Deck 12: The Second War for Independence and the Upsurge of Nationalism

Question 1

The Battle of New Orleans

A) was fought primarily by American regular army soldiers.
B) helped the United States to win the War of 1812.
C) was a complete British defeat at the hands of Andrew Jackson.
D) led to the American acquisition of Florida.
E) resulted in Louisiana becoming part of the United States.

Answer 1

was a complete British defeat at the hands of Andrew Jackson.

Question 2

Perhaps the key battle of the War of 1812, because it protected the United States from full-scale invasion and possible dissolution, was the Battle of

A) Mackinac.
B) Plattsburgh.
C) the Thames.
D) Baltimore.
E) New Orleans

Answer 2

Plattsburgh.

Question 3

The War of 1812 was one of the worst-fought wars in American history for all of the following reasons except that

A) the militia was never called up to supplement the regular army.
B) disunity was widespread.
C) only a zealous minority supported the war.
D) at first many of the generals were senile Revolutionary War veterans.
E) the militia was poorly trained.

Answer 3

the militia was never called up to supplement the regular army.

Question 4

The performance of the United States Navy in the War of 1812 could be best described as

A) poor and unsuccessful in every category.
B) less successful than that of the army.
C) courageous but strategically ineffective.
D) most effective on the Atlantic Ocean.
E) surprisingly successful.

Question 5

After Napoleon's defeat at Waterloo in 1815, Europe

A) was engulfed by liberal and democratic revolutions.
B) developed very close ties to the United States.
C) formed a military alliance to contain any future French aggression.
D) turned toward conservativism, illiberalism, and reaction.
E) sought more trade with China.

Question 6

The War of 1812 was one of the worst-fought wars in United States history because

A) the American military strategy was hopelessly flawed.
B) no talented military commanders emerged.
C) of inadequate financing of the war.
D) the navy lacked skill and discipline.
E) of the nation's apathy and national disunity.

Question 7

At the peace conference at Ghent, the British began to withdraw many of its early demands for all of the following reasons except

A) reverses in upper New York.
B) a loss at Baltimore.
C) increasing war weariness in Britain.
D) concern about still-dangerous France.
E) the American victory at New Orleans.

Question 8

By 1814, the British strategy included all of the following except

A) invading New York.
B) invading the Chesapeake Bay area.
C) invading the Delaware and Hudson Valleys.
D) blockading the Atlantic coast.
E) invading New Orleans and the Mississippi Valley.

Question 9

America's campaign against Canada in the War of 1812 was

A) marked by brilliant military leadership.
B) a complete failure.
C) essentially a stalemate.
D) welcomed by the rebellious Canadians.
E) a success on land but a failure on the water.

Question 10

The most devastating defeat suffered by the British during the War of 1812 took place at the Battle of

A) New Orleans.
B) Horseshoe Bend.
C) Tippecanoe.
D) the Thames.
E) Bladensburg.

Question 11

In diplomatic and economic terms, the War of 1812

A) was a disaster for the United States.
B) could be considered the Second War for American Independence.
C) had few significant consequences for Americans.
D) created permanent hostility between the United States and Canada.
E) made Americans more internationally minded.

Question 12

One result of the American naval victories on the Great Lakes was

A) a British naval blockade of the United States.
B) the U.S.ability to prevent British landings on American soil.
C) an increase in British naval operations in Canadian waters.
D) American control of the Caribbean shipping lanes.
E) U.S.disruption of British overseas trade.

Question 13

The outcome of the War of 1812 was

A) a decisive victory for the United States.
B) a stimulus to patriotic nationalism in the United States.
C) proof of the strength of the American army.
D) a heavy blow to American manufacturing.
E) an "era of good feelings" between the United States and Britain.

Question 14

The Rush-Bagot agreement

A) required the Indians to relinquish tribal lands north of the Ohio River.
B) ended the War of 1812.
C) limited naval armaments on the Great Lakes.
D) established the U.S.-Canadian boundary.
E) provided for U.S.recognition of Canadian independence.

Question 15

The British attack on Baltimore

A) resulted in another British victory.
B) was followed by the British invasion of Washington, D.C.
C) inspired the writing of "The Star-Spangled Banner."
D) was turned back in the Battle of Horseshoe Bend.
E) led to the composition of "The Battle Hymn of the Republic."

