Deck 21: Reaction, Revolution, and Romanticism, 1815-1850

Question 1

For each historical identification question, define the term and briefly describe its historical significance.
Simón Bolívar

Answer 1

Answers will vary.

Question 2

How do the ideas of Thomas Malthus, David Ricardo, and John Stuart Mill represent the various elements of the ideology of liberalism?

Answer 2

Answers will vary.

Question 3

Did the goals of the Congress of Vienna attempt to reassert old traditions or to create a new idea of order for Europe?

Answer 3

Answers will vary.

Question 4

Compare and contrast the core of ideas of the Enlightenment and the Romantic movement.

Question 5

How did Britain avoid the political turmoil that rocked the Continent in the 1830s and 1840s?

Question 6

For each historical identification question, define the term and briefly describe its historical significance.
balance of power

Question 7

In what specific ways did Europe respond to the need for order in society in the first half of the nineteenth century?

Question 8

For each historical identification question, define the term and briefly describe its historical significance.
Greek Revolt

Question 9

What vision of postwar Europe informed the proceedings of the Congress of Vienna? How did the Concert of Europe attempt to secure those goals? Were these two efforts successful?

Question 10

What were the chief ideas associated with the ideology of conservatism and liberalism in the first half of the nineteenth century? How were these ideas put into practice between 1815 and 1830?

Question 11

What were the chief ideas of nationalism and utopian socialism? How did they seek to change society?

Question 12

What were some of the means that governments attempted to maintain order in the nineteenth century? Which were most successful, and why?

Question 13

How did Romanticism shape European art, music, and literature in the first half of the nineteenth century?

Question 14

For each historical identification question, define the term and briefly describe its historical significance.
conservatism

Question 15

For each historical identification question, define the term and briefly describe its historical significance.
Congress of Vienna

Question 16

For each historical identification question, define the term and briefly describe its historical significance.
Concert of Europe

Question 17

What ideas and beliefs united the early socialists?

Question 18

Discuss the revolutions of 1848 in France, central Europe, and Italy. What caused them? What did they achieve initially? Why did the revolutionary forces fail? What were the long-term achievements of the revolutions?

Question 19

What made nationalism a radical political ideology in the first half of the nineteenth century?

Question 20

What similarities do the revolutions of Latin America have with the revolutions of Europe during the early to middle decades of the nineteenth century? How did they differ?

Question 21

For each historical identification question, define the term and briefly describe its historical significance.
Ludwig von Beethoven

Question 22

For each historical identification question, define the term and briefly describe its historical significance.
Romanticism

Question 23

For each historical identification question, define the term and briefly describe its historical significance.
Germanic Confederation

Question 24

For each historical identification question, define the term and briefly describe its historical significance.
revolutions of 1848

Question 25

For each historical identification question, define the term and briefly describe its historical significance.
pantheism

Question 26

For each historical identification question, define the term and briefly describe its historical significance.
Reform Act of 1832

Question 27

For each historical identification question, define the term and briefly describe its historical significance.
Corn Laws of 1815

Question 28

For each historical identification question, define the term and briefly describe its historical significance.
classical economics

Question 29

For each historical identification question, define the term and briefly describe its historical significance.
Britain's Tories and Whigs

Question 30

For each historical identification question, define the term and briefly describe its historical significance.
William Wordsworth

Question 31

For each historical identification question, define the term and briefly describe its historical significance.
Goethe's The Sorrows of the Young Werther

Question 32

For each historical identification question, define the term and briefly describe its historical significance.
nationalism

Question 33

For each historical identification question, define the term and briefly describe its historical significance.
Robert Owen

Question 34

For each historical identification question, define the term and briefly describe its historical significance.
Giuseppe Mazzini and Young Italy

Question 35

For each historical identification question, define the term and briefly describe its historical significance.
Frankfurt Assembly

Question 36

For each historical identification question, define the term and briefly describe its historical significance.
The brothers Grimm

Question 37

For each historical identification question, define the term and briefly describe its historical significance.
liberalism

Question 38

For each historical identification question, define the term and briefly describe its historical significance.
France's July Revolution of 1830

Question 39

For each historical identification question, define the term and briefly describe its historical significance.
socialism

Question 40

For each historical identification question, define the term and briefly describe its historical significance.
Mary Shelley's Frankenstein

Question 41

What was the Concert of Europe?

A)An economic alliance between European powers
B)An organization to develop music within the European states
C)An alliance to ensure the status quo achieved with the Congress of Vienna
D)An attempt to dissolve France into numerous provinces
E)An organizational body seeking to limit popular access to political ideas

Question 42

Great Britain, Russia, France, Prussia and __________ met periodically in conferences known as the Concert of Europe to discuss common interests.

A)Austria
B)Spain
C)Italy
D)Greece
E)Belgium

Question 43

What did the Congress of Vienna achieve?

