Deck 38: Latin America From Independence to Dependent States

Question 1

Which two groups were involved in the power struggles for control of the newly-independent countries in 19th century Latin American politics?

A)Communists and socialists.
B)Liberals and conservatives.
C)Peasants and criollos.
D)Mestizos  and peninsulars.
E)Catholics and Protestants.

Answer 1

Liberals and conservatives.

Question 2

How did the Spanish government view its Latin American colonies?

A)The colonies were seen as a way to relieve overpopulation and famines.
B)The Spanish were uninterested in events in the Americas and so ignored the area.
C)The Spanish treated its American colonies as sources of wealth for the Mother Country.
D)They treated the Latin American colonies as locations for industrialization.
E)The Spanish considered the Americas as a good place for penal colonies.

Answer 2

The Spanish treated its American colonies as sources of wealth for the Mother Country.

Question 3

Mexico's lea der known for his work in trying to liberalize his country during the 19^th century was

A)Pedro Cabrero.
B)Benito Juárez.
C)Domingo Sarmiento.
D)Miguel Hidalgo.
E)Juan Rosas.

Answer 3

Benito Juárez.

Question 4

Who is credited with beginning the liberation of Mexico?

A)King Ferdinand.
B)Simon Bolivar
C)Father Miguel Hidalgo
D)The Caudillos.
E)Jose de San Martin

Question 5

What led to the rise to power of Juan Manuel Rosas in Argentina?

A)He wrote such compelling revolutionary pamphlets that he rose to power via popular support.
B)Rosas was a devout Christian and had the support of the leaders of the Catholic Church.
C)A series of destructive civil wars caused such destruction that the elites begged him to seize control.
D)He bribed the elite ruling class  to support him and gradually expanded his sphere of influence.
E)Rosas raised a mercenary army in Uruguay and invaded Buenos Aires as a liberator.

Question 6

Mestizo culture results from

A)social stratification.
B)conversion to Christianity.
C)intermarriage.
D)maintenance of class distinctions.
E)class warfare.

Question 7

In 19 ^{t h} century Latin America, land was

A)the source of wealth for the majority of the population.
B)profitable even when used for mainly subsistence farming.
C)held in trust for the criollos.
D)the means of making a living for most people.
E)distributed according to land grants passed down from the era of the conquistadores.

Question 8

In most Central Ameri can states, pure-blooded Indians

A)participated fully in cultural life but not in politics.
B)refused to participate in political life.
C)had no experience or interest in national politics.
D)began to show an interest in national politics almost immediately.
E)shared their cultural heritage with the colonizing Europeans.

Question 9

Juan Manuel Rosas' most ironic legacy was

A)unification of Argentineans against him.
B)peace out of chaos.
C)persecution by his secret police.
D)the end of despotism.
E)the disapproval of international leaders.

Question 10

Who was the best known and most revered of the liberators of South America?

A)Father Miguel Hidalgo.
B)Juan Carlos Ochoa.
C)Baldomero Lopez.
D)Simon Bolivar.
E)Dom Pedro.

Question 11

What events in the early 1800s in Europe set in motion the i ndependence movements throughout the Latin American colonies?

A)The French Revolution.
B)The War for Empire.
C)Italian Unification.
D)Napoleon's invasion of Spain and Portugal.
E)The Industrial Revolution.

Question 12

Caudillo is the Latin American term for

A)a retired general who has been honored in civil life.
B)an appointed governor of a province.
C)a usurping strongman.
D)a priest who has entered politics.
E)a person of mixed blood who rises to prominence.

Question 13

Most o f the social welfare initiatives in Latin America were handled by the

A)criollos.
B)audencia.
C)Catholic church.
D)liberals.
E)caudillos.

Question 14

The orig inal cash crops of Latin America were

A)sugar and rice.
B)coffee and bananas.
C)coffee and sugar.
D)sugar and cotton.
E)sugar and bananas.

Question 15

What were the original cash crops coming out of Latin America?

A)Coffee and cotton.
B)Sugar and rice.
C)Salt and silk.
D)Pineapples and potatoes.
E)Oranges and wood products.

Question 16

What was the condition of most South and Central American pure-blooded Amerindians in the early 1800s?

A)The Amerindians were integrated into government and society after the revolutions.
B)They retreated to the most remote regions in order to maintain their own culture.
C)They helped the Europeans adopt their culture and methods of farming and hunting.
D)The Amerindians moved to reservations and were well cared for by the caudillos.
E)The Amerindians tended to have neither experience nor interest in government beyond their village.

Question 17

In 1889, the last country of the Western hemisphere abolished slavery. What was that country?

A)Brazil.
B)The United States.
C)Venezuela.
D)Cuba.
E)Mexico.

Question 18

The booming monoculture economies in Latin America were based on which of the following?

A)Exporting raw materials.
B)Pharmaceutical cultivation.
C)An industrialized workforce.
D)Importing only one foreign item.
E)Exporting revolution.

Question 19

Brazil avoided a violent transition from colony to nation because

A)the plantation slaves, although numerous, were prevented from fighting.
B)the colonial Brazilians had plenty of experience with self-governance.
C)Brazil, by choice, operated as a constitutional monarchy for much of the 19^th century.
D)the Brazilian criollos were more interested in fiestas than in politics.
E)the British intervened and stopped the budding revolution.

