Deck 43: Sensory Systems

Question 1

Bats, by emitting high-pitched sounds, can detect distant objects via:

A) olfaction.
B) echolocation.
C) lateral line organs.
D) sensory adaptation.
E) ommatidia.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

To prevent a shipwreck, submarines determine where objects are positioned under water using sonar, sound waves.This method of detection is similar to:

A) a snake using thermoreceptors to locate its prey.
B) a shark using lateral line receptors to locate its prey.
C) a frog using mating calls to locate a female.
D) an earthworm being able to determine its position underground using a statocyst.
E) a bat using echolocation to hunt prey.

Answer 2

E

Question 3

Which of the following statements concerning sensory receptors is false?

A) They transduce the energy of a stimulus into electrical signals.
B) They are specialized neuron endings or specialized cells in close contact with neurons.
C) They are the main centers for integrating sensory input.
D) They depolarize in response to a stimulus.
E) They operate by opening or closing ion channels in the plasma membrane.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Which of the following correctly describes the order of events that occur when you touch a very hot surface? 1)
Action potential
2)
Stimulus
3)
Receptor potential
4)
Transduction into electrical energy

A) 1 $\rightarrow$ 3 $\rightarrow$ 4 $\rightarrow$ 2
B) 2 $\rightarrow$ 1 $\rightarrow$ 4 $\rightarrow$ 3
C) 2 $\rightarrow$ 4 $\rightarrow$ 3 $\rightarrow$ 1
D) 4 $\rightarrow$ 1 $\rightarrow$ 3 $\rightarrow$ 2
E) 3 $\rightarrow$ 1 $\rightarrow$ 4 $\rightarrow$ 2

Question 5

Impulses from a sense organ may differ in all of the following ways except in:

A) the total number of fibers transmitting messages.
B) the frequency of the action potentials passing over a given fiber.
C) the total number of action potentials passing over a given fiber.
D) the specific types of action potential.
E) the specific fibers carrying action potentials.

Question 6

The ability of the brain to assign meaning to a stimulus is called:

A) adaptation.
B) integration.
C) processing.
D) perception.
E) assembly.

Question 7

Pit vipers and boas locate their prey using:

A) electroreceptors.
B) thermoreceptors.
C) specialized olfactory receptors.
D) ampullae of Lorenzini.
E) lateral line organs.

Question 8

Sensory receptors:

A) produce internal environmental stimuli.
B) convert stimulus energy to electrical energy.
C) maintain a constantly hyperpolarized plasma membrane.
D) produce a small amount of energy on a continual basis.
E) produce action potentials of varying amplitudes in response to stimuli of differing intensities.

Question 9

Which group of receptors is most important to help a diver maintain an upright position while exploring a dark passageway in an underwater shipwreck?

A) proprioceptors
B) nociceptors
C) chemoreceptors
D) mechanoreceptors
E) electroreceptors

Question 10

Mechanoreceptors include receptors that allow us to detect all of the following except:

A) touch.
B) pressure.
C) gravity.
D) taste.
E) stretching.

Question 11

Nociceptors:

A) may be thermal, mechanical, or even chemical.
B) always result in the perception of pain.
C) transmit signals directly to interneurons in the brain when stimulated.
D) are immune to sensitization.
E) are insensitive to endogenous opiates, but can be suppressed by synthetic forms.

Question 12

Some species of sharks, rays, and bony fish sense the movement of prey through the use of:

A) electroreceptors.
B) mechanoreceptors.
C) thermoreceptors.
D) interoreceptors.
E) nociceptors.

Question 13

If the __________ of the stomach were damaged, one would be incapable of detecting the presence of food inside.

A) mechanoreceptors
B) proprioceptors
C) thermoreceptors
D) exteroceptors
E) interoceptors

Question 14

Changes in blood pH can be detected by:

A) interoceptors.
B) exteroceptors.
C) mechanoreceptors.
D) proprioceptors.
E) thermoreceptors.

Question 15

After working several hours in a flower shop, you do not detect the smell of the roses.Why?

A) Sensory adaptation has occurred.
B) Stimulus transduction has increased.
C) Sensory perception has been blocked.
D) Sensory summation has occurred.
E) The nasal epithelium has become blocked.

