Deck 12: The Urinary System

Question 1

In a urine analysis, alkaline urine can indicate

A) metabolic problems.
B) an infection.
C) malfunctioning kidneys.
D) prostate cancer.
E) bladder cancer.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

The most abundant waste product of metabolism is

A) carbon dioxide.
B) ammonia.
C) urea.
D) uric acid.
E) water.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

In a urine analysis, too much protein in the urine can indicate

A) metabolic problems.
B) an infection.
C) malfunctioning kidneys.
D) prostate cancer.
E) bladder cancer.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

The most toxic substances routinely found in the blood are metabolites of

A) carbohydrates.
B) proteins.
C) lipids.
D) minerals.
E) vitamins.

Question 5

The hormone produced by the kidney that is responsible for stimulation of the production of red blood cells is

A) erythropoietin.
B) angiotensin.
C) renin.
D) aldosterone.
E) cortisol.

Question 6

An enzyme produced by the kidneys that helps to regulate blood pressure is

A) erythropoietin.
B) angiotensin.
C) renin.
D) aldosterone.
E) cortisol

Question 7

Extracellular fluid includes

A) interstitial fluid only.
B) blood only.
C) lymph only.
D) blood and lymph only.
E) interstitial fluid, blood, and lymph.

Question 8

All but which of the following are significant routes for water loss from the body?

A) excretion in urine
B) sneezing
C) sweating
D) elimination in feces
E) evaporation from respiratory surfaces

Question 9

The subunit of a kidney that purifies blood and restores solute and water balance is called a

A) glomerulus.
B) loop of Henle.
C) nephron.
D) ureter.
E) urethra.

Question 10

The body weight of a healthy adult male is what percent fluid?

A) 30%
B) 40%
C) 50%
D) 60%
E) 65%

Question 11

In a urine analysis, acidic urine can indicate

A) metabolic problems.
B) an infection.
C) malfunctioning kidneys.
D) prostate cancer.
E) bladder cancer.

Question 12

The body weight of a healthy adult female is what percent fluid?

A) 30%
B) 40%
C) 50%
D) 60%
E) 65%

Question 13

Which vitamin is converted to its active form in the kidney?

A) A
B) B₁₂
C) C
D) D
E) E

Question 14

The process by which the body exerts the greatest control involving the water balance of an individual is

A) sweating.
B) elimination in feces.
C) urinary excretion.
D) evaporation through the skin.
E) respiratory loss.

Question 15

Sodium, potassium, and calcium are referred to as

A) electrolytes.
B) nonelectrolytes.
C) acids.
D) bases.
E) proteins.

Question 16

When cells break down proteins, the main waste product is

A) acetic acid.
B) phosphoric acid.
C) amino acids.
D) carbon dioxide.
E) urea.

Question 17

Which of the following does NOT dispose of a type of waste directly to the environment?

A) digestive system
B) respiratory system
C) integumentary system
D) circulatory system
E) urinary system

Question 18

Metabolism produces more than ____ waste products.

A) 1000
B) 800
C) 200
D) 600
E) 10,000

Question 19

Ammonia is converted to the much less toxic substance

A) acetic acid.
B) phosphoric acid.
C) amino acids.
D) carbon dioxide.
E) urea.

Question 20

Humans gain the least amount of water by what route?

A) metabolism
B) ingestion of liquids
C) ingestion of solids
D) ingestion of liquids and solids contribute an equal amount of water
E) inhalation of liquids.

Question 21

Most of the water and sodium is reabsorbed in the ____ of each nephron.

A) glomerulus
B) proximal tubule
C) distal tubule
D) loop of Henle
E) collecting duct

Question 22

The last portion of the excretory system through which urine passes before it is voided from the body is the

A) glomerulus.
B) ureter.
C) urethra.
D) bladder.
E) rectum.

Question 23

In the kidney, the collecting ducts from the nephrons empty immediately into the

A) renal cortex.
B) renal medulla.
C) renal pelvis.
D) ureter.
E) urethra.

Question 24

Reabsorption is the movement of water and solutes from the ____ to the ____.

A) interstitial fluid; tubules
B) glomerular capillaries; Bowman's capsule
C) Bowman's capsule; nephron tubules
D) nephron tubules; capillaries
E) glomerular capillaries; peritubular capillaries

Question 25

In reabsorption,

A) plasma proteins are returned to the blood.
B) excess hydrogen ions are removed from the blood.
C) excess water is passed on to the urine.
D) nutrients and salts are selectively returned to the blood.
E) drugs and foreign substances are passed into the urine.

Question 26

Most of the filtrate produced at the glomerulus is reabsorbed by the

A) papillary duct.
B) loop of Henle.
C) proximal tubules.
D) distal tubules.
E) peritubular capillary.

Question 27

Blood is delivered to each nephron by

A) an efferent arteriole.
B) peritubular capillaries.
C) a renal capsule.
D) an afferent arteriole.
E) proximal tubules.

Question 28

Blood is carried away from the glomerulus by

A) an efferent arteriole.
B) peritubular capillaries.
C) a renal capsule.
D) an afferent arteriole.
E) proximal tubules.

