Deck 6: The Proteins and Amino Acids

Question 1

Proteins are the building blocks of amino acids.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

Which of the following essential amino acids is used by the body to produce tyrosine?

A)Leucine
B)Lysine
C)Isoleucine
D)Valine
E)Phenylalanine

Answer 2

E

Question 3

Nutrient-dense vegetarian diets require much less land, water, fuel, and other resources to produce when compared to diets high in meats, cheeses, and highly processed foods.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Predigested proteins are easy to digest and can relieve the digestive system from overworking.

Question 5

Individuals suffering from a kidney disease should not consume excessive proteins as this can hastens the kidneys' decline.

Question 6

Growing children are in negative nitrogen balance because excess protein is required for adding blood, bone, and muscle cells.

Question 7

The growth of well-fed vegetarian children is similar to that of their meat-eating peers.

Question 8

Vinegar is the only known substance that can reduce the acidity of the hydrochloric acid produced by the stomach.

Question 9

Sickle-cell disease is an example of an inherited variation in the amino acid sequence.

Question 10

Each amino acid has its own distinctive chemical side chain attached to the center carbon of the backbone.

Question 11

Vegetarians have a significantly higher rate of hypertension than meat eaters.

Question 12

In a protein, a(n)_____ bond is formed between the amine group end of one amino acid and the acid group end of the next amino acid.

A)peptide
B)hydrogen
C)metallic
D)ionic
E)phosphate

Question 13

Gluten is a protein that is formed in grain foods.

Question 14

Which of the following factors helps distinguish one amino acid from another?

A)The presence or absence of nitrogen
B)The amine group
C)The side chain
D)The type of bonds
E)The acid group

Question 15

The body is capable of producing all 20 amino acids it requires from fragments derived from carbohydrate and fat.

Question 16

Proteins help regulate gene expression.

Question 17

Which of the following is true of an amine group?

A)It is the carbon-containing portion of an amino acid.
B)It is the unique chemical structure attached to the backbone of each amino acid.
C)It represents the acid group attached to the central carbon atom.
D)It is the oxygen-containing portion of an amino acid.
E)It is the nitrogen-containing portion of an amino acid.

Question 18

Red meat causes an abnormal immune response in people suffering from celiac disease.

Question 19

Antibodies are large proteins present in the blood that are effective in destroying foreign particles that invade the body.

Question 20

Legumes are a good source of protein, many B vitamins, iron, and other minerals, making them exceptionally nutritious foods.

Question 21

Which of the following is an essential amino acid?

A)Proline
B)Tyrosine
C)Aspartic acid
D)Lysine
E)Alanine

Question 22

Which of the following cooking methods would you use to increase the digestibility of protein?

A)Grilling
B)Smoking
C)Frying
D)Stewing
E)Baking

Question 23

Which of the following statements is true of essential amino acids?

A)These amino acids are produced in excess within the body.
B)Alanine and cysteine are examples of essential amino acids.
C)These amino acids cannot be synthesized by the body.
D)These amino acids do not contain a side chain attached to the backbone.
E)Their recycling is different from that of nonessential amino acids.

Question 24

Which of the following is a nonessential amino acid?

A)Methionine
B)Valine
C)Leucine
D)Histidine
E)Serine

Question 25

In making recommendations for protein intake, the DRI committee took into consideration that the protein in a normal diet would be:

A)a combination of animal and plant sources
B)sufficient for pregnant women of all ages
C)used by athletes and bodybuilders
D)best absorbed with food additives
E)used only for building muscle mass

Question 26

There are _____ essential amino acids.

A)5
B)20
C)7
D)13
E)9

Question 27

All of the following cause denaturation of proteins except :

A)bases
B)heat
C)alcohol
D)water
E)radiation

Question 28

Which of the following is true of sickle-cell disease?

A)It is a fatal disorder that affects neurons and causes seizures.
B)It is a disease caused by the deficiency of iron.
C)It is a disease in which red blood cells are abnormally (crescent)shaped.
D)It is an infectious disease caused by the intake of the botulinum toxin.
E)It is a defect characterized by the improper closure of the spinal cord.

Question 29

In a protein molecule, the standard sequence of amino acids is specified by a person's:

A)diet
B)age
C)gender
D)genes
E)weight

Question 30

Which of the following is true of a catalyst?

A)It is a group of proteins produced by the immune system in response to an invasion by foreign substances.
B)It is a chemical messenger secreted by body organs in response to conditions that require regulation.
C)It is a substance that hastens the rate of a chemical reaction without permanently altering itself.
D)It is a protein that helps transport different substances around the body.
E)It is a compound that helps maintain the acidity or alkalinity of a solution.

Question 31

If amino acids are oversupplied, _____.