Question 16

Since all action potentials are essentially the same, how can one differentiate visual and auditory stimuli?

A) The amplitude of each action potential is characteristic of the specific neuron transmitting it to the brain.
B) The length of time each stimulus takes to travel to the brain for interpretation varies.
C) Receptor potentials are graded.
D) Each type of sensory receptor transmits its stimulus to a specific area of the brain for interpretation.
E) The frequency of action potentials is characteristic of the specific neuron.

Question 17

As the result of a genetic mutation, the individuals in a population of mice eat so much that their stomachs burst.Which of the following statements provides the best explanation for why this happened?

A) The mice were unable to taste the food and so they ate more than a normal amount.
B) The mice were given a high protein meal and protein is not digested in the stomach.
C) The mechanoreceptors of the stomach were either absent or not functioning.
D) The animals were born without proprioceptors.
E) The chemoreceptors did not detect the presence of food in the stomach.

Question 18

For astronauts to effectively make repairs to the space station they must rely on

A) proprioceptors.
B) nociceptors.
C) chemoreceptors.
D) mechanoreceptors.
E) electroreceptors.

Question 19

Some sensory receptors decrease their frequency of action potentials when exposed to a continued, constant stimulus in a process known as:

A) transduction.
B) sensory adaptation.
C) referred perception.
D) reception.
E) sensory summation.

Question 20

__________ are the receptors that are probably most numerous and active in the body.

A) Proprioceptors
B) Nociceptors
C) Chemoreceptors
D) Mechanoreceptors
E) Electroreceptors

Question 21

What would happen if you cut the vestibular fibers of the vestibulocochlear nerve?

A) You would not be able to detect sound.
B) You would not be able to detect linear acceleration.
C) You would loose sensory functions in the upper body.
D) You would loose your sense of taste.
E) You would loose your sense of smell.

Question 22

Figure 43-1
Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s).
The sensory structure in Figure 43-1 is capable of:

A) detecting changes in orientation.
B) sensing light touch.
C) maintaining equilibrium.
D) detecting muscle movement.
E) detecting vibrations.

Question 23

Lateral line organs allow:

A) invertebrates to detect gravity.
B) humans to perform skillful acts with their eyes closed.
C) amphibians to detect light.
D) fish to detect vibrations in water.
E) birds to detect sound waves.

Question 24

You observe a group of fish turn almost simultaneously in the same direction.Which receptors are they using?

A) lateral line organs
B) otoliths
C) cristae
D) stereocilia
E) statocysts

Question 25

If an individual is born without Pacinian corpuscles:

A) they would not manufacture red blood cells.
B) they would not sense heat from a burning match.
C) they would not feel pain.
D) they would not sense surface vibrations easily.
E) they would not sense heavy pressure quickly.

Question 26

Figure 43-1
Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s).
The membranous labyrinth of the inner ear consists of the:

A) saccule, utricle, and three semicircular canals.
B) vestibular canal and oval window.
C) cochlea, tympanum, and three bones.
D) statoliths and hair cells.
E) endolymph, perilymph, and the organ of Corti.

Question 27

Which of the following statements about taste is false?

A) Taste receptors activate second messengers in the signal transduction process.
B) Genetics play a role in determining what a person tastes.
C) Taste receptors only detect chemicals that have been dissolved in saliva.
D) Smell affects flavor because odors pass from the mouth to the nasal cavity.
E) If taste receptors are damaged, they are incapable of regeneration.

Question 28

Sound waves travel within the ear and cause hair cells of the organ of Corti to rub against the __________, initiating nerve impulses to the brain.

A) basement membrane
B) basilar membrane
C) tectorial membrane
D) tympanic membrane
E) plasma membrane

Question 29

When an earthworm is underground, which type of receptors will relay information on directional movement?

A) lateral line organs
B) otoliths
C) cristae
D) stereocilia
E) statocysts

Question 30

Figure 43-1
Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s).
The sense organ in Figure 43-1 includes receptor cells referred to as:

A) otoliths, structures labeled 1.
B) hair cells, structures labeled 2.
C) statocysts, structures labeled 5.
D) Meissner corpuscles, structures labeled 3.
E) Merkel discs, structures labeled 4.

