Deck 18: The Eighteenth Century: European States, International Wars, and Social Change.

Question 1

How did European family structure and life change in the eighteenth century?

Answer 1

Answers will vary.

Question 2

Please define the following key terms.
enlightened absolutism

Answer 2

Answers will vary.

Question 3

Compare the development of the two Atlantic seaboard states, France and Great Britain. How were they alike? How were they different?

Answer 3

Answers will vary.

Question 4

What explains the relatively rapid growth of the Europe's population in the eighteenth century?

Question 5

In your opinion, how sincere were the enlightened absolutist monarchs in their commitment to Enlightenment ideals? What is the mark of that sincerity or lack thereof? Explain.

Question 6

What role did the nobility play in European politics in the eighteenth century?

Question 7

To what degree was Prussia a militarized society by the end of the eighteenth century?

Question 8

Imagine that you are a philosophe in the service of Joseph II or Catherine the Great. What advice would you give him or her on the best way to rule Austria or Russia?

Question 9

What were the causes and consequences of the Seven Years' War? Could it have been avoided? Why or why not?

Question 10

Please define the following key terms.
natural rights

Question 11

Please define the following key terms.
natural laws

Question 12

What role did cities and city dwellers play in shaping eighteenth-century culture?

Question 13

Discuss the connection between war and political centralization in eighteenth-century Europe during the eighteenth century.

Question 14

Please define the following key terms.
Louis XVI

Question 15

Industry became increasingly important during the eighteenth century. Choose one European industry and describe its key features and relationship to the economy and society in which it existed. How did industry influence economic development and social change?

Question 16

Please define the following key terms.
"pocket boroughs"

Question 17

Please define the following key terms.
the United Kingdom

Question 18

Please define the following key terms.
patronage

Question 19

What was life like for Europe's peasants in the eighteenth century? How did conditions vary depending on region?

Question 20

Please define the following key terms.
Marie Antoinette

Question 21

Please define the following key terms.
Maria Theresa

Question 22

Please define the following key terms.
the Hanoverians/the Georges

Question 23

Please define the following key terms.
partitions of Poland

Question 24

Please define the following key terms.
Atlantic seaboard states

Question 25

Please define the following key terms.
Robert Clive

Question 26

Please define the following key terms.
William Pitt the Elder

Question 27

Please define the following key terms.
Silesia

Question 28

Please define the following key terms.
Joseph II

Question 29

Please define the following key terms.
Louis XV

Question 30

Please define the following key terms.
serfs

Question 31

Please define the following key terms.
Frederick William I

Question 32

Please define the following key terms.
"the first servant of the state"

Question 33

Please define the following key terms.
Junkers

Question 34

Please define the following key terms.
Catherine II the Great

Question 35

Please define the following key terms.
Emelyan Pugachev

Question 36

Please define the following key terms.
War of the Austrian Succession

Question 37

Please define the following key terms.
"Prussian militarism"

Question 38

Please define the following key terms.
Treaty of Kuchuk-Kainarji

Question 39

Please define the following key terms.
Frederick II the Great

Question 40

Please define the following key terms.
Robert Walpole

Question 41

Please define the following key terms.
"national debt"

Question 42

Please define the following key terms.
Catherine's Instruction

Question 43

Please define the following key terms.
"little ice age"

Question 44

Please define the following key terms.
Bank of England

Question 45

Please define the following key terms.
The French and Indian War

Question 46

Please define the following key terms.
Thomas Gainsborough

Question 47

Please define the following key terms.
peasantry

Question 48

Please define the following key terms.
"banknotes"

Question 49

Please define the following key terms.
beggars

Question 50

Please define the following key terms.
Seven Years' War

Question 51

Please define the following key terms.
textiles

Question 52

Please define the following key terms.
nobility

Question 53

Please define the following key terms.
coitus interruptus

Question 54

Please define the following key terms.
agricultural revolution

Question 55

Please define the following key terms.
tithes

Question 56

Please define the following key terms.
cottage industry

Question 57

Please define the following key terms.
the country house

Question 58

Please define the following key terms.
Montcalm and Wolfe

Question 59

Please define the following key terms.
potatoes and maize

Question 60

Please define the following key terms.
Treaty of Paris

Question 61

Please define the following key terms.
rentiers

Question 62

Which state gained the most territory as a result of the three partitions of Poland?

A)Austria
B)Prussia
C)England
D)Russia
E)France

Question 63

The ____ dominated the English House of Lords in the eighteenth century.