A)It gave Prussia complete control over Polish lands.
B)It created policies that would maintain the European balance of power.
C)It failed to achieve long-lasting peace among European nations.
D)It treated France leniently following Napoleon's One Hundred Days.
E)It sanctioned the political power of the bourgeoisie.

Question 44

Who was known as "the Liberator" in Latin America?

A)José de San Martín
B)Simón Bolívar
C)Guillermo Pelgrón
D)Simón Carreño
E)George Washington

Question 45

The growing forces of liberalism and nationalism in central Europe were exemplified by the

A)increased liberal reforms of Frederick William III of Prussia between 1815 and 1840.
B)national affinity and unity felt by the many Austrian ethnic groups under Frederick II.
C)liberal constitutions of the states of the German Confederation.
D)Burschenschaften , the student societies of Germany.
E)the enlightened leadership of central European political elites.

Question 46

Who was the author of Reflections on the Revolution in France and the founder of modern philosophical conservatism?

A)Viscount Castlereigh
B)William Pitt the Younger
C)Horatio Nelson
D)Edmund Burke
E)Robert Owen

Question 47

The Congress of Vienna's treatment of Poland

A)demonstrates the application of the principle of legitimacy.
B)reveals the overshadowing of the principle of legitimacy by more practical considerations of power.
C)resulted in Austrian domination of Poland.
D)allowed for complete Polish autonomy.
E)shows the emergence of Poland as a great European power.

Question 48

In 1815 Great Britain was governed by

A)an absolute monarch.
B)the middle classes.
C)the people as a whole.
D)the aristocratic landowning classes.
E)wealthy merchants.

Question 49

Which European state dominated the Latin American economy even after many countries gained their independence?

A)Spain
B)Portugal
C)France
D)Germany
E)Great Britain

Question 50

Metternich's "principle of legitimacy" refers to

A)freedom of religion.
B)the adoption of laissez-faire economics.
C)the sanctity of marriage.
D)proper justification for revolution.
E)the restoration of legitimate monarchs who would preserve traditional institutions.

Question 51

What did European monarchs want to achieve after the defeat of Napoleon?

A)Restore stability and return to an old order.
B)Maintain power while also implementing Napoleon's Civil Order.
C)Share power with the people.
D)Divide France up among them.
E)Make alliances with one another to prevent the rise of another Napoleon.

Question 52

Revolts in Latin America were facilitated by

A)massive slave revolts across South and Central America.
B)the expansionist policies of the United States.
C)Austrian policy in the Americas.
D)British defeat in the Napoleonic Wars.
E)the fall of the Bourbon monarchy in Spain.

Question 53

During its period of dominance in the first quarter of the nineteenth century, Britain's Tory government

A)embarked on a massive program of electoral reform.
B)passed the Corn Law of 1815, which drastically reduced tariffs on foreign grain.
C)allowed for large public meetings and the dissemination of pamphlets among the poor as a sign of good will.
D)enacted policies that sparked mass protests, including the Peterloo Massacre of 1819.
E)dramatically improved the conditions of the working classes by guaranteeing cheap bread.

Question 54

What was the conservative English political party in power until 1830?

A)Tories
B)Republicans
C)Federalists
D)Whigs
E)Democrats

Question 55

Which of these groups supported the political philosophy of conservatism?

A)The urban middle classes
B)Landless farmers
C)The urban poor
D)Radical Protestants
E)Hereditary monarchies

Question 56

Most classical conservatives believed that

A)the French Revolution was a good thing.
B)militarism was the source of all evil.
C)nationalism was a force for good.
D)people should be obedient to political authority.
E)organized religion was unimportant.

Question 57

At its most elementary Burkean level, conservatism

A)sought to preserve the achievements of previous generations by subordinating individual rights to communal welfare.
B)became the most popular political philosophy in Russia.
C)sought above all else the achievement of individual rights.
D)was never popular among the political elite of Europe.
E)championed individual rights and laissez-faire government.

Question 58

After the Congress of Vienna, Italy

A)was entirely unified as a single country.
B)had been divided into nine states, subject to the domination of other European powers.
C)was divided into two states, one in the north and the other in the south.
D)was annexed by Austria, a move confirmed by the Congress.
E)sank into complete anarchy and chaos.

Question 59

What happened to Russian society after Nicholas I came to power following the death of Alexander I in 1825?

A)It became the most liberal of the European powers.
B)It rapidly industrialized.
C)It became an industrial power after the abolition of serfdom.
D)It was increasingly influenced by ultra-conservative societies, such as the Northern Union.
E)It became a police state, as the czar feared both internal and external revolutionary upheavals.

Question 60

Which statement best describes the state of the Italian peninsula following the Congress of Vienna?

A)It was entirely unified as a single country.
B)It remained divided into several states subject to the domination of other European powers.
C)It had been devastated by the last campaigns of Napoleon.
D)It had been completely annexed by Austria, a move confirmed by the Congress.
E)It sunk into complete anarchy and chaos.

Question 61

The early socialist who advocated a system of cooperative communities called phalansteries was

A)Flora Tristian.
B)Robert Owen.
C)Louis Blanc.
D)Charler Fourier.
E)the comte de Saint-Simón.