Question 20

How were the early feminist writers in Latin America, a patriarchal society, treated in their own lifetimes?

A)They were honored for their contributions to literature and society.
B)The majority of the Latin Americans agreed with their idea of universal equality.
C)The feminists were deported to other countries so they would not be heard.
D)The early feminists were ridiculed and marginalized by the dominant society.
E)They were transparent and unknown in their own countries.

Question 21

In a L atin American context, conservatives were mainly ____________________ or connected with the ____________________.

Question 22

Juan Manuel Ro sas, dictator of Argentina until 1852, was deposed by

A)disaffected gauchos.
B)exiled intellectuals.
C)concerned priests.
D)disaffected gauchos, along with exiled intellectuals.
E)exiled intellectuals, along with concerned priests.

Question 23

Most l egal and social restrictions for women were directed toward what kind of woman?

A)Married.
B)Single.
C)Mestizo.
D)Working.
E)Wealthy.

Question 24

The most important decision during the early years of the Latin American revolutions was whether, after independence, the new countries would be

A)dictatorships or aristocracies.
B)republics or dictatorships.
C)republics or monarchies.
D)monarchies or aristocracies.
E)aristocracies or republics.

Question 25

Peonage was a form of ____________________ that was used to gain repayment of real or alleged debts.

Question 26

With a gr owing economy based on the export of their livestock, food products, and minerals, the once-idle criollos in Mexico, Argentina, and a few other countries, in the late 1800s became

A)concerned about government restrictions on their finances.
B)concerned that dictators within their countries would seize control of their property in the name of the state.
C)fearful that the United States would place unfair trade restrictions on their goods.
D)involved in every aspect of politics in order to protect their interests.
E)wealthy enough to emulate American and British society.

Question 27

Term for identification: criollos

Question 28

Early fem inist writers in Latin America, unknown by the outside world until fairly recently, were in their own lifetimes

A)recognized as well-respected journalists and teachers.
B)scorned and shunned by the dominant male society.
C)famous for writing about the unfairness of the region's patriarchal society.
D)honored for their work in improving working conditions for women and children in the labor force.
E)devoted wives and mothers who believed that all women should have equality with men.

Question 29

Spain's hop e of recovering its colonies with help from other European powers was squelched in 1823 by the ____________________.

Question 30

The ____________________ invasion of ____________________ set in motion independence movements throughout the Latin American colonies.

Question 31

During t he second half of the 19^th century, the ____________________ were replaced by ____________________ leaders, such as Benito Juárez in Mexico.

Question 32

The newly independent Latin American countries differed from their young neighbor, the United States, by lacking all of the following EXCEPT

A)a middle class with a strong work ethic.
B)experience in self government.
C)a population that shared many of the same traits.
D)economic stability.
E)a large labor pool.

Question 33

Which of the following does not describe the conditions under which the Latin Americans gained independence?

A)In the wake of the Napoleonic invasion of Spain.
B)As a result of the Spanish king's intolerable tyranny.
C)As a counter to a feared movement toward racial democracy.
D)Inspired by the successful North American and French revolutions.
E)The criollos' resentment at being always subordinated to the peninsulares.

Question 34

Dependence on one crop in agriculture is termed ____________________.

Question 35

Encouraging im migration in order to improve the racial makeup of the country; fashioning their society after that of the Americans and the British; and achieving the highest literacy rates in the Western Hemisphere: These were characteristics of which Latin American country?

A)Brazil
B)Argentina
C)Chile
D)Mexico
E)Panama

Question 36

Latifundios were larg e ____________________ where the landowners appeared like "____________________."

Question 37

Brazil was the last country in the Western hemisphere to

A)end dictatorships as a form of government.
B)abolish slavery.
C)install a democratically elected president.
D)establish public schools.
E)implement trade agreements with European countries.

Question 38

Even bef ore becoming president of Mexico, Benito Juárez angered his country's conservatives by

A)working to help the aristocrats retain power.
B)being the person most responsible for the liberal Constitution of 1857.
C)challenging the Catholic church to interfere less in Mexican politics.
D)revealing that he was a full-blood Zapotec Indian.
E)pushing for the enfranchisement of all of Mexico's Indian population.

Question 39

In Latin America in the 19th century, the ____________________ maintained a strong supervisory role in the spheres of education and social welfare.

Question 40

A  ____________________ economy is one that relies on just one or two cash crops.

Question 41

Term for identification: Francisco de Miranda

Question 42

Discuss the underlying social issues in Latin America that had an impact on the independence movements.

Question 43

Term for identification: latifundios

Question 44

How successful were the revolutions in Latin America?

Question 45

Term for identification:  José de San Martín

Question 46

Term for identification: Porfirio Díaz

Question 47

Term for identification:  Simón Bolívar

Question 48

Term for identification: Miguel Hidalgo

Question 49

Term for identification:  Benito Juárez

Question 50

Describe and discuss the influence that the Catholic Church has exerted on Latin American culture.

Question 51

Compare and contrast the actions of key leaders in the Hispanic American revolutions and reform movements in early independence.

Question 52

Discuss the rivalry between conservatives and liberals in shaping Latin American politics and society.

Question 53

Term for identification:  Juan Manuel Rosas

Question 54

Term for identification:  Dom Pedro II

Question 55

Elaborate on the significant social issues facing the independent Latin American nations.