Question 31

The vestibular canal contains __________, while the cochlear duct contains __________.

A) endolymph; perilymph
B) tympanic membrane; organ of Corti
C) organ of Corti; endolymph
D) perilymph; endolymph
E) scala media; endolymph

Question 32

Figure 43-2
Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s).
Which statement concerning gravity detection in humans is true?

A) Statoliths are pulled down by gravity, stimulating hair cells of the statocysts.
B) Otoliths are pulled down by gravity onto stereocilia, stimulating nerve impulses.
C) Gravity moves the cupula, causing hair cells of the lateral line organs to bend.
D) Gravity pulls on the hair cells of the basilar membrane, stimulating nerve impulses.
E) Gravity moves perilymph over the hair cells of the tectorial membrane.

Question 33

Sensory neurons release glutamate and neuropeptides such as __________ to enhance the effect of glutamate.

A) GABA
B) substance P
C) serotonin
D) norepinephrine
E) adrenalin

Question 34

Figure 43-1
Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s).
The sense organ in Figure 43-1 could be found in:

A) the semicircular canal of the human ear and in the lateral line organ of fish.
B) the cochlea of the human ear and the semicircular canal of the fish ear.
C) the semicircular canal of the human ear and the statocyst of invertebrates.
D) the utricle and saccule of the human ear and the statocyst of invertebrates.
E) the lateral line of fish and the statocyst of invertebrates.

Question 35

Figure 43-2
Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s).
The sensation of movement or dizziness persists, even after an individual stops spinning, due to the continued:

A) movement of perilymph through the cochlea.
B) movement of the tectorial membrane over the organ of Corti.
C) movement of otoliths through the cochlea.
D) stimulation of hair cells by the statoliths.
E) movement of endolymph through the semicircular canals.

Question 36

Which of the following have sensory structures that are structurally similar?

A) lateral line organs and statocysts
B) Golgi tendon organs and lateral line organs
C) lateral line organs and semicircular canals
D) statocysts and Golgi tendon organs
E) statocysts and semicircular canals

Question 37

Which touch receptors of the skin are sensitive to deep pressure?

A) Pacinian corpuscles
B) Meissner corpuscles
C) Merkel disks
D) free nerve endings
E) Ruffini corpuscles

Question 38

Figure 43-2
Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s).
The structures responsible for detecting linear movement relative to the pull of gravity are labeled __________ in Figure 43-2.

A) 1 and 3
B) 4 and 6
C) 3 and 5
D) 1 and 6
E) 4 and 7

Question 39

Which three types of proprioceptors will be stimulated when you are riding a bicycle?

A) muscle spindles, mechanoreceptors, and thermoreceptors
B) mechanoreceptors, interoceptors, and lateral line organs
C) muscle spindles, Golgi tendon organs, and joint receptors
D) lateral line organs, Golgi tendon organs, and mechanoreceptors
E) interoceptors, joint receptors, and lateral line organs

Question 40

Figure 43-2
Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s).
The structures labeled 2 in Figure 43-2 are the:

A) ampullae.
B) cochleae.
C) utricles.
D) semicircular canals.
E) bony labyrinth.

Question 41

The brain can infer the pitch of a sound from the:

A) number of hair cells that are stimulated.
B) particular hair cells that are stimulated.
C) intensity with which the hair cells are stimulated.
D) intensity of the action potential produced by the stimulated hair cells.
E) fluid movements of the semicircular canals.

Question 42

A sudden loud sound such as an explosion might impair hearing by damaging which of the following?

A) hair cells in the organ of Corti
B) the vestubular nerve
C) the utricle and saccule
D) the otoliths
E) the endolymph

Question 43

Figure 43-4
Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s).
Referring to Figure 43-4, which of the following would not be involved in producing a receptor potential?

A) depolarization
B) the opening of a voltage-gated channel
C) the activation of a G protein
D) Na⁺
E) ADP

Question 44

Auditory receptors are located in the

A) cochlea.
B) semicircular canals.
C) utricle.
D) ampullae.
E) otoliths.