Question 29

Filtration occurs in which section of a mammalian nephron?

A) glomerulus in the Bowman's capsule
B) loop of Henle
C) proximal tubule
D) distal tubules
E) peritubular capillary

Question 30

Which of the following substances is NOT filtered from the bloodstream?

A) water
B) plasma protein
C) urea
D) glucose
E) sodium

Question 31

What amount of the fluid removed from the blood is eventually returned to the blood?

A) about 59 percent
B) less than 90 percent
C) almost 99 percent
D) a mere 0.9 percent
E) exactly 9 percent

Question 32

What is the name given to the fluid removed from the blood but not yet processed by the nephron tubules?

A) urine
B) water
C) uretrial fluid
D) glomerular filtrate
E) renal plasma

Question 33

Filtrate from Bowman's capsule flows into the

A) papillary duct.
B) loop of Henle.
C) proximal tubule.
D) distal tubules.
E) peritubular capillary.

Question 34

Filtration of the blood in the kidney takes place in the

A) loop of Henle.
B) glomerulus of Bowman's capsule.
C) distal tubule.
D) proximal tubule.
E) collecting duct.

Question 35

Which of the following processes is under voluntary control?

A) filtration
B) reabsorption
C) urination
D) secretion
E) excretion

Question 36

Once urine has formed in the kidney it flows into the

A) urethra.
B) bladder.
C) pelvic cavity.
D) rectum.
E) ureter.

Question 37

Most reabsorption takes place across the walls of

A) papillary ducts.
B) loops of Henle.
C) proximal tubules.
D) distal tubules.
E) peritubular capillary.

Question 38

After the blood leaves the glomerular capillaries, it goes via the efferent arterioles to the

A) renal vein.
B) renal artery.
C) peritubular capillaries.
D) vena cava.
E) heart.

Question 39

The functional unit of the kidney is the

A) Bowman's capsule.
B) nephron.
C) glomerulus.
D) urinary bladder.
E) peritubular capillary.

Question 40

The process of filtration in the glomerulus is driven by

A) active transport.
B) blood pressure.
C) osmosis.
D) dialysis.
E) sodium-potassium pumps.

Question 41

The hormone that controls the concentration of urine is

A) insulin.
B) glucagon.
C) antidiuretic hormone.
D) thyroxine.
E) epinephrine.

Question 42

The hormone that influences sodium reabsorption in the kidney is

A) antidiuretic hormone.
B) cortisone.
C) aldosterone.
D) corticotropic hormone.
E) adrenalin.

Question 43

The longer this structure is the greater is an animal's capacity to conserve water and to concentrate solutes for excretion in the urine.

A) Bowman's capsule
B) loop of Henle
C) proximal tubule
D) ureter
E) urethra

Question 44

Secretion takes up unwanted substances that have been transported out of

A) peritubular capillaries.
B) collecting ducts.
C) papillary ducts.
D) glomeruli.
E) Bowman's capsule.

Question 45

Which of the following does NOT belong with all the others?

A) angiotensins
B) ADH
C) aldosterone
D) renin
E) insulin

Question 46

When the body has excess sodium, which of the following does NOT happen?

A) more sodium is excreted
B) more sodium is reabsorbed
C) edema (swelling) occurs
D) blood pressure rises
E) aldosterone secretion is inhibited

Question 47

During reabsorption, sodium ions cross the proximal tubule walls into the interstitial fluid principally by means of

A) bulk flow.
B) active transport.
C) countercurrent multiplication.
D) phagocytosis.
E) endocytosis.

Question 48

Which of the following is actively transported in the proximal tubules of the kidney?

A) bicarbonate ions
B) sodium ions
C) chloride ions
D) water
E) ADH

Question 49

Ethanol (drinking alcohol) is an inhibitor of ADH. Therefore, a person consuming a couple of mixed drinks should excrete

A) less water because ADH promotes reabsorption.
B) the alcohol because ADH cannot degrade it.
C) ketone bodies formed from the alcohol.
D) more water because ADH normally promotes reabsorption.
E) more water and the alcohol due to the ADH inhibition.

Question 50

Water reabsorption into the capillaries associated with a nephron is achieved principally by

A) bulk flow.
B) active transport and diffusion.
C) countercurrent multiplication.
D) phagocytosis.
E) endocytosis.

Question 51

Which of the following features would tend to promote water retention by the kidney?

A) many nephridia
B) a long loop of Henle
C) a long proximal tubule
D) a short distal tubule
E) a high filtration rate

Question 52

The body's acid-base balance relies strongly on

A) reabsorption.
B) filtration.
C) secretion.
D) urination.
E) neutralization.

Question 53

The antidiuretic hormone

A) promotes processes that lead to an increase in the volume of urine.
B) promotes processes that lead to a decrease in the volume of urine.
C) acts on the proximal tubules of nephrons in the kidney.
D) is produced by the adrenal cortex.
E) is produced by the anterior pituitary gland.

Question 54

"Toilet training" in children involves control of the

A) internal urethral sphincter.
B) urinary bladder.
C) kidneys.
D) Bowman's capsule.
E) external urethral sphincter.