A)muscle tissue formation is accelerated
B)the body converts amino acid residues to extra blood proteins
C)they are filtered from the blood and stored in the liver
D)the body removes and excretes their amine groups
E)the excess amino acids leak through the tissues and cause edema

Question 32

In sickle-cell disease, which of the following amino acids replaces glutamic acid in hemoglobin?

A)Glycine
B)Tyrosine
C)Serine
D)Valine
E)Lysine

Question 33

If tyrosine becomes a conditionally essential amino acid in the body, which of the following statements is true?

A)Phenylalanine is produced using tyrosine and should be supplied in adequate quantities.
B)Tyrosine should be taken in through the diet as the body is unable to produce it.
C)The excess absorption of phenylalanine prevents the absorption of tyrosine by the body.
D)Tyrosine is produced in excess by the body, and its intake through the diet should be limited.
E)Tyrosine is not required by the body for the synthesis of other essential amino acids.

Question 34

Proteins attract water and hold it within blood vessels, preventing it from freely flowing into the spaces between the cells. This is an example of how protein is used for:

A)building enzymes, hormones, and other compounds
B)supporting the growth and development of different cells
C)maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance
D)transporting various substances around the body
E)providing structure and movement to the teeth, skin, and bones

Question 35

When amino acids are degraded for energy, their amine groups are stripped off and incorporated by the liver into _____ and sent to the kidneys for excretion.

A)urea
B)glucose
C)glycogen
D)bile
E)insulin

Question 36

Which of the following helps protect the stomach lining from the action of strong hydrochloric acid produced in the stomach?

A)Water
B)Saliva
C)Enzymes
D)A coat of mucus
E)Antibodies

Question 37

Which of the following foods provides amino acids that are most easily digested and absorbed by the body?

A)Poultry
B)Vegetables
C)Fruits
D)Legumes
E)Grains

Question 38

Negative nitrogen balance is seen in:

A)growing children
B)lactating women
C)pregnant women
D)surgery patients
E)casual exercisers

Question 39

Which of the following is a protein catalyst that facilitates chemical reactions?

A)Lysosomes
B)Enzymes
C)Lipoproteins
D)Hormones
E)Antibodies

Question 40

What are conditionally essential amino acids?

A)Those amino acids that are synthesized by the body in excess quantities
B)Those amino acids that cannot be synthesized by the body at all and should be taken in through the diet to meet the required amounts
C)Those amino acids that are normally nonessential but must be supplied through the diet when the need for it exceeds the body's ability to produce it
D)Those amino acids that are easily synthesized by the body and are not required to be consumed through the diet
E)Those amino acids that are required by the body in minute quantities

Question 41

Which of the following proteins is necessary to regulate blood glucose concentration?

A)Insulin
B)Collagen
C)Hemoglobin
D)Keratin
E)Serotonin

Question 42

Identify the function of protein buffers in the blood.

A)They provide immunity against foreign substances that invade the body.
B)They prevent the entry of sodium inside the cells and the exit of potassium from the cells.
C)They prevent excessive fluid leakage from cells.
D)They pick up and release excess hydrogens from the blood to balance its pH.
E)They ensure that the blood glucose level is maintained within a specific range.

Question 43

Tim, who lost a significant amount of weight during an illness, is thinking about taking amino acid supplements to help him regain muscle mass. What advice would you give him?

A)Take amino acid supplements as they are an excellent way to provide energy to rebuild muscles.
B)Take amino acid supplements because they are easier to digest than whole foods.
C)During recovery, consume extra carbohydrate, but not extra protein.
D)Exercise regularly to promote muscle regain.
E)Consume whole protein as it is better handled by the digestive system and will promote recovery.

Question 44

Proteins use the process of active transport to move substances by:

A)opening passages in the membrane and escorting substances into and out of the cell
B)attaching themselves to minerals to carry them throughout the bloodstream
C)decreasing the water content in cells to get rid of excess acid or base levels
D)sending antibodies to cells to carry excess proteins out to where they are needed
E)accumulating hydrogen ions within the cell to attract the substances

Question 45

The chief protein that is present in most connective tissues, including scars, ligaments, and tendons, is:

A)insulin
B)enzymes
C)hemoglobin
D)collagen
E)antibodies

Question 46

Which of the following is abundantly found in animal proteins?

A)Vitamin B ₁₂
B)Thyroxine
C)Vitamin P
D)Vitamin C
E)Serotonin

Question 47

An overemphasis on protein-rich foods can lead to:

A)a low intake of iron
B)a low intake of vitamin B ₁₂
C)an excessive intake of vitamin C
D)a low intake of all vitamins
E)a low intake of folate

Question 48

Why should we cook eggs before eating them rather than eating them raw?

