Deck 1: Criminal Justice Today

Question 1

A(n) _____ is a wrong against society that is proclaimed by law and that, if committed under specific circumstances, is punishable by the justice system.

A) dogma
B) operation
C) incarceration
D) crime

Answer 1

D

Question 2

The term _____ refers to acts by illegal enterprises, and the preferred illicit markets for such crimes include gambling, prostitution, illegal narcotics, and loan sharking.

A) victimless crime
B) white-collar crime
C) organized crime
D) property crime

Answer 2

C

Question 3

The term _____ refers to a threat or an attempt to do violence to another person that causes that person to fear immediate physical harm.

A) assault
B) battery
C) arson
D) larceny

Answer 3

A

Question 4

_____ is the act of taking property from another person without the use of force with the intent of keeping that property.

A) Robbery
B) Battery
C) Larceny
D) Arson

Question 5

Mark was an employee in a financial services firm. Although he was paid an average salary, he bought a luxury car with money borrowed from a loan shark. The loan shark threatened to kill him if he did not repay the money within three months. Intimidated by the threat, Mark embezzled funds from his company. Mark most likely committed a(n) _____.

A) public order crime
B) white-collar crime
C) organized crime
D) property crime

Question 6

Which of the following is a common public order crime?

A) Gambling
B) Embezzlement
C) Larceny
D) Arson

Question 7

Which of the following is true of the consensus model of criminal justice?

A) It assumes that the most politically powerful segments of society impose their values on the rest of the community.
B) It states that the interests of groups with no access to political power are not served by the criminal justice system.
C) It assumes that members of a society are likely to share similar norms and values.
D) It argues that the public has no influence on criminal laws.

Question 8

Which of the following is true of the conflict model of criminal justice?

A) It suggests that public attitudes toward morality are constant and different groups of citizens have similar opinions on controversial issues.
B) It considers that criminal law serves all sections of society equally.
C) It assumes that the most politically powerful segments of society are able to impose their values on the rest of the community.
D) It argues that the public has the most influence on criminal laws.

Question 9

_____ refers to the unlawful entry of a structure with the intention of committing a serious crime such as theft.

A) Arson
B) Battery
C) Assault
D) Burglary

Question 10

Which of the following statements is true of public order crimes?

A) They are a type of organized crime.
B) They are sometimes referred to as victimless crimes.
C) They harm both the offenders and the victims.
D) They are linked to the conflict model of criminal justice.

Question 11

Which of the following is true of white-collar crimes?

A) They include gambling and illicit drug use.
B) They are popularly referred to as victimless crimes.
C) They are a type of violent crime.
D) They are different from organized crimes.

Question 12

Jana, a young woman, is married to Mark. She gets into a romantic relationship with her colleague, Jacob. She wants to marry Jacob but does not want to go through divorce proceedings and split her assets with Mark. Therefore, she decides to kill Mark. One evening, she goes home early after work, sneaks up on her husband, and bludgeons him to death. Jana most likely committed _____.

A) battery
B) arson
C) murder
D) larceny

Question 13

Which of the following is true of arson?

A) It is a white-collar crime.
B) It is accidental in nature.
C) It involves the unintentional destruction of a building.
D) It involves the malicious burning of an automobile.

Question 14

Identify a true statement about crime.

A) It is not punishable under criminal law when determined by a minority.
B) It is not considered an offense against society as a whole.
C) It can be prosecuted by victims and their relatives and friends.
D) It is punishable by sanctions based on laws that bring about the loss of personal freedom or life.

Question 15

Which of the following is a traditional preferred market for organized crime operations?

A) Prostitution
B) Shoplifting
C) Terrorism
D) Larceny

Question 16

While walking home from work, Anaida was accosted in an alley by a man wielding a knife. The man threatened to kill her if she did not hand over all her money to him. Anaida reluctantly gave him the money, and the man ran away with it without attacking her. This scenario demonstrates _____.

A) robbery
B) burglary
C) larceny
D) battery

Question 17

_____ are nonviolent crimes committed by business entities or individuals to gain a personal or business advantage.

A) Cyber crimes
B) Organized crimes
C) White-collar crimes
D) Public order crimes

Question 18

Identify a true statement about public order crimes.

A) They often abide by public values.
B) They often harm only the offender.
C) They are linked to the conflict model of crime.
D) They are a type of organized crime.

Question 19

Which of the following statements is true of deviance?