Question 55

The normal pH of blood and other fluids is

A) 6.5 - 6.9.
B) 6.92 - 7.11.
C) 7.12 - 4.28.
D) 7.37 - 7.43.
E) 7.43 - 7.51.

Question 56

In humans, the thirst center is located in the

A) adrenal cortex.
B) brain.
C) anterior pituitary.
D) glomerulus.
E) stomach.

Question 57

The reabsorption of solutes is the result of active transport of

A) potassium.
B) sodium.
C) carbonate.
D) chloride.
E) calcium.

Question 58

The hormonal control over excretion most likely occurs in the

A) Bowman's capsule.
B) proximal tubule.
C) distal tubule.
D) loop of Henle.
E) urinary bladder.

Question 59

Which of the following is a trigger for the other actions described?

A) Extracellular fluid volume is reduced.
B) Solute concentration in the extracellular fluid rises above a set point.
C) Posterior pituitary secretes ADH.
D) Distal tubules of the nephrons and the collecting ducts become more permeable to water.
E) A small amount of concentrated urine is excreted.

Question 60

Which hormone causes less sodium and less water to be excreted in the urine?

A) ADH
B) angiotensin
C) aldosterone
D) erythropoietin
E) insulin

Question 61

The urinary system helps to maintain the extracellular fluid pH by

A) synthesizing buffers.
B) retaining carbon dioxide in the filtrate.
C) excreting hydrogen ions as water.
D) combining hydrogen ions with urea.
E) joining hydrogen ions with bicarbonate.

Question 62

Conversion of Vitamin D by the kidneys to an active form is an example of the urinary system's homeostatic interaction with which system?

A) skeletal
B) cardiovascular
C) digestive
D) endocrine
E) muscular

Question 63

Kidney stones form in the

A) renal pelvis.
B) ureters.
C) urethra.
D) urinary bladder.
E) glomerulus.

Question 64

A procedure using high-energy sound waves to blast kidney stones into fragments is

A) galvanic therapy.
B) diathermy.
C) lithotripsy
D) dialysis.
E) cauterization.

Question 65

Inflammation of the kidneys is called

A) nephritis.
B) glomerulonephritis.
C) pyelitis.
D) pyelonephritis.
E) cystitis

Question 66

Bladder infections that travel up to the kidney are called

A) nephritis.
B) glomerulonephritis.
C) pyelitis.
D) pyelonephritis.
E) cystitis

Question 67

Which of the following does NOT influence the pH of the blood and extracellular fluids?

A) respiration
B) blood proteins
C) bicarbonate ions
D) filtration by glomerulus
E) phosphate and ammonia ions

Question 68

Which of the following is an inherited kidney disorder?

A) pyelonephritis
B) glomerulonephritis
C) pyelitis
D) polycystic kidney disease
E) cystitis

Question 69

The exchange of substances across a membrane between chemically different solutions is

A) dialysis.
B) lithotripsy.
C) osmosis.
D) active transport.
E) facilitated diffusion.

Question 70

If blood pH falls outside of the normal range for too long, which system suffers most?

A) skeletal system
B) muscular system
C) cardiovascular system
D) central nervous system
E) respiratory system

Question 71

Glomerulonephritis will lead to

A) kidney stones.
B) bladder infections.
C) kidney cysts.
D) inflammation of the urethra.
E) little or no filtering of the blood.

Question 72

Hydrogen ions in the blood can be neutralized temporarily by which of the following?

A) bicarbonate
B) ADH
C) renin
D) urea
E) filtration

Question 73

One of the most common of all childhood cancers is

A) bronchogenic carcinoma.
B) glioblastoma.
C) Wilms tumor.
D) osteogenic sarcoma.
E) multiple myeloma.

Question 74

If blood is too acidic, bicarbonate ions enter the bloodstream via the

A) collecting ducts.
B) proximal tubules.
C) distal tubules.
D) peritubular capillaries.
E) Henle's loop.

Question 75

Production of erythropoietin by the kidneys is an example of the urinary system's homeostatic interaction with which system?

A) skeletal
B) cardiovascular
C) digestive
D) endocrine
E) reproductive

Question 76

If the kidneys cannot excrete enough acid, which condition occurs?

A) metabolic alkalosis
B) respiratory acidosis
C) metabolic acidosis
D) respiratory alkalosis
E) compensatory alkalosis

Question 77

A kidney machine removes solutes from the blood by means of

A) osmosis.
B) diffusion.
C) dialysis.
D) active transport.
E) bulk flow.

Question 78

Inflammation of the urinary bladder is called

A) urethritis.
B) cystitis.
C) prostatitis.
D) orchitis.
E) nephritis.

Question 79

Severe vomiting or dehydration and overuse of antacids may bring about which condition?

A) metabolic alkalosis
B) respiratory acidosis
C) metabolic acidosis
D) respiratory alkalosis
E) compensatory acidosis

Question 80

Nephritis may lead to cessation of blood filtering by the glomerulus because the kidney is

A) located behind the intestines.
B) directly connected to the inferior vena cava
C) a paired structure.
D) surrounded by a tough renal capsule.
E) divided into a cortex and medulla.