Deck 14: Cognitive Disorders

Question 1

When a person with delirium struggles to remember personal information, where he/she is, or even a basic understanding of time, he/she has

A)disequilibrium.
B)homeostatic disruption.
C)disorientation.
D)pervasive confusion.

Answer 1

disorientation.

Question 2

Cognitive deficits that are chronic, develop slowly, show a progressive course, and are usually irreversible are referred to as

A)delirium.
B)dementia.
C)stroke.
D)mood disorders.

Answer 2

dementia.

Question 3

A major aspect of a delirious state is that the symptoms

A)start out marginal and then escalate to psychosis.
B)are less apparent if the person isn't upset.
C)are quite unpredictable and seldom repeat.
D)fluctuate over hours and days.

Answer 3

fluctuate over hours and days.

Question 4

Cognitive deficits involving problems with memory, attention, language, concentration, judgment, and problem- solving that progressively worsen occur in

A)delirium.
B)dementia.
C)stroke.
D)mood disorders.

Question 5

Chantal knows she went into the bedroom for some reason, but now that she is there, cannot remember what it is.She feels like she knows what it is, but just cannot retrieve the memory.This happened the other day when she was telling her sister about a problem with her refrigerator, but could not remember the word "refrigerator" to save her life! These experiences of knowing something without being able to retrieve it are examples of

A)anterograde amnesia.
B)disorientation.
C)delirium tremens.
D)the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon.

Question 6

Which person has a major neurocognitive disorder with presenile dementia?

A)Ellie, who is 43, can't figure out how to turn her stove on, and hasn't been paying her bills because it is too confusing.
B)Jack, who is 43, often feels confused, and takes longer to figure things out, but is still cooking meals and paying bills just fine.
C)Mandy, who is 68, can't use the toilet without assistance any longer, and cannot figure out how to get dressed and undressed.
D)Zachary, who is 93 and sharp as a tack.

Question 7

Cognitive changes may relate to alterations in the brain areas that are most responsible for memory, particularly the

A)prefrontal cortex.
B)thalamus and occipital lobe.
C)hippocampus and frontal lobes.
D)amygdala and thalamus.

Question 8

How is delirium different from dementia?

A)Dementia involves a progressive course.
B)Delirium involves chronic deficits for long periods.
C)Dementia involves conditions that are usually reversible.
D)Delirium involves gradual onset of deficits.

Question 9

Significant but temporary cognitive impairment is

A)delirium.
B)dementia.
C)circumstantial cognitive dysfunction.
D)altered state dyslexia.

Question 10

As we enter our 30s and 40s, slightly greater problems start to occur with respect to

A)long-term memory.
B)intermittent memory.
C)sensory memory.
D)short-term memory.

Question 11

Characteristics of what diagnosis have symptoms that include variable onset, variable course, no reversibility, poor attention, usually auditory hallucinations, and frequent complex often paranoid delusions?

A)Delirium
B)Dementia
C)Depression
D)Schizophrenia

Question 12

Cognitive changes that are massive, often irreversible, and significantly interfere with daily functioning refers to

A)dementia.
B)delirium.
C)relapse.
D)stroke.

Question 13

Carter just had his tonsils out and is waking up from the anesthesia.He says to his nurse, "You are so hot! Let's go out for drinks tonight!" Carter would never normally say something like this to a woman he doesn't know.He goes on, "Where am I? Is this heaven? How did I get here?" Carter is probably suffering from

A)delirium.
B)dementia.
C)Alzheimer's disease.
D)Korsakoff's syndrome.

Question 14

The large majority of older people have substantial cognitive problems.

A)do
B)may
C)do not
D)never

Question 15

Many people in a state of delirium slip in and out of

A)sleep or conscious awareness.
B)work or depression.
C)rehab or institutionalization.
D)self-injury or depression.

Question 16

Delirium is usually caused by

A)general medical conditions or substance intoxication and withdrawal.
B)medication side effects.
C)poor socialization skills.
D)misdiagnosis of a psychological condition.

Question 17

The best known and most prominent form of dementia is

A)senior dementia.
B)Korsakoff's syndrome.
C)Alzheimer's disease.
D)vascular dementia.

Question 18

Delirium is commonly associated with a person having difficulty remembering personal information, where he is, or even what time it is.This is referred to as

A)misrepresentation.
B)disorientation.
C)disrepresentation.
D)time and space continuum.

Question 19

When people seem confused and have trouble staying awake, these impairments may indicate they have

A)delusions.
B)delirium.
C)tremors.
D)trauma.

Question 20

When a dementia diagnosis is apparent, the individual's cognitive deficits

A)are sudden, irreversible, and chronic.
B)are gradual, chronic, progressive, and usually irreversible.
C)need clarification, can be serious, and are irreversible.
D)are intermittent, somewhat chronic, and pervasive.