Question 16

The resolutions from the Hartford Convention

A) led to the death of the Federalist party.
B) resulted in the resurgence of states' rights.
C) laid the basis for later southern secession from the union.
D) undermined the nationalist feeling emerging from the War of 1812.
E) made New England a center of anti-Washington sentiment for years.

Question 17

From a global perspective, the War of 1812 was

A) one of the turning points of nineteenth-century history.
B) more important to Europeans than to Americans.
C) of little importance.
D) a major contributor to the defeat of Napoleon.
E) the first important check on the rising British empire.

Question 18

The Battle of New Orleans

A) provided American diplomats with a large bargaining chip at Ghent.
B) guaranteed American control of the Louisiana Purchase territory.
C) led Americans to accept the war as a complete stalemate.
D) forced the British to seek a peace settlement.
E) was won after the peace treaty was signed.

Question 19

When the United States entered the War of 1812, it was

A) militarily unprepared.
B) allied with France.
C) united in support of the war.
D) fortunate to have a strong and assertive commander in chief.
E) clear what its political and military objectives were.

Question 20

The delegates of the Hartford Convention adopted resolutions that demanded all of the following except

A) a single-term limit on the presidency.
B) a guarantee of no future wars with Britain.
C) financial compensation to New England for lost trade.
D) abolition of the "three-fifths" clause.
E) reduction in the amount of representation the south had in Congress.

Question 21

All of the following were results of the Missouri Compromise except that

A) antislavery agitators were emboldened to attack slavery in general.
B) Missouri entered the Union as a slave state.
C) Maine entered the Union as a free state.
D) the issue of slavery expansion was effectively resolved.
E) the hidden wounds from the Constitutional convention regarding slavery were ripped open.

Question 22

Democratic-Republicans opposed Henry Clay's American System because

A) it favored only the South.
B) it would provide stiff competition to the Erie Canal.
C) they believed that it was unconstitutional.
D) they thought it would center more control in Washington.
E) they believed in low tariffs and low taxes.

Question 23

The Tariff of 1816 was the first tariff in American history

A) to impose customs duties on all imported products.
B) intended primarily to raise revenue.
C) intended primarily to protect American industry.
D) to establish "most favored nation status" for selected countries.
E) designed to protect American agriculture against foreign "dumping."

Question 24

Henry Clay's call for federally funded roads and canals received whole-hearted endorsement from

A) President Madison.
B) New England.
C) the West.
D) Jeffersonian Republicans.
E) the South.

Question 25

New England opposed the American System's federally constructed roads because

A) they would require higher taxes.
B) they would elevate nationalism over New England sectionalism.
C) they saw canals as a superior means of transportation.
D) they would drain away population to the West.
E) almost none of the roads would be built in New England.

Question 26

The two most internationally recognized American writers in the 1820s were

A) Washington Irving and James Fenimore Cooper.
B) Edgar Allan Poe and Charles Baudelaire.
C) Walt Whitman and Emily Dickinson.
D) Herman Melville and Nathaniel Hawthorne.
E) Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau.

Question 27

In interpreting the Constitution, John Marshall

A) favored "loose construction."
B) supported "strict construction."
C) tried to determine the Founders' original intent.
D) endorsed Jefferson's "compact theory."
E) was reluctant to intrude the Supreme Court into politics.

Question 28

One of the West's persistent political demands was for

A) a strong gold-back monetary system.
B) a stronger Bank of the United States.
C) cheap money issued by unregulated banks.
D) federal aid to agriculture.
E) a homestead act offering free land to settlers.

Question 29

John Marshall uttered his famous legal dictum that the Constitution should be "adapted to the various crises of human affairs" in the case of

A) Gibbons v.Ogden.
B) Fletcher v.Peck.
C) McCulloch v.Maryland.
D) Dartmouth College v.Woodward.
E) Marbury v.Madison.

Question 30

As a result of the Missouri Compromise

A) there were more slave than free states in the Union.
B) slavery was outlawed in all states north of the forty-second parallel.
C) except for Missouri, slavery was banned north of 36 $\degree$ 30' in the Louisiana Purchase territory.
D) Missouri was required to free its slaves when they reached full adulthood.
E) the balance of power in the Senate tipped toward the free states.