A)Raw egg proteins provide excessive amounts of iron and cause adverse effects when consumed.
B)Raw egg proteins speed up protein digestion and prevent adequate absorption of proteins.
C)Raw egg proteins cannot be denatured in the human body.
D)Raw egg proteins are completely indigestible and cause food poisoning.
E)Raw egg proteins bind to biotin, making it unavailable for absorption in the body.

Question 49

A young man says that he is consuming much more protein in his diet than the recommended amount. He feels that he needs the extra amount just in case he wants to build more muscle mass in the near future. How would you respond to him?

A)It should be fine because the cells in his body will store the extra amino acids for future use.
B)If he has excess calories in his diet, he may gain fat from converted protein.
C)The extra protein will be used as fuel instead of carbohydrate.
D)His body won't digest the extra protein and will eliminate the excess in feces.
E)The excess amino acids can only be stored for up to 48 hours.

Question 50

In times of energy shortage due to inadequate carbohydrate or fat in foods, how does the body generate energy?

A)The body decreases its breakdown of food proteins and utilizes the stored glycogen.
B)The amine group in the amino acid is converted into carbohydrates to obtain energy.
C)The amine group from the amino acids is removed and the remaining fragments are used for energy.
D)Cells convert amino acids into fat and obtain concentrated energy.
E)Cells strip off the acid groups from amino acids and convert them into energy.

Question 51

Which of the following statements is true regarding protein intake recommendations?

A)Athletes may need slightly more protein than other healthy adults.
B)Athletes build muscle only when they consume excess protein supplements.
C)Dieters should take excess protein supplements to spare body proteins.
D)Infants and children need the same amount of protein as adults on a per-kilogram basis.
E)Protein recommendations are based strictly on age and gender.

Question 52

Which of the following is a result of a dietary protein deficiency?

A)Conversion of fat into amino acids
B)Increased bowel movement
C)Impaired kidney function
D)Fluid accumulation in the brain
E)Increased acid in the blood

Question 53

The protein hemoglobin carries oxygen from the lungs to the tissues. This is an example of protein's role in:

A)supporting growth and maintenance
B)building enzymes and hormones
C)transporting substances around the body
D)maintaining acid-base balance
E)maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance

Question 54

Which of the following is not associated with an excess intake of protein?

A)Enlarged livers in humans
B)Enlarged kidneys in animals
C)Worsening of existing kidney problems
D)Weight gain with animal meat consumption
E)Increased risk of heart disease

Question 55

When considering the digestion and absorption of proteins, it is important to know that:

A)proteins are broken down into individual amino acids and absorbed by all intestinal cell absorption sites at an equal rate
B)dipeptide and tripeptide molecules must be completely broken down into amino acids to be absorbed into the bloodstream from the intestine
C)cells of the small intestine absorb different types of amino acids at separate absorption sites, which causes competition between similar amino acids at these absorption sites
D)amino acids need a carrier in the bloodstream because they do not transport very well alone
E)protein digestion and absorption require simultaneous ingestion of some form of carbohydrate

Question 56

Which of the following statements is true of insulin?

A)Insulin strands consist of bridges formed by the bonding of sulfur groups in cysteine molecules.
B)Insulin is an essential amino acid and should be consumed regularly through the diet.
C)A change in the amino acid sequence of insulin causes sickle-cell disease.
D)Insulin is a primary protein found in bones and ligaments.
E)Human insulin strands are made up of only one type of amino acid.

Question 57

Which of the following food categories contributes an abundance of high-quality protein?

A)Vegetables and fruits
B)Legumes
C)Breads
D)Grains
E)Milk and meat

Question 58

Removing gluten from the diet has been shown to:

A)resolve digestive problems in people with celiac disease
B)help with weight loss in people trying to lose weight
C)reduce problems with insomnia
D)cause kidney impairment
E)cause protein deficiency

Question 59

An athlete consumes large amounts of meat in an effort to build extra muscle tissue. Identify the correct statement about the effect of excess consumption of meat.

A)The body utilizes excess amino acids, leading to rapid muscle growth .
B)The body starts to dismantle its tissue proteins.
C)The excess protein causes muscle breakdown rather than building muscle tissue.
D)A diet high in protein does not provide sufficient energy required to support muscle growth.
E)The body utilizes excess amino acids as fuel or stores them as fat.

Question 60

The body uses _____ to make the brown pigment melanin.

A)glutamic acid
B)methionine
C)tyrosine
D)valine
E)tryptophan

Question 61

How much protein does a woman who weighs 61 kilograms require every day?

A)49 grams
B)56 grams
C)86 grams
D)110 grams
E)135 grams

Question 62

Explain how proteins maintain fluid and electrolyte balance.