Question 21

A bleeding stroke is also called a(n)

A)ischemic stroke.
B)brain bleed stroke.
C)hemorrhagic stroke.
D)Alzheimer's stroke.

Question 22

Impaired ability to plan or organize daily activities, engage in abstract thinking, or understand the sequence of events, such as maneuvering driving turns to get to and from the grocery store, are examples of

A)apraxia.
B)agnosia.
C)aphasia.
D)executive functioning deficit.

Question 23

Characteristics of what diagnosis have symptoms that include acute onset, fluctuating course, impaired level of consciousness, inattention and poor memory, usually visual hallucinations, and fleeting and fragmented delusions?

A)Delirium
B)Dementia
C)Depression
D)Schizophrenia

Question 24

Dementia due to Pick's disease has deterioration mainly in the brain lobes, and the onset is generally when compared to Alzheimer's disease.

A)parietal and temporal; later
B)occipital and frontal; about the same time
C)frontal and temporal; earlier
D)frontal and parietal; later

Question 25

Dementia occurs in % of those with Parkinson's disease.

A)30
B)40
C)60
D)20

Question 26

Dan was visiting his folks for Christmas and having a grand time.Suddenly, in the middle of singing a Christmas carol, his dad seemed to change abruptly.His speech started slurring, and he lost control of the right side of his body.He seemed very confused, although this came and went, and at some moments he seemed completely alert and aware.After some testing at the emergency room, Dan and his mom were informed that his dad had

A)a stroke.
B)Alzheimer's disease.
C)Pick's disease.
D)Korsakoff's syndrome.

Question 27

Michael J.Fox is an example of a person with disease that did not progress to dementia.

A)Parkinson's
B)Alzheimer's
C)Pick's
D)cerebral palsy

Question 28

If a person has partial or fragmentary deficits with dementia, it is referred to as

A)partial deficit debilitation.
B)inconsistent deficit to dementia.
C)patchy distribution of deficits.
D)specialized deficit dementia.

Question 29

Impaired ability to use or comprehend spoken language, as when a person has difficulty speaking or cannot understand what is being said to him, is

A)apraxia.
B)agnosia.
C)aphasia.
D)executive functioning deficit.

Question 30

People with Parkinson's disease show less of the classic characteristics of dementia found in people with Alzheimer's disease.

A)subcortical
B)subcuticle
C)cortical
D)cortex

Question 31

People with vascular dementia often experience

A)a history of stroke and faster onset of dementia systems.
B)better retention of overall cognitive functioning and stepwise deterioration.
C)focal neurological signs and patchy distribution of deficit.
D)all of these are characteristic of vascular dementia.

Question 32

A form of dementia caused by problems with blood vessels that supply the brain with oxygen and other nutrients is

A)blood vessel dementia.
B)anoxia dementia.
C)hypoxia dementia.
D)vascular dementia.

Question 33

People with Parkinson's disease often display dementia, meaning their primary cognitive problems include slowed thinking and difficulty using newly acquired knowledge and retrieving information from memory.

A)cortical
B)subcortical
C)cortex
D)frontal cortex

Question 34

What diagnosis has symptoms that include insidious onset, often progressive course that is not usually reversible, clear consciousness until late stages, poor memory, possible visual or auditory hallucinations, and often fixed paranoid delusions?

A)Delirium
B)Dementia
C)Depression
D)Schizophrenia

Question 35

Impaired ability to recognize people for common objects, as when a person fails to recognize loved ones or basic items such as a spoon, is

A)apraxia.
B)agnosia.
C)aphasia.
D)executive functioning deficit.

Question 36

A progressive neurological disorder marked by abnormal movements such as rigidity, bradykinesia, hypokinesia, and hypomimia, as well as significant cognitive changes, is

A)Alzheimer's.
B)Pick's.
C)Parkinson's.
D)amnestic disorder.

Question 37

Blood clots that block a key artery to the brain produce a(n) stroke.

A)dementia
B)hemorrhage
C)ischemic
D)clotted

Question 38

As Alzheimer's disease progresses, which area will likely show changes last of all?

A)Physical abilities
B)Memory
C)Ability to drive a car
D)Personality

Question 39

A dementia extremely similar to Alzheimer's disease that includes most of the key features but may also include visual and auditory hallucinations, muscle tremors, and a more fluctuating course of symptoms is

A)Alzheimer's type I.
B)Alzheimer's type II.
C)dementia with fluctuation.
D)Lewy body disease.

Question 40

A common form of dementia caused by a stroke is called

A)senile dementia.
B)Korsakoff's syndrome.
C)Alzheimer's disease.
D)vascular dementia.

