Question 1

Which of the following is true concerning REM sleep?&#10;A)During REM sleep, peripheral muscle tone is inhibited&#10;B)REM sleep periods get progressively shorter as the sleep period progresses&#10;C)Delta waves are the predominant electroencephalographic feature during REM sleep&#10;D)All of the above are true statements concerning REM sleep

Accepted Answer

During REM sleep, the body experiences muscle atonia or inhibition of peripheral muscle tone. This is also called paradoxical sleep because the brain is active, but the body is largely still. Option B is false as REM sleep periods usually get longer as the sleep period progresses. Option C is also false as delta waves are associated with deep, non-REM sleep stages.

Question 2

As individuals age, the relative amount of time spent in what stage of sleep decreases?&#10;A)REM sleep&#10;B)Stage 2 sleep&#10;C)Stage 4 sleep&#10;D)Paradoxical sleep

Accepted Answer

Stage 4 sleep, also known as deep sleep or delta sleep, decreases in duration as individuals age. This stage is crucial for physical restoration and growth.

Question 3

Which brain wave pattern characterizes an absence seizure?&#10;A)High-amplitude beta waves&#10;B)Theta waves&#10;C)A spike and dome pattern of activity&#10;D)Low-amplitude alpha waves

Accepted Answer

An absence seizure is characterized by a spike and dome pattern of activity on an EEG, which is distinct from the patterns associated with other types of brain activity or seizures.

Question 4

Theta waves recorded in an adult during a typical electroencephalogram are thought to be indicative of which of the following?&#10;A)Intrinsic activity of cortex&#10;B)Emotional stress, disappointment and frustration&#10;C)Quiet resting cerebration&#10;D)Intense mental activity

Accepted Answer

Theta waves in adults are often associated with emotional stress, disappointment, and frustration, differing from their presence in children where they can be a normal part of brain activity.

Question 5

Mania is a condition in which there is an excess of which neurotransmitter?&#10;A)Dopamine&#10;B)Serotonin&#10;C)GABA&#10;D)Acetylcholine

Accepted Answer

The answer of Mania is a condition in which there...

Question 6

The typical absence seizure is characterized by which of the following?&#10;A)Tonic-clonic convulsions&#10;B)A brief period of unconsciousness&#10;C)Uncontrolled muscle activity limited to one limb&#10;D)All of the above

Accepted Answer

The typical absence seizure is characterized by a brief period of unconsciousness, usually lasting only a few seconds to a minute. It does not typically involve convulsions or uncontrolled muscle activity limited to one limb.

Question 7

An experimental drug is administered intravenously to six healthy volunteers. A finding in all six volunteers is decreased induction of sleep. A decrease in production of which of the following substances is most likely?

A)Acetylcholine
B)Dopamine
C)Glutamate
D)Norepinephrine
E)Serotonin

Accepted Answer

Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that plays a key role in regulating mood and sleep. A decrease in serotonin production is likely to lead to decreased induction of sleep, as observed in the volunteers.

Question 8

Which disorder is associated with dysfunction of the mesolimbic dopaminergic system?&#10;A)Major depressive disorder&#10;B)Schizophrenia&#10;C)Mania&#10;D)Sleep apnea

Accepted Answer

Schizophrenia is associated with dysfunction of the mesolimbic dopaminergic system, which involves the neurotransmitter dopamine in the brain. This system is involved in motivation, reward, and pleasure, and dysfunction can lead to the positive symptoms of schizophrenia such as hallucinations and delusions. The other disorders listed do not have a clear association with this particular brain system.

Question 9

As an individual progresses in age from childhood to old age, which of the following statements best describes the changes in sleep patterns one would observe?&#10;A)Amount of time spent in stage 4 sleep increases&#10;B)Amount of time spent in REM sleep increases&#10;C)Amount of time one could record delta waves in an EEG during sleep decreases&#10;D)Incidence of nocturnal awakenings decrease

Accepted Answer

As individuals age, there is a decrease in the amount of time spent in deep sleep, including stage 4 sleep, as well as a decrease in the amount of time that delta waves are present on an EEG during sleep. Additionally, there is an increase in the incidence of nocturnal awakenings. REM sleep remains relatively stable throughout the lifespan, with infants spending the majority of their sleep in REM and adults typically spending 20-25% of their sleep in REM.

Question 10

Following Questions : A 45-year-old man is taken to the psychiatrist because of delusional behavior in the workplace. The man accused a co-worker of scheming with his neighbor to transplant poison ivy in his backyard. This plot was revealed to the man by a voice in his head. Other examples of delusional thinking and voices in the man's head are abundant. Use this information to answer the next two questions.
A decrease in size in which of the following brain structures is most likely in this man?

A)Globus pallidus
B)Hippocampus
C)Lateral hypothalamus
D)Red nucleus
E)Subthalamic nucleus

Accepted Answer

The symptoms described in the scenario suggest the man is experiencing delusions and hearing voices, which are characteristic symptoms of schizophrenia. Bipolar disorder is characterized by cycles of manic and depressive episodes, dissociative identity disorder involves the presence of multiple distinct identities or personalities, and multiple personality disorder is an outdated term that is now replaced by dissociative identity disorder.

Question 11

Delta waves recorded in an adult during a typical electroencephalogram are thought to be indicative of which of the following?&#10;A)Intrinsic activity of the cortex&#10;B)Emotional stress and frustration&#10;C)Intense mental activity&#10;D)Quiet resting states of cerebration

Accepted Answer

The answer of Delta waves recorded in an adult during...

Question 12

Following Questions : A 45-year-old man is taken to the psychiatrist because of delusional behavior in the workplace. The man accused a co-worker of scheming with his neighbor to transplant poison ivy in his backyard. This plot was revealed to the man by a voice in his head. Other examples of delusional thinking and voices in the man's head are abundant. Use this information to answer the next two questions.
A decrease in size in which of the following brain structures is most likely in this man?

A)Globus pallidus
B)Hippocampus
C)Lateral hypothalamus
D)Red nucleus
E)Subthalamic nucleus

Accepted Answer

The answer of Following Questions : A 45-year-old man is...

Question 13

Stimulation of which of the following brain regions can induce sleep?&#10;A)Bulboreticular facilitory area&#10;B)Raphe nuclei&#10;C)Hippocampus&#10;D)Locus coeruleus

Accepted Answer

The answer of Stimulation of which of the following brain...

Deck 60: States of Brain Activitysleep, Brain Waves, Epilepsy, Psychoses, and Dementia