Question 31

At the end of the War of 1812, British manufacturers

A) severely limited trade with America.
B) began opening factories in the United States.
C) began dumping their goods in America at extremely low prices.
D) erected a high tariff against American goods.
E) competed with American products in quality rather than price.

Question 32

The panic of 1819 brought with it all of the following except

A) inflation.
B) unemployment.
C) bank failures.
D) soup kitchens.
E) bankruptcies.

Question 33

The Era of Good Feelings

A) was defined by international cooperation and military disarmament.
B) was marked by cooperation between the Federalist and Republican parties.
C) was marred only by continuing New England sectionalism.
D) was only a brief interlude of calm before troubles began.
E) was most visible in the realms of art and literature.

Question 34

The western land boom developed because of all of the following except

A) the continued westward movement of large numbers of pioneers.
B) the arrival of increasing numbers of immigrants.
C) speculators who sold land on loans with small down payments.
D) the defeat of major Indian resistance by Generals Jackson and Harrison.
E) the demand in European markets for American corn and wheat.

Question 35

With the demise of the Federalist party,

A) the Republicans established one-party rule.
B) the Whig party began to emerge in its place.
C) those who believed in a strong national government were left without a political home.
D) there were in effect no organized political parties for a time.
E) the "Virginia dynasty" of presidents was over.

Question 36

After the War of 1812, nationalism could be seen in all of the following except

A) the portrayal of distinctive American landscapes by American painters.
B) the development of new American religions.
C) the rebuilding of Washington, D.C., as a more attractive capital.
D) the expansion and celebration of the American army and navy.
E) the publication of American schoolbooks and journals.

Question 37

One of the most important by-products of the War of 1812 was

A) a renewed commitment to states' rights.
B) a heightened spirit of nationalism.
C) a resurgence of the Federalist party.
D) increased economic dependence on Europe.
E) the subjugation of the Indians.

Question 38

One of the major causes of the panic of 1819 was

A) bankruptcies in manufacturing industries.
B) overspeculation in frontier lands.
C) stock market overspeculation.
D) the failure to recharter the Bank of the United States.
E) a drought that resulted in poor agricultural production.

Question 39

The South furiously objected to the House's passage of the Tallmadge amendment to the Missouri statehood bill because

A) they believed it would threaten the sectional balance.
B) they saw Missouri as their key chance to gain a slaveholding majority in the Senate.
C) they thought it would slow the growth of the West.
D) it would open the door to radical abolitionism.
E) Missouri was seen as the key to the future of slavery in the Louisiana Purchase territory.

Question 40

The first state entirely west of the Mississippi River to be carved out of the Louisiana Territory was

A) Kansas.
B) Louisiana.
C) Texas.
D) Arkansas.
E) Missouri.

Question 41

One of the principal effects of the Monroe Doctrine was

A) to give the United States a sense of responsibility for international affairs.
B) to establish one of the central fixed principles of American foreign policy.
C) to establish closer relations between the United States and Latin America.
D) to contribute to the American sense of deepening isolationism from world affairs.
E) to provide an effective check against any new European imperialism in the Americas.

Question 42

In the mislabeled Florida Purchase Treaty of 1819, all of the following was included, except:

A) Spain ceded Florida to the United States.
B) Spain ceded some vague claims on Oregon to the United States.
C) the heretofore vague western boundary of Louisiana was made to zigzag northwesterly toward the Rockies.
D) Oregon was divided from Spanish holdings.
E) the United States secured its formerly murky claims on Texas.

Question 43

Henry Clay's American System called for

A) federally funded internal improvements.
B) no expansion of slavery into the territories.
C) international free trade.
D) protective tariffs.
E) continuation of the National Bank.

Question 44

The doctrine of "noncolonization" stated in the Monroe Doctrine was initially targeted at

A) Spain's attempt to reconquer its Latin American empire.
B) the possibility of Russian expansion in Alaska and Oregon.
C) preventing American as well as British and French ventures in Latin America.
D) granting all remaining colonies in the Americas their independence.
E) British efforts to gain territory in Central America.