Question 63

Describe the relationship between vegetarian diets and high blood pressure.

Question 64

Discuss the consequences of protein deficiency.

Question 65

Which of the following foods should be included in a vegan child's diet to ensure adequate growth and bone development?

A)Soy milk for iron
B)Dark green vegetables for omega-3 fatty acids
C)Raisins for calcium
D)Whole grains for zinc
E)Eggs for vitamin B ₁₂

Question 66

The best way to ensure adequate absorption of dietary iron when consuming soy products is to:

A)include leafy greens because the iron they contain is absorbed readily
B)avoid dried fruits because they interfere with iron absorption
C)include vitamin C-rich foods because they enhance the absorption of iron
D)consume three times the amount of iron recommended for meat eaters
E)include eggs and cheese at least three times a week as an iron supplement

Question 67

Compared to meat eaters, vegetarians tend to have:

A)higher death rates from heart disease
B)lower intakes of phytochemicals
C)higher blood pressure
D)lower intakes of nuts and fruits
E)healthier body weight

Question 68

Who among the following will have the highest protein DRI per unit of body weight?

A)A 28-year-old woman
B)A 6-year-old child
C)A 40-year-old man
D)A 34-year-old woman
E)A 28-year-old man

Question 69

A 10-year-old boy is going through a growth spurt. What should his nitrogen status be, given that he needs to build new muscle tissue?

A)Positive nitrogen balance
B)Negative nitrogen balance
C)Nitrogen equilibrium
D)Nitrogen deficiency
E)Nitrogen excess

Question 70

Which of the following statements is true of a vegan diet?

A)Vegan children may not consume enough plant sources of protein to build bone and muscle tissue.
B)A vegan woman always has excellent stores of nutrients needed for pregnancy.
C)Research shows that vegan diets promote normal growth in children.
D)The daily protein requirement in vegan children is less than that of meat-eating children.
E)Child-sized vegan servings are larger than adult-sized vegan servings.

Question 71

Cells will do all of the following to create their own working proteins from available amino acids except :

A)synthesize nonessential amino acids that are missing for the protein that is being made
B)obtain amino acids that are available in the cell's amino acid pool
C)slow down protein synthesis until enough of the limiting amino acid is available again
D)hold partially completed proteins until the diet provides the missing amino acids
E)break down their internal proteins to liberate the needed amino acids

Question 72

What happens when amino acids are oversupplied in the diet?

Question 73

Your mother is considering changing her diet to include only non-meat proteins to reduce her risk of developing heart disease or cancer. What evidence is available to support her decision?

A)Vegetarian diets contain greater amounts of heart-protective omega-3 fatty acids.
B)Plant-based diets are usually lower in saturated fat and higher in fiber, reducing the risk of heart disease.
C)Substituting soy for meat proteins has resulted in a decrease in heart disease risk.
D)Lung cancer never develops in people eating plant-based diets.
E)Intakes of cheese and shortening decrease when meat consumption decreases.

Question 74

An adolescent girl has decided to adhere to a vegan diet. Her lunch consists of a tossed green salad that contains celery, tomatoes, cucumbers, and onions; whole-wheat crackers; and apple juice. What comment would you make about her complementary protein choices?

A)She has made a good choice of selecting foods that contain complementary proteins.
B)She should add garbanzo beans to her salad to obtain the protein combination she requires.
C)She must include milk or cheese in her meal to obtain sufficient protein.
D)She should add rice to her meal to obtain all the necessary amino acids.
E)She should not be following a vegan diet because it is not nutritionally adequate.

Question 75

A 23-year-old male college student, who has a sedentary lifestyle, weighs 175 pounds. What is his DRI for protein?

A)46 grams\day
B)64 grams\day
C)86 grams\day
D)140 grams\day
E)175 grams\day

Question 76

A woman who is on a vegan diet has become pregnant. What would be a health concern for her?

A)She may have excess intake of folate that could harm the fetus.
B)She may have difficulty gaining adequate weight during her pregnancy.
C)She may have excess intake of iron because of the high iron levels in plant foods.
D)Her diet will most likely be deficient in all minerals.
E)She may enter pregnancy overweight and become deficient in vitamin C.

Question 77

Which of the following food sources can vegans use to obtain the required quantity of omega-3-fatty acids in their diets?

A)Mushrooms
B)Bok choy
C)Whole grains
D)Flaxseed
E)Milk

Question 78

Which of the following foods is not included in a lacto-ovo vegetarian diet?

A)Nuts
B)Legumes
C)Seaweed
D)Fish
E)Yogurt

Question 79

What is the DRI for protein for a 40-year-old man who is 6′4″ tall and weighs 180 pounds?

A)34 grams
B)49 grams
C)65 grams
D)144 grams
E)180 grams