Question 62

What was the ultimate result of the revolution of 1848 in France?

A)The continued rule of Louis-Philippe but with radical reforms
B)New elections to the national Assembly, resulting in the dominance of the radical republicans
C)Europe's first socialist state under the guidance of Blanc's workshops
D)A new French empire under Louis Napoleon
E)The triumph of the Paris Commune

Question 63

Central to the liberal ideology in the nineteenth century was

A)the passage of child labor laws.
B)the preservation of law and order.
C)an emphasis on individual freedom.
D)the buildup of a nation's military.
E)the creation of a socialist community.

Question 64

Why was Charles X overthrown in the 1830 July Revolution?

A)He got involved in one too many sordid scandals.
B)He issued a series of edicts that restrained the rights of citizens.
C)He was a victim of a vicious smear campaign by opponents.
D)He refused to convert to the Catholic faith.
E)He embezzled money meant to build churches.

Question 65

What did John Stuart Mill's On the Subjection of Women state?

A)Women should be kept in the home to improve men's chances of finding work.
B)Men and women did not possess different natures.
C)Parliament should admit women members immediately.
D)Female convicts should be shipped out to colonize Australia.
E)God and nature had ordained the permanent inferiority of women.

Question 66

The author of Essay on the Principles of Population was

A)Adam Smith.
B)David Ricardo.
C)Joseph de Maistre.
D)Edmund Burke.
E)Thomas Malthus.

Question 67

Louis Blanc's "national workshops" in France

A)became a vital part of the French economy.
B)were extremely important to the French radical aristocracy.
C)became little more than unemployment compensation units through public works projects.
D)built many national parks in France.
E)turned the city of Paris into the "City of Lights."

Question 68

The English Poor Law of 1834 was based on the theory that

A)the poor were entitled to decent levels of support.
B)the rich had a moral obligation to support the poor.
C)if the conditions of provision for state welfare were intentionally made miserable, then the poor would be encouraged to find profitable employment.
D)levels of state support for social welfare programs should be indexed to the cost of living.
E)indoor relief was better than outdoor relief.

Question 69

France's Charles X was allied with the

A)peasants.
B)Republicans.
C)Jacobins
D)middle classes.
E)ultraroyalists.

Question 70

A severe industrial and agricultural depression helped spark revolution in ______________ in 1848.

A)France
B)Great Britain
C)Italy
D)Poland
E)Belgium

Question 71

What was the primary driving force in the revolutions of Belgium, Poland, and Italy in 1830?

A)Nationalism
B)Religion
C)Racism
D)Socialism
E)Romanticism

Question 72

Which social group was the foremost in embracing liberalism?

A)Factory workers
B)The industrial middle class
C)Radical aristocrats
D)Army officers
E)The landed gentry

Question 73

What did the French constitution of 1848 create?

A)The Second Republic with a one-house legislature
B)A liberal state with limited political participation
C)The Third Republic
D)An absolutist monarchy
E)A socialist state

Question 74

Which statement best describes the growing movement of nationalism in nineteenth-century Europe?

A)It was resisted by liberals, who felt that all ethnic groups should live together harmoniously.
B)It advocated the formation of one European nation to end economic and military conflicts.
C)It was radical since it encouraged people to shift their political loyalty away from existing states and rulers.
D)It found its best expression in the writings of John Stuart Mill.
E)It declined after the Congress of Vienna.

Question 75

In 1848, the Frankfurt Assembly

A)unanimously adopted a Grossdeutsch solution for the Germanies.
B)succeeded in making Prussia's Frederick William IV president of a united Germany.
C)failed in its attempt to create a united Germany.
D)gained the support of Austria.
E)declared its solidarity with revolutionary France.

Question 76

Which revolt demonstrated the double-edged sword quality of the "principle of intervention"?

A)The Greek Revolt
B)Independence movements in Latin America
C)The July Revolution of 1830 in France
D)The Corn Law revolt of 1815
E)The revolt against Nicholas' police state

Question 77

Why was King Louis-Philippe of France called the "bourgeois monarch"?

A)He did all he could to help the impoverished industrial workers.
B)He was strongly supported by the upper-middle class and instituted constitutional changes that favored them.
C)He allowed for great reforms in the electoral system.
D)He was the son of the former reactionary King Charles X.
E)He did not recognize the value of the upper-middle class base.

Question 78

In which of these 1830 revolutions did liberalism play the primary role?

A)The revolution in Spain
B)The revolution in Belgium
C)The revolution in France
D)The revolution in Poland
E)The revolution in Italy

Question 79

The Reform Act of 1832

A)was pushed through by the landed aristocracy.
B)primarily benefited the working poor.
C)made British throne an elected position.
D)abolished the House of Lords.
E)increased the number of people eligible to vote.

Question 80

Who crushed the Polish national uprising of 1830?

A)France
B)Prussia
C)Austria
D)Russia
E)Britain