Question 45

The panic of 1819

A) cast a dark shadow over the "Era of Good Feelings."
B) was particularly damaging to the West.
C) caused numerous bankruptcies and business collapses throughout the country.
D) aroused criticism of the practice of imprisoning debtors.
E) sparked a national movement for currency and banking reform.

Question 46

The rapid growth and development of the West after 1815 were stimulated by

A) the lure of cheap lands for easterners and European immigrants.
B) construction of new roads through the mountains into the West.
C) the retreat of the Indian tribes after the War of 1812.
D) the abolition of slavery in the western territories.
E) the stable economic environment of the 1820s.

Question 47

In his 1818 military raid into Florida, General Andrew Jackson

A) properly observed Spanish territorial rights.
B) exceeded his orders and attacked Spanish forts.
C) established key American military bases at Pensacola and St.Augustine.
D) established the rule of law in the territory.
E) precipitated a war with Spain.

Question 48

In the cases of Fletcher v.Peck and Dartmouth College v.Woodward, Chief Justice Marshall's rulings

A) erected barriers against democratic attacks on property rights.
B) established the principle of judicial review.
C) demonstrated his support for states' rights.
D) upheld federal authority against individual rights.
E) held federal regulatory laws unconstitutional.

Question 49

America's postwar nationalism manifested itself in

A) the celebration of American military heroes.
B) the patriotic literature of James Fenimore Cooper and Washington Irving.
C) the financial panic of 1819.
D) the Missouri Compromise debates.
E) the explorations of Lewis and Clark.

Question 50

Spain sold Florida to the United States because

A) it needed funds to suppress the rebellions in Latin America.
B) Jackson had effectively seized it and Secretary Adams backed him.
C) of the subtle diplomacy of John Quincy Adams.
D) President Monroe and his cabinet were determined to obtain it.
E) of the pressure from slaveholders seeking a new slave state.

Question 51

The Treaty of 1818 with Britain

A) defined the border with Canada from the Great Lakes to the Pacific.
B) formally recognized America's earlier conquest of West Florida.
C) called for a ten-year joint occupation of the Oregon country by Britain and the United States.
D) settled the Maine boundary dispute.
E) declared that Russia would be permitted no further expansion from Alaska.

Question 52

People moved into the Old Northwest for all of the following reasons except

A) that the canal and highway boom opened the area to settlement.
B) that the Indian threat had been substantially weakened.
C) to acquire cheap, productive land.
D) to escape the domination of wealthy plantation owners.
E) to expand the territory where slavery was legal.

Question 53

After the peak of nationalistic feeling following the War of 1812, a new sectionalism began to emerge, as reflected in

A) the American System.
B) the death of the Federalist party.
C) western demands for cheap land and cheap money.
D) the Tallmadge amendment.
E) the Monroe Doctrine.

Question 54

In 1823, British foreign minister George Canning asked the United States

A) to hand over Oregon.
B) to resume its cotton exports to England.
C) to return Florida to Spain.
D) to join Britain in warning European monarchs from trying to take over the new Latin American republics.
E) to void the Jay Treaty.

Question 55

The United States' most successful diplomat in the Era of Good Feelings was

A) John C.Calhoun.
B) Daniel Webster.
C) John Quincy Adams.
D) Andrew Jackson.
E) James Monroe.

Question 56

John Marshall's rulings almost single-handedly shaped Constitutional interpretation in the direction of

A) strict adherence to the letter of the Constitution.
B) upholding individual liberties.
C) preserving the balance of power between Congress and the president.
D) nationalistic centralism and conservatism.
E) states' rights.

Question 57

At the time it was issued, the Monroe Doctrine was

A) a mere presidential declaration incapable of being enforced by the United States.
B) greeted with enthusiasm and gratitude in South America.
C) universally acclaimed in Britain as a great act of statesmanship.
D) welcomed with relief by European powers who as a check on British expansion.
E) acclaimed by anti-imperialist liberals and democrats in Europe.

Question 58

When moving to the Old Northwest, settlers from the North wanted to do all of the following except

A) pay taxes for public improvements.
B) build roads and canals.
C) support an educated clergy.
D) develop public education.
E) live in harmony with the Indians.

