their swim bladders.
E) inflating the chambers of their tracheae.

Question 13

The process of gas exchange in parabronchi is similar to:

A) the surface of the gill filaments.
B) the surface of the pleural membrane.
C) the surface of the bronchioles.
D) the surface of the alveoli.
E) the surface of the gill filaments and the surface of the alveoli.

Question 14

In fish, blood flows in a direction opposite to the flow of water over the gills in a process known as:

A) concurrent exchange.
B) countercurrent exchange.
C) crosscurrent exchange.
D) exhalation.
E) diffusion.

Question 15

Why do land dwelling insects drown when they are in water?

A) They are unable to ventilate.
B) Their lungs are functioning too fast to sustain life.
C) They cannot respire across their body surface.
D) They are unable to ventilate because their spiracles are underwater.
E) Their gills are too moist.

Question 16

Parabronchi are characteristic of:

A) insects.
B) spiders.
C) mollusks.
D) birds.
E) mammals.

Question 17

Which of the following is not one of the principal types of surfaces used by animals to facilitate gas exchange?

A) bronchial tubes
B) body surface
C) gills
D) lungs
E) tracheal tubes

Question 18

Which of the following sequences correctly describes the movement of air in a bird's respiratory system?

A) lungs; anterior air sacs; posterior air sacs
B) anterior air sacs; posterior air sac; lungs
C) posterior air sacs; lungs; anterior air sacs
D) lungs; posterior air sacs; anterior air sacs
E) anterior air sacs; lungs; posterior air sacs

Question 19

The countercurrent exchange system found in fish gills maximizes gas exchange efficiency by:

A) producing rapid water flows across the gill surface.
B) allowing water and blood to come in direct contact to maximize oxygen exchange.
C) having the most oxygen-depleted blood come in contact with the most oxygen-rich water.
D) having the most oxygen-depleted blood come in contact with the most oxygen-depleted water.
E) decreasing the oxygen content of the blood leaving the gill filaments.

Question 20

All of the following are advantages of gas exchange in air, as compared to gas exchange in water, except:

A) air is less dense than water.
B) air contains a higher concentration of oxygen.
C) less energy is needed to move air over a gas exchange surface.
D) oxygen diffuses more slowly through air than water.
E) air is less viscous than water.

Question 21

Figure 46-2
Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s).
Refer to Figure 46-2.Which of these lungs would be best for an animal that is fairly active?

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4
E) All of the lungs would offer the same amount of gas exchange.

Question 22

Figure 46-1
Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s).

-Refer to Figure 46-1.Put figures 1-4 in the correct order to represent the two-cycle breathing process of birds.

A) 1 $\rightarrow$ 2 $\rightarrow$ 3 $\rightarrow$ 4
B) 2 $\rightarrow$ 3 $\rightarrow$ 4 $\rightarrow$ 1
C) 2 $\rightarrow$ 3 $\rightarrow$ 1 $\rightarrow$ 4
D) 3 $\rightarrow$ 2 $\rightarrow$ 1 $\rightarrow$ 4
E) 4 $\rightarrow$ 3 $\rightarrow$ 2 $\rightarrow$ 1

Question 23

Figure 46-2
Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s).
During inspiration the nose is not involved in:

A) removing bacteria from the air.
B) warming the air.
C) humidifying the air.
D) removing oxygen from the air.
E) removing dust from the air.

Question 24

Pulmonary surfactant does all of the following except:

A) reducing the cohesive forces of water molecules.
B) reducing the surface tension of water.
C) moving water across respiratory surfaces.
D) preventing the alveoli from collapsing.
E) reducing the energy required to stretch the lungs.

Question 25

If an individual had a fractured larynx:

A) they would not be able to breathe.
B) the lungs would not properly inflate.
C) their nose would be crocked.
D) the esophagus would be blocked.
E) they would be unable to speak.

Question 26

During inspiration, the diaphragm __________ and __________ the volume of the thoracic cavity, causing air to flow __________.

A) relaxes; increases; inward
B) contracts; increases; inward
C) relaxes; decreases; outward
D) relaxes; decreases; inward
E) contracts; decreases; inward

Question 27

Cilia lining the respiratory tubes beat mucus upward in order to:

A) moisten the bronchioles.
B) conduct the mucus that contains particles to the pharynx and away from the lungs.
C) provide mucus to the lungs to prevent them from dehydrating.
D) lubricate the throat for easier swallowing.
E) promote gas exchange by providing mucus for the respiratory surfaces.

Question 28

When drinking water at a party you sneezed and water came out of your nose.This happened because:

A) the epiglottis did not close.
B) the glottis did not close.
C) the pharynx and nasal cavity are connected.
D) the tongue blocked the pharynx.
E) the water was carbonated.

Question 29

Which of the following areas of the respiratory tract is lined with a single layer of epithelial cells?