Question 45

Figure 43-3
Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s).
Which portion of Figure 43-3 would be connected to the oval window?

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 6
E) 8

Question 46

A person can discriminate loud and soft sounds because a loud sound:

A) is sent to a different area of the brain than a soft sound.
B) produces a stronger action potential leading to the brain.
C) stimulates a greater number of hair cells.
D) stimulates the hair cells more intensely, increasing the frequency of impulses sent to the brain.
E) has a different vibration frequency than that of a soft sound.

Question 47

Which of the following statements about the compound eyes of arthropods is false?

A) Their sensitivity is decreased in dim light.
B) They can detect flickers up to a frequency of 200 or more per second.
C) They produce a composite image.
D) They are sensitive to red and UV light.
E) They appear faceted.

Question 48

Figure 43-3
Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s).
In Figure 43-3 the structure labeled 4 is:

A) the basilar membrane.
B) the tectorial membrane.
C) the organ of Corti.
D) the sterociliary membrane.
E) the vestibular membrane.

Question 49

Invertebrates that have the camera-like eye of vertebrates include the __________.

A) fly
B) earthworm
C) lobster
D) snail
E) octopus

Question 50

The structure in the eye that focuses light on photoreceptors is the __________.

A) cornea
B) pupil
C) iris
D) lens
E) ciliary muscle

Question 51

Each ommatidium of the compound eye of an insect has a biconvex lens and a __________, which help focus light onto photoreceptor cells known as __________.

A) crystalline cone; retinular cells
B) facet; ocelli
C) rhabdome; cones
D) sclera; rods
E) cornea; rhodopsins

Question 52

Figure 43-3
Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s).
Which of the following represents a "new" taste category for taste buds described recently?

A) salty
B) sweet
C) glutamate
D) bitter
E) sour

Question 53

The function of the malleus, incus, and stapes in the middle ear is to:

A) amplify the vibrations of sound waves.
B) cause the organ of Corti to rub against the tectorial membrane.
C) detect movement of the endolymph in the cochlear duct.
D) relieve pressure differences between the middle ear and atmosphere.
E) give support to the membranous labyrinth.

Question 54

Figure 43-4
Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s).
The signal/messenger responsible for opening the gated channel in Figure 42-4 is:

A) ATP.
B) ADP.
C) cAMP.
D) K⁺.
E) Na⁺.

Question 55

If tennis players develop calcium deposits in their elbow joint, they will not be able to hit the ball effectively.If musicians develop calcium deposits in their middle ear:

A) they will not be able to detect any sound.
B) they will have difficulty maintaining their balance.
C) they will not be able to detect linear acceleration.
D) they may have difficulty hearing soft sounds.
E) they may have difficulty detecting direction when driving a car.

Question 56

Figure 43-4
Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s).
The structure found in the nose of mammals that can detect pheromones is called the __________.

A) pheronasal detector
B) nasopharynx
C) vomeronasal organ
D) olfactory mucosa
E) olfactory receptor ganglia

Question 57

Identify the correct order of structures in the vertebrate eye through which incoming light passes before the impulse travels to the brain. 1)
Aqueous fluid
2)
Cornea
3)
Lens
4)
Optic nerve
5)
Rods and/or cones
6)
Vitreous body

A) 3 $\rightarrow$ 6 $\rightarrow$ 2 $\rightarrow$ 1 $\rightarrow$ 5 $\rightarrow$ 4
B) 1 $\rightarrow$ 3 $\rightarrow$ 2 $\rightarrow$ 6 $\rightarrow$ 4 $\rightarrow$ 5
C) 2 $\rightarrow$ 6 $\rightarrow$ 3 $\rightarrow$ 1 $\rightarrow$ 4 $\rightarrow$ 5
D) 2 $\rightarrow$ 1 $\rightarrow$ 3 $\rightarrow$ 6 $\rightarrow$ 5 $\rightarrow$ 4
E) 3 $\rightarrow$ 5 $\rightarrow$ 1 $\rightarrow$ 6 $\rightarrow$ 2 $\rightarrow$ 4

Question 58

Figure 43-3
Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s).
In Figure 43-3, the vestibular canal is labeled:

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 7
E) 8

Question 59

Figure 43-4
Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s).
Which of the following is not one of the seven main groups of odors that humans can detect?