Question 41

Men and women show

A)equal rates of Parkinson's disease and equal rates of dementia due to Parkinson's.
B)equal rates of Parkinson's disease, but unequal rates of dementia due to it, with women showing more dementia than men.
C)unequal rates of Parkinson's disease, with men more likely than women to have it, but equal rates of dementia with Parkinson's.
D)unequal rates of Parkinson's disease, with women more likely than men to have it, and unequal rates of dementia with Parkinson's showing the same pattern.

Question 42

Candace's mother has Alzheimer's disease in advanced stages.Candace is her primary caregiver.Candace is most likely to mistreat her mother if

A)she and her mother do not share living space.
B)she and her mother have a wide network of friends.
C)her mother is aggressive toward her.
D)all of these are risk factors that increase the chance Candace will mistreat her mother.

Question 43

John is a chronic alcohol abuser.He has been an alcoholic for well over 30 years.If he presents with confabulation, disorientation, and confusion, we may consider the following diagnosis:

A)Tourette's syndrome.
B)Korsakoff's syndrome.
C)neural degeneration syndrome.
D)cognitive alcohol deficit.

Question 44

The prevalence of Alzheimer's disease varies somewhat across cultures.A common finding is that Alzheimer's disease is diagnosed more in countries.

A)Northern
B)Southern
C)Eastern
D)Western

Question 45

Many single-gene disorders such as sickle-cell disease predispose people toward a major cause of vascular dementia known as

A)vascularitis.
B)dementing vesicles.
C)stroke.
D)vascular bleeding.

Question 46

In the United States, risk for Alzheimer's disease is highest for

A)African Americans and Hispanics.
B)European Americans and Hispanics.
C)European Americans and African Americans.
D)European Americans and Asians.

Question 47

Relatively strong evidence for a genetic predisposition of Alzheimer's disease comes from

A)American surveys.
B)European comparative gene mapping.
C)Asian family studies.
D)Scandinavian concordance studies with twins.

Question 48

Miguel has sustained a traumatic brain injury.Things that used to be quite simple are now very difficult.In particular, Miguel finds he is unable to give his address when asked for it.He can't think of his parents' names when the physician asks him for those.When put on the spot, he really struggles to give an answer to things that he should actually know.Miguel has difficulty with

A)thiamine overload.
B)Korsakoff's syndrome.
C)spontaneous recall.
D)retrograde amnesia.

Question 49

Alexander has experienced a traumatic brain injury.Subsequent to the injury, he is unable to form new memories.He can recall events from the distant past, but if he meets a person and has a conversation, then that person leaves the room and returns, he will not recall that they spoke a few moments earlier.Alexander has

A)retrograde memory problems.
B)anterograde memory problems.
C)Alzheimer's disease.
D)Korsakoff's syndrome.

Question 50

The cognitive disorders described in your text's Chapter 14 are with one another and with emotional problems.

A)nonrecurring; comorbid
B)highly comorbid; highly comorbid
C)slightly comorbid; not connected
D)highly comorbid; not connected

Question 51

A cognitive disorder associated with chronic alcohol use is

A)Korsakoff's syndrome.
B)Alzheimer's syndrome.
C)Parkinson's syndrome.
D)Pick's syndrome.

Question 52

Camden has a mutation of presenilin 1, which means he is at greater risk for

A)early onset Parkinson's disease.
B)late onset Parkinson's disease.
C)early onset Alzheimer's disease.
D)late onset Alzheimer's disease.

Question 53

The frequency of Alzheimer's disease in people who are 60 years or older is about %.

A)5 to 7
B)20 to 25
C)35 to 40
D)40 to 45

Question 54

In long-term care facilities, what percent of patients have dementia?

A)58%
B)41%
C)77%
D)19%

Question 55

Shaun is an alcoholic who consumes more alcohol than food.He develops symptoms of disorientation and memory loss, but at the same time, seems to have a fantastic imagination.For example, when he met his doctor for the first time, they had a long discussion about how they were both from Portland, Oregon, and went to school with many of the same people.In reality, Shaun is from Chicago, Illinois, and has never been to Oregon.His ability manufacture a story like this to cover the fact that he cannot remember his own personal history likely results from

A)thiamine excess.
B)thiamine deficiency.
C)vitamin D excess.
D)vitamin D deficiency.

Question 56

In general, the prevalence of delirium

A)is not related to age.
B)increases with age.
C)decreases with age.
D)stays constant with aging.

Question 57

The difference between prevalence of vascular dementia for males versus females is

A)greatest at the oldest age groups.
B)greatest at the youngest age groups.
C)constant across ages.
D)greatest at the middle age groups.

Question 58

Which person has a concern having to do with structural stigma associated with neurocognitive disorders?

A)Lyla is disgusted by some of the duties she has to perform as part of being a caregiver for patients on an Alzheimer's unit.
B)Rachel is ashamed to be seen with her mom, who has Alzheimer's, because her appearance is disheveled and behavior strange.
C)Jon is concerned that his aging father, who has dementia, will not have adequate access to appropriate healthcare services.
D)No one invites the Johnsons out to dinner because the father of the family has Parkinson's and has trouble getting around.