A) nasal cavity
B) larynx
C) trachea
D) bronchi
E) alveoli

Question 30

Figure 46-2
Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s).
Refer to Figure 46-2.Which of these lungs would be found in reptiles?

A) 1 only
B) 2 only
C) 3 only
D) 4 only
E) both 1 and 2

Question 31

Figure 46-2
Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s).
Refer to Figure 46-2.Which of these lungs would have the greatest surface area?

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4
E) 1, 2, 3 and 4 all have equal surface area.

Question 32

The pleural cavity is located:

A) between the pleural membranes.
B) inside the innermost pleural membrane.
C) outside the outermost pleural membrane.
D) between the right lung and the left lung.
E) within the bronchioles.

Question 33

During swallowing, __________ closes off the __________ so food cannot enter the lower airway.

A) the pleural membrane; trachea
B) cartilage; larynx
C) the pharynx; esophagus
D) the Adam's apple; trachea
E) the epiglottis; larynx

Question 34

Figure 46-1
Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s).
Refer to Figure 46-1.Which two figures in the accompanying illustration represent inhalation steps of the respiratory cycle?

A) 1 and 3
B) 1 and 2
C) 2 and 3
D) 2 and 4
E) 3 and 4

Question 35

The smallest branches of the respiratory tree are the:

A) pharynx.
B) tracheae.
C) bronchial tubes.
D) bronchioles.
E) bronchi.

Question 36

Arrange the structures through which air passes upon entering the body in the proper sequence. 1)
Alveolus
2)
Bronchus
3)
Larynx
4)
Bronchiole
5)
Pharynx
6)
Trachea

A) 5 $\rightarrow$ 3 $\rightarrow$ 6 $\rightarrow$ 2 $\rightarrow$ 4 $\rightarrow$ 1
B) 3 $\rightarrow$ 5 $\rightarrow$ 2 $\rightarrow$ 6 $\rightarrow$ 1 $\rightarrow$ 4
C) 2 $\rightarrow$ 4 $\rightarrow$ 3 $\rightarrow$ 5 $\rightarrow$ 6 $\rightarrow$ 1
D) 3 $\rightarrow$ 6 $\rightarrow$ 5 $\rightarrow$ 2 $\rightarrow$ 4 $\rightarrow$ 1
E) 5 $\rightarrow$ 6 $\rightarrow$ 3 $\rightarrow$ 4 $\rightarrow$ 2 $\rightarrow$ 1

Question 37

During forced inhalation, the __________ intercostal muscles contract, moving __________ upward.

A) internal; the diaphragm
B) internal; the ribs
C) external; the diaphragm
D) external; the ribs
E) external; both the diaphragm and the ribs

Question 38

Figure 46-1
Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s).
Refer to Figure 46-1.The structures receiving air in figure 1 are known as:

A) anterior air sacs.
B) parabronchi.
C) spiracles.
D) alveoli.
E) tracheae.

Question 39

Figure 46-2
Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s).
The voice box is also referred to as the:

A) larynx.
B) nasal cavity.
C) epiglottis.
D) pharynx.
E) trachea.

Question 40

The film of fluid in the pleural cavity functions to:

A) nourish the lungs.
B) rehydrate the lungs.
C) provide lubrication between the lungs and thoracic wall.
D) trap bacteria that may enter the lungs.
E) inflate the lungs.

Question 41

Figure 46-4
Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s). Oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curves at three different pH levels
The ability of oxygen to combine with and detach from hemoglobin is influenced by all of the following factors except:

A) percent oxygen saturation.
B) temperature.
C) carbon dioxide concentration.
D) tidal volume.
E) pH.

Question 42

The volume of air remaining in the lungs after maximal expiration is the:

A) vital capacity.
B) tidal volume.
C) tidal capacity.
D) residual capacity.
E) residual volume.

Question 43

Figure 46-3
Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s).
According to Figure 46-3, which of the following statements is true?

A) CO₂ will diffuse from the alveoli into the capillaries.
B) CO₂ will diffuse from the capillaries into the tissues.
C) O₂ will diffuse from the capillaries in the tissues to the capillaries in the lung.
D) O₂ will diffuse from the alveoli into the capillaries.
E) O₂ will diffuse from the tissues into the capillaries.

Question 44

Figure 46-3
Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s).
If you swim underwater for 200 yards you would expect:

A) the
of the air in the alveoli to increase.
B) the
in the tissues to increase.
C) the
of the air in the alveoli to decrease.
D) the
in the tissues to increase.
E) the
of the air in the alveoli to increase and the
in the tissues to increase.

Question 45

If you have a significant reduction in the amount of pulmonary surfactant:

A) the risk of bacterial infection will increase.
B) you have an increased risk of having chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
C) the bronchioles will constrict, which will increase airway resistance.
D) the lungs would be difficult to inflate.
E) gas exchange could not occur.