A) musk
B) floral
C) herbaceous
D) putrid
E) peppermint

Question 60

Why can an insect eye detect motion better than the human eye?

A) Insects' eyes lack overlapping visual fields, and they are able to gather information from a narrow area.
B) Insects have compound eyes that are very good for depth perception and hence detecting movement.
C) The multiple ommatidia allow the insect eye to focus more acutely on an image.
D) The lens of the insect eye is concaved, which provides better focusing capabilities than the convex lens of the human eye.
E) The total range of vision for an insect eye is much narrow than that for a human eye.

Question 61

Compare and contrast the structure and function of the saccule and utricle with that of the semicircular canals with regard to maintaining equilibrium.

Question 62

Migratory birds utilize electromagnetic receptors to navigate.
____________________

Question 63

A receptor potential is an all-or-none response.
____________________

Question 64

Figure 43-5
Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s).
The type of cell labeled 5 in Figure 43-5 is:

A) an amacrine cell.
B) a bipolar cell.
C) a ganglion cell.
D) a cone.
E) a horizontal cell.

Question 65

Discuss the function of hair cells as sensory receptors, and identify two different locations and/or organs that utilize these receptors.

Question 66

What effect would an esterase inhibitor have on vision?

A) Cyclic GMP levels in the rods would remain constant.
B) Sodium channels in the rods would close.
C) The rods would hyperpolarize.
D) The rods would release less glutamate.
E) Transducin would not be synthesized.

Question 67

An interoceptor is located within a body organ.
____________________

Question 68

Discuss how a rod responds differently in the light than in the dark.

Question 69

Meissner corpuscles are sensitive to deep pressure in the skin.
____________________

Question 70

Overlapping fields of vision seen in mammals and some birds result in all of the following except:

A) better ability to judge distance
B) better ability to distinguish colors
C) better depth perception
D) both retinas receiving visual information at the same time
E) binocular vision

Question 71

Thermoreceptors in the brainstem detect internal changes in temperature.
____________________

Question 72

Figure 43-5
Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s).
Which of the following statements is false?

A) The axons of ganglion cells form the optic nerves that carry information to the brain.
B) The axons of the optic nerves end in the lateral geniculate nuclei of the thalamus.
C) Integration of visual information takes place in the frontal lobes of the cerebrum.
D) Neurons in the reticular activating system are involved in visual integration.
E) The optic nerves cross to form the optic chiasm.

Question 73

Figure 43-5
Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s).
The function of the cell type labeled 3 in Figure 43-5 is:

A) to detect shape and movement.
B) to receive messages from the bipolar cells.
C) to receive input from the receptor cells.
D) to stimulate the ganglion cells.
E) to send a neural impulse to the brain.

Question 74

Figure 43-5
Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s).
Color vision:

A) is limited to vertebrates.
B) depends on blue, green, and red cones in primates.
C) is the result of different concentrations of the photopigment rhodopsin.
D) results from the integration of responses within the optic nerve.
E) depends on four types of cones in mammals other than primates.

Question 75

When light strikes a rod cell, rhodopsin:

A) breaks down into opsin and retinal.
B) changes color.
C) acts as a second messenger.
D) depolarizes the cell membrane.
E) stimulates a cone cell.

Question 76

Figure 43-5
Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s).
Refer to Figure 43-5.Which of the following cells is a bipolar cell?

A) 2
B) 3
C) 4
D) 5
E) 6

Question 77

For your eye to focus on this sentence:

A) the ciliary muscle would need to contract for the lens to get rounder.
B) the ciliary muscle would need to contract for the lens to get flatter.
C) the ciliary muscle would need to relax for the lens to get rounder.
D) the ciliary muscle would need to relax for the lens to get flatter.
E) the ciliary muscle is not connected to the lens and therefore, not involved in vision.

Question 78

Explain energy transduction and receptor potential as they relate to the function of a sensory receptor.

Question 79

Cones are responsible for:

A) night vision.
B) the detection of movement.
C) dim light vision.
D) peripheral vision.
E) the perception of fine detail.

Question 80

A statolith is located inside a statocyst.
____________________