Question 59

Delirium is a disorder that can affect anyone because the problem can result from various medical conditions, substances, and other variables.With age, the prevalence of delirium

A)remains the same.
B)decreases.
C)increases.
D)is unknown.

Question 60

The four main genetic factors that seem related to Alzheimer's disease are all and combinations.

A)neurotransmitter; neural network
B)proteins; chromosomes
C)hormone; endocrine
D)lipid; cell body

Question 61

Aggressive substances in the brain, possibly produced to fight viruses and bacteria, are

A)antioxidants.
B)oxidants.
C)free radicals.
D)oxidative stressors.

Question 62

Steve has Parkinson's disease.Over time, this is likely to produce lower levels of , particularly in the region of the brain known as the .

A)acetylcholine; hippocampus
B)acetylcholine; substantia nigra
C)dopamine; hippocampus
D)dopamine; substantia nigra

Question 63

Frontotemporal atrophy is often seen in people with

A)Pick's disease.
B)Parkinson's disease.
C)DLB.
D)Alzheimer's disease.

Question 64

Risk factors for cognitive disorders are primarily biological, but environmental risk factors may also play a part in the areas of

A)stress reaction, lack of social support, and radiation.
B)drug overdose, debilitation anxiety, and lead exposure.
C)birth order, family dynamics, and social alienation.
D)diets, alcohol and tobacco, aluminum exposure, and culture.

Question 65

Dementias are often marked by low levels of the neurotransmitter

A)acetylcholine.
B)GABA.
C)dopamine.
D)all of these neurotransmitters are associated with dementias.

Question 66

Brain cells are normally exposed to oxygen, which can damage the cells, but in vitamins and other substances help prevent major damage.

A)oxidation reduction substances
B)free radicals
C)oxidative stress
D)antioxidants

Question 67

High levels of antioxidants have what effect on the progression of Alzheimer's disease?

A)Slow though not stop
B)Stop
C)Speed up
D)No effect whatsoever

Question 68

People who drink amounts of alcohol are putting themselves at risk for cognitive difficulties.

A)moderate; reduced
B)large; reduced
C)moderate; increased
D)large; no increased

Question 69

Alpha-synuclein proteins that collect in the brain and cause damage and dementia are characteristic of

A)senile plaques.
B)neuritic plaques.
C)Lewy bodies.
D)atrophistic plaques.

Question 70

A common brain change in people with dementia is due to plaques made up of certain proteins that accumulate into spaces between neurons in the brain, specifically,

A)neuritic plaques.
B)fibrillatory plaques.
C)dementing plaques.
D)neurological plaques.

Question 71

Increased saturated fat and cholesterol intake has been found related to cognitive decline.

A)not
B)definitely
C)sometimes
D)clearly

Question 72

With variability in cultural standards and beliefs, may be a key reason for differences in reported dementia.

A)superstition
B)stigma
C)labeling specificity
D)diagnostic categories

Question 73

Insoluble proteins form, accumulate, and devastate brain function.These are called senile or plaques.

A)neurotic
B)neuritic
C)neuroleptic
D)neurofibros

Question 74

Which of the following is the best analogy for neurofibrillary tangles that occur in Alzheimer's disease?

A)Long hair that has not been brushed for a while and is in knots.
B)Railroad tracks with ties that have become twisted around themselves, resulting in the collapse of the tracks.
C)A series of runways at an airport without an effective air traffic controller.
D)An extremely congested highway that has road construction combined with poor signs to direct commuters.

Question 75

Of the five characteristics of damaged brain processes associated with dementia, the one involving gradual deterioration of different brain areas is

A)atrophy.
B)degradation.
C)cellular reduction.
D)synapse pruning.

Question 76

Neurochemical changes found in dementia are often related to lower levels of

A)ACH, dopamine, and epinephrine.
B)serotonin, melatonin, and norepinephrine.
C)acetylcholine, serotonin, and norepinephrine.
D)acetylcholine, melatonin, and serotonin.

Question 77

Insoluble protein formations that accumulate on synapses and block information transmission are called

A)alpha nucleus proteins.
B)atrophy compounds.
C)alpha-beta proteins.
D)Lewy bodies.

Question 78

As neurofibrillary tangles occur more frequently and affect multiple areas, the brain's ability to coordinate behavior and communicate with the body

A)increases.
B)remains consistent.
C)becomes slightly impaired.
D)becomes severely impaired.

Question 79

The key element of alcohol, especially red wine, that has excellent antioxidant properties is

A)flavonoids.
B)vitamin A.
C)neuroreceptors.
D)nicotinic.

Question 80

Another name for deterioration of brain tissue and dementia is

A)peautrification.
B)decomposing.
C)atrophy.
D)senility.