Question 59

The guiding inspiration behind the Monroe Doctrine was

A) the concern mainly with the security of America's own interest.
B) a principled American commitment to liberty and democracy in the Western hemisphere.
C) Secretary Adams's desire not to be drawn into European wars like the Greek rebellion against Turkey.
D) Monroe's and Adams's goal of containing maverick expansionists like Andrew Jackson.
E) the American fear of the Russian and British empires' growing power in the Western hemisphere.

Question 60

Settlers from the South who moved into the Old Northwest territory were known as

A) Dixiecrats.
B) Suckers.
C) Buckeyes.
D) Hoosiers.
E) Butternuts.

Question 61

Was there ever a real danger of a new European imperialism in the Americas, or was the Monroe Doctrine primarily aimed at guaranteeing America's own right to westward expansion? What forms did American expansionism take in the decade 1815-1825?

Question 62

Why were the landlocked South and West so ardently in favor of a war for freedom of the seas that seafronting states in the East opposed?

Question 63

The Monroe Doctrine was essentially intended to prevent

A) new European colonies from being established in the Western Hemisphere.
B) European nations from intervening in the affairs of Latin American countries.
C) the United States from intervening in the affairs of Latin American countries.
D) dictatorships in Latin American governments.
E) Russian control of Alaska.

Question 64

John Marshall's decisions as chief justice revealed his belief in

A) deferring to the elected branches of government.
B) strong central government.
C) the sanctity of private property.
D) Hamiltonian principles of Constitutional "loose construction."
E) states' rights.

Question 65

To what degree did the Federalist party disappear because its ideas and policies were outmoded, and to what degree because the Jeffersonian Republicans effectively took over some of their most important principles?

Question 66

Write your definition of national independence.Then use this definition to argue that the War of 1812 should or should not be called the Second War for American Independence.

Question 67

Which of the following made the most important contributions to American nationalism after the War of 1812: John Marshall, Daniel Webster, Henry Clay, Andrew Jackson, John Quincy Adams? Justify your selection.

Question 68

Write your definition of victory.Then use this definition to argue that the United States did or did not win a victory over Great Britain in the War of 1812.

Question 69

Rank the following in the order of what you see as their importance in shaping America's legal system: McCulloch v.Maryland, Fletcher v.Peck, and Dartmouth College v.Woodward.Justify your ranking, and explain their significance within John Marshall's overall judicial philosophy.

Question 70

To what extent was the Monroe Doctrine fundamentally an expression of American principles of anticolonialism and democracy, or was it an assertion of self-interest and national power in the Americas? Why did the Doctrine, at bottom, reinforce America's sense of isolation from the rest of the world?

Question 71

The Florida Purchase Treaty

A) put a thin legal cover on Andrew Jackson's seizure of Florida.
B) included the United States' surrender of its claims to Spanish Texas.
C) established the western boundary between Louisiana and Spanish holdings to the Southwest.
D) guaranteed Spain the right of joint settlement in Oregon.
E) guaranteed Spanish Cuba against U.S invasion.

Question 72

Since both France and Britain were guilty of placing commercial restrictions on American trade, why did the United States declare war only on Britain?

Question 73

How did the spirit of American nationalism manifest itself in the worlds of ideas and culture as well as in economics and politics?

Question 74

How did nationalism and sectionalism both manage to increase in the decade or so following the War of 1812? Which was the stronger movement in that period, and why?

Question 75

Which do you think was the major cause of the War of 1812: western war hawk territorial expansion, British violations of American neutrality rights on the high seas, or the urge to uphold national honor and pride? Justify your selection.

Question 76

Assess the validity of the following statement, "the American military effort through most of the War of 1812 was ineffectual." How did political and military factors each contribute to America's problems in fighting the war?

Question 77

The text's authors claim that the Era of Good Feelings is "something of a misnomer" for the decade following the War of 1812.Do you agree? Why or why not?

Question 78

During the Missouri debates, Thomas Jefferson expressed the fear that that "question, like a firebell in the night, awakened and filled me with terror." Why? What was at stake in the Missouri debate that generated such profound concern even though it involved the admission of only one or two states to the Union?

Question 79

To what extent did the War of 1812, which ended in, at best, a stalemate for the United States serve as a stimulus to national unity and patriotism?

Question 80

In what ways did John Marshall's approach to the Constitution shape enduring principles of American government? What would believers in following the "original intent" of the Constitution say about Marshall's judicial philosophy?