Question 46

Which of the following best illustrates the Bohr effect?

A) The amount of a gas that diffuses across a membrane depends on the differences in the gas' partial pressure.
B) The ability of hemoglobin to bind oxygen depends on the partial pressure of oxygen.
C) In a mixture of gases, the total pressure of the mixture is the sum of the pressures of the individual gases.
D) pH causes a displacement of the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve.
E) As the concentration of chloride ions increases, the ability of hemoglobin to bind carbon dioxide decreases.

Question 47

As you are reading this question, the amount of air being moved with each ventilation is referred to as:

A) your vital capacity.
B) your tidal volume.
C) your residual capacity.
D) the Bohr effect.
E) hyperventilation.

Question 48

The most common respiratory pigments in animals are:

A) myoglobin and hemocyanin.
B) myoglobin and hemoglobin.
C) hemocyanin and hemoglobin.
D) mucus and hemoglobin.
E) pulmonary surfactant and myoglobin.

Question 49

Figure 46-4
Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s). Oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curves at three different pH levels
Which of the following statements would be true of Figure 46-4?

A) Hemoglobin would be 50% saturated at a
of 30 mm Hg at the highest pH.
B) Hemoglobin would be 50% saturated at a
of 25 mm Hg at the lowest pH.
C) At a
of 40 mm Hg, the hemoglobin for the pH 2 line would be 80% saturated.
D) At a lower pH, the oxygen dissociation curve is shifted to the right.
E) At a higher pH, the oxygen dissociation curve is shifted to the right.

Question 50

Dalton's Law states that:

A) the amount of a gas that diffuses across a membrane depends on the differences in the gas' partial pressure.
B) the ability of hemoglobin to bind oxygen depends on the partial pressure of oxygen.
C) in a mixture of gases, the total pressure of the mixture is the sum of the pressures of the individual gases.
D) pH causes a displacement of the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve.
E) as the concentration of chloride ions increases, the ability of hemoglobin to bind carbon dioxide decreases.

Question 51

Hemocyanin:

A) combines irreversibly with oxygen for transport within the body of various organisms.
B) is bright red in color when combined with oxygen.
C) has an iron-porphyrin group that is responsible for oxygen transport.
D) is a respiratory pigment found in the blood of some invertebrate and vertebrate species.
E) is a respiratory pigment that is colorless when deoxygenated.

Question 52

The percent oxygen saturation of hemoglobin is highest in the:

A) tissues where oxygen concentration is lowest.
B) tissues where oxygen concentration highest.
C) venules where oxygen concentration lowest.
D) pulmonary capillaries where oxygen concentration lowest.
E) pulmonary capillaries where oxygen concentration highest.

Question 53

The maximum amount of air a person can exhale is called:

A) vital capacity.
B) tidal volume.
C) tidal capacity
D) residual capacity.
E) residual volume

Question 54

Which of the following occurs during forced expiration?

A) The alveoli inflate.
B) The ribs move upward.
C) The internal intercostal muscles contract.
D) The floor of the thoracic cavity moves downward.
E) The pressure increases in the thoracic cavity.

Question 55

Figure 46-4
Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s). Oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curves at three different pH levels
The phenomenon illustrated in Figure 46-4 is known as:

A) carbon dioxide unloading.
B) the Bohr effect.
C) hemoglobin transportation.
D) chloride shift.
E) residual capacity.

Question 56

Figure 46-4
Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s). Oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curves at three different pH levels
If a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor was added to blood:

A) the level of CO₂ in the blood would increase.
B) the level of CO₂ in the blood would decrease.
C) the level of CO₂ in the blood would remain the same.
D) the pH of the blood would remain the same.
E) the pH of the blood would decrease.

Question 57

Which of the following is the most usual measure of the functional capacity of the lungs?

A) vital capacity
B) tidal volume
C) tidal capacity
D) residual capacity
E) residual volume

Question 58

Figure 46-3
Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s).
Fick's law states that:

A) the amount of gas diffusing across a membrane depends on differences in partial pressure.
B) the total pressure of a mixture of gases is the sum of the pressures of the individual gases.
C) the dissociation of oxygen from hemoglobin depends on the pH of the environment.
D) as oxygen concentration increases, there is an increase in the amount of hemoglobin produced.
E) the size of an animal varies inversely to the amount of diffusion across its respiratory membranes.

Question 59

During respiratory exchange, carbon dioxide moves from the blood into the alveoli due to:

A) the presence of a permease, which removes carbon dioxide from the capillaries.
B) potassium cotransport.
C) diffusion down a concentration gradient.
D) the air pressure of dissolved oxygen, which forces it out.
E) the contraction of the diaphragm, which creates a vacuum that pulls it out.

Question 60

Figure 46-3
Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s).
According to Figure 46-3, which of the following statements is false?