A)aristocracy
B)merchants
C)landed gentry
D)peasantry
E)urban poor

Question 64

How did Catherine the Great come to the throne of Russia?

A)She was selected by the Russian Orthodox Church.
B)She was elected by the Duma.
C)She acceded to the throne after her husband was murdered.
D)She was named to the throne because her son died when he was very young.
E)She reached the throne after her husband died of old age.

Question 65

Which group dominated the English House of Commons in the eighteenth century?

A)Aristocracy
B)Merchants
C)Landed gentry
D)Peasantry
E)Urban poor

Question 66

When Louis XIV left the thrown, France faced all of the following conditions EXCEPT____.

A)a five-year-old successor to the throne.?a somber aristocracy.
B)more territorial holdings.
C)an unhappy citizenry.
D)massive debt.

Question 67

What was the result of the enlightened legal reforms expressed by Catherine the Great in her Instruction?

A)They succeeded in abolishing serfdom in all of Russia.
B)They succeeded in establishing an equal system of law for all Russian citizens.
C)They instigated changes in Russian government that sapped the power of the old nobility.
D)They accomplished little due to heavy opposition and were soon forgotten.
E)They abolished three-fourths of the Russian army.

Question 68

What incident sparked Pugachev's rebellion in 1773?

A)A bad harvest that caused massive starvation in Poland
B)Prussia's successful invasion of Russia and taking part of Ukraine
C)Catherine II's favorable policies towards the nobility
D)Catherine II's attempt to bring serfs into the military
E)Peter the Great's imposition of taxes on the people

Question 69

Please define the following key terms.
London

Question 70

What did Austrian emperor Joseph II issue in his effort to reform his domains?

A)Three new court circulars on improved operations for the imperial bureaucracy
B)6,000 decrees and 11,000 new laws
C)150 new ranks of imperial bureaucrats
D)At least 350 imperial decrees for the reform of judicial practice in Hungary
E)An edict separating the Austrian government from any connection with the Catholic Church

Question 71

What statement best describes the Dutch Republic by the eighteenth century?

A)It established a system of male democracy.
B)It saw the power of the oligarchy considerably reduced.
C)It continued its great economic prosperity of the sixteenth century.
D)It suffered a decline in economic prosperity.
E)It permanently expelled the House of Orange.

Question 72

At the heart of Prussian government was the bureaucracy and the

A)clergy.
B)army.
C)court.
D)judiciary.
E)diplomatic corp.

Question 73

What was the name given to a legislative district in England that was controlled by one man or one family?

A)Good neighbor
B)Pocket borough
C)Sinecure
D)Tenured seat
E)Gerrymander

Question 74

Which document summarized the Enlightenment concept of rights in its opening paragraph?

A)Code of Common Law
B)English Bill of Rights
C)American Declaration of Independence
D)United States' Constitution
E)Estates General

Question 75

Who obtained the most important government offices in Prussia during the reign of Frederick II?

A)High-ranking Lutheran churchmen
B)Members of the nobility
C)University-educated bureaucrats
D)French philosophes
E)Commoners who showed outstanding ability

Question 76

Which statement best describes Catherine the Great of Russia?

A)She followed a successful policy of expansion against the Turks.
B)She instigated enlightened reforms for the peasantry after the revolt of Emelyn Pugachev.
C)She weakened the nobility with her extensive enlightened reforms.
D)She successfully eliminated the power of the Duma.
E)She established a permanent political and military alliance with revolutionary France.

Question 77

Which statement best describes the Austrian Empire under Joseph II?

A)It reversed the enlightened reforms of Joseph's mother, Maria Theresa.
B)It rescinded all of Hungary's privileges.
C)It saw the nobility's power permanently stripped away.
D)It witnessed general discontent due to Joseph's enlightened but radical reforms.
E)It saw Austria turn away from any sort of Enlightened Despotism.

Question 78

What statement best describes eighteenth-century France?

A)It thrived under the strong leadership of Louis XV and Louis XVI.
B)It suffered from severe economic depression throughout the century.
C)It was torn apart by a series of civil wars.
D)It lost an empire while acquiring a huge public debt.
E)It brought back the Estates General during the reign of Louis XV.

Question 79

Frederick William II invited ____ to live at his court for several years.

A)Tsar Alexander I
B)William Pitt
C)Richard Walpole
D)Robespierre
E)Voltaire

Question 80

According to Enlightenment thinkers, what were the fundamental privileges that must not be withheld from any person?

A)Common laws
B)Noble duties
C)Natural rights
D)Basic laws
E)Human obligations