A) The
of the air in the alveoli must be greater than 100 mm Hg.
B) The
in the tissues must be less than 100 mm Hg.
C) The
of the air in the alveoli must be less than 40 mm Hg.
D) The
in the tissues must be greater than 40 mm Hg.
E) The
in the tissues must be equal to the
in the tissues.

Question 61

All of the following are adaptations of diving marine mammals for extended submersion times except:

A) breathing in an extra supply of oxygen before a dive.
B) high concentrations of myoglobin.
C) greater blood volume per unit mass, compared to nondiving mammals.
D) a larger than typical spleen.
E) the collapse of lungs at fairly shallow depths.

Question 62

Asian pearl divers hyperventilate in order to reduce the __________ concentration in the blood.

A) oxygen
B) hydrogen ion
C) carbon dioxide
D) chloride ion
E) hemoglobin

Question 63

When chemoreceptors detect a slight decrease in pH, this means that __________ concentrations have increased, and the breathing rate must __________.

A) carbon dioxide; increase
B) carbon dioxide; decrease
C) oxygen; increase
D) oxygen; decrease
E) chloride; decrease

Question 64

Decompression sickness is caused by:

A) dissolved gases coming out of solution and forming gas bubbles.
B) the concentration of hemoglobin dropping markedly.
C) chloride ions precipitating from solution.
D) the pH of the blood rising too rapidly.
E) carbonic anhydrase being inhibited.

Question 65

In the chloride shift, __________ move into RBCs to replace the __________ that move out.

A) oxygen molecules; chloride ions
B) carbon dioxide molecules; chloride ions
C) bicarbonate ions; chloride ions
D) chloride ions; oxygen molecules
E) chloride ions; bicarbonate ions

Question 66

Identify a respiratory pigment, and then describe its structure and how this relates to its function.

Question 67

Carbonic anhydrase in red blood cells:

A) removes oxygen from the erythrocyte.
B) carries carbon dioxide in the erythrocyte.
C) converts carbon dioxide to bicarbonate ion.
D) increases the pH of the blood.
E) increases the permeability of the capillary to carbon dioxide.

Question 68

The parabronchi of birds are open at both ends.
____________________

Question 69

If the chloride shift did not occur across the RBC membrane:

A) oxygen would not be able to bind to hemoglobin.
B) carbon dioxide would build up in the tissues.
C) bicarbonate ions would build up in the blood cells.
D) negative ions would build up in the plasma.
E) the Bohr effect would be blocked.

Question 70

Oxygen concentration generally plays an important role in regulating respiration:

A) all the time.
B) never.
C) only when the carbon dioxide concentration falls markedly.
D) only when the oxygen concentration falls markedly.
E) only when the pH falls markedly.

Question 71

The single most preventable cause of disease in the United States is:

A) alcohol use.
B) tobacco use.
C) automobile accidents.
D) suicide.
E) homicide.

Question 72

At higher altitudes:

A) the concentration of oxygen decreases.
B) the concentration of carbon dioxide increases.
C) the partial pressure of oxygen decreases.
D) the partial pressure of carbon dioxide increases.
E) there is no change in the concentration or partial pressures of atmospheric gases.

Question 73

Which of the following does not occur in pulmonary emphysema?

A) The alveoli lose their elasticity.
B) The surface area of the lung is greatly increased.
C) Walls between adjacent alveoli become destroyed.
D) The heart becomes enlarged from overexertion.
E) Stale air accumulates in the lungs because it cannot be properly expelled.

Question 74

Most of the carbon dioxide in the blood is transported:

A) dissolved in plasma.
B) as bicarbonate ions.
C) by hemoglobin.
D) as carbonic anhydrase.
E) as carbonic acid.

Question 75

Tracheal tubes and spiracles are characteristically found in annelids.
____________________

Question 76

Compare and contrast the advantages and disadvantages of gas exchange in terrestrial and aquatic environments.

Question 77

The swim bladders of fishes function primarily in ventilation.
____________________

Question 78

Which of the following statements about the regulation of respiration is false?

A) Respiratory centers in the medulla control the transition from inspiration to expiration.
B) Carbon dioxide concentration is the most important chemical stimulus for regulating respiratory rate.
C) Chemoreceptors in the walls of various arteries are sensitive to carbon dioxide levels in the blood.
D) A group of neurons in the ventral medulla only become active when we need to breathe forcefully.
E) Chemoreceptors may be sensitive to oxygen, carbon dioxide, and/or hydrogen ion concentration.

Question 79

Respiratory acidosis results when __________ are produced more rapidly than they are removed.

A) oxygen molecules
B) carbon dioxide molecules
C) chloride ions
D) hydrogen ions
E) carbonic anhydrase molecules

Question 80

The efficient exchange of gases in gills is an example of countercurrent exchange.
____________________