A) All crimes are considered deviant.
B) Deviance is a subjective concept.
C) Deviance refers to behavior that conforms to social norms.
D) Deviant acts are crimes even when society believes those acts should not be punished.

Question 20

Giordana works as a secretary to a criminal lawyer. Her boss often gives her pre-signed blank checks to pay for miscellaneous expenses. Giordana has a gambling addiction and uses the checks to clear her gambling debts. In this scenario, Giordana is most likely involved in a(n) _____.

A) violent crime
B) white-collar crime
C) property crime
D) cyber crime

Question 21

_____ is the interlocking network of law enforcement agencies, courts, and corrections institutions designed to enforce criminal laws and protect society from criminal behavior.

A) The crisis intervention system
B) An organized crime family
C) The criminal justice system
D) A crime syndicate

Question 22

A(n) _____ is a set of interacting parts that, when functioning properly, achieve a desired result.

A) eidolon
B) hypothesis
C) heuristic
D) system

Question 23

Which of the following is an express power given to the national government by the Constitution?

A) The power to coin money
B) The power to arrest an alleged criminal before judgment
C) The power to mandate physician-assisted suicide
D) The power to grant bail

Question 24

Harvey works as a researcher in a secret government laboratory. He discovered a powerful explosive that can be used as a weapon of mass destruction. While he was away, Louis, his research partner, hacked into his laptop and stole the chemical formula for the explosive. Louis most likely committed a(n) _____.

A) violent crime
B) cyber crime
C) property crime
D) organized crime

Question 25

Which of the following is true of probation?

A) Probation is the least common form of correctional treatment.
B) All offenders are placed on probation regardless of their individual needs and the seriousness of their crimes.
C) When offenders on probation fail to follow certain rules of conduct, they may be incarcerated.
D) Offenders on probation are remanded to jails or prisons irrespective of their conduct during probation.

Question 26

_____ means that all individuals are equal before the law and that they are free from arbitrary arrest or seizure as defined by the law.

A) Justice
B) Morality
C) Ethics
D) Synergy

Question 27

The dependence of businesses on computer operations has left corporations vulnerable to:

A) burglary.
B) sabotage.
C) assault.
D) battery.

Question 28

According to Megan Kurlychek of the University at Albany, New York, one of the goals of the U.S. criminal justice system is to:

A) predict the occurrence of crimes in hot spots.
B) rehabilitate those offenders who have been punished.
C) standardize punishment for all forms of criminal activities.
D) keep offenders who have been punished away from society.

Question 29

Which of the following statements is true of cyber crimes?

A) They are popularly referred to as white-collar crimes.
B) They include crimes such as public drunkenness, prostitution, gambling, and illicit drug use.
C) They are directly related to the increased presence of computers in everyday life.
D) They are a form of property crime.

Question 30

Unlike jails, prisons:

A) hold criminals on probation.
B) hold those convicted of minor crimes with relatively short sentences.
C) are the domain of federal and state governments.
D) are administered by counties and municipalities.

Question 31

_____ are a part of the work group of the criminal court.

A) Wardens
B) Sheriffs
C) Prosecutors
D) Senators

Question 32

In the _____, participants follow official rules to create a smoothly functioning disposition of cases from arrest to punishment.

A) practice of proactive policing
B) formal criminal justice process
C) informal criminal justice process
D) practice of predictive policing

Question 33

Which of the following is the last step in the criminal justice process?

A) Adjudication
B) Corrections
C) Prosecution and pretrial services
D) Sentencing and sanctions

Question 34

_____ are state law enforcement agencies that concern themselves mainly with infractions on freeways.

A) State police
B) State fire marshals
C) State highway patrols
D) State sheriffs

Question 35

_____ and its work group are charged with the weighty responsibility of determining the innocence or guilt of those suspected of unlawful activities.

A) The criminal court
B) A rehabilitation center
C) The probation department
D) A correctional facility

Question 36

To safeguard society from criminal behavior, institutions must be created to:

A) approve of capital punishment for all felonies.
B) apprehend alleged wrongdoers.
C) repeal the Excessive Bail Clause.
D) reinforce self-incrimination.

Question 37

Which of the following is an example of a community-based correctional facility?

A) A probationary center
B) A prison
C) A jail
D) A halfway house

Question 38

With technological advances such as _____, which enables the wireless linking of devices such as automobiles, security cameras, and kitchen appliances, cyber crime poses particular challenges to the criminal justice system.

A) the Internet of Things
B) DNA profiling
C) the dark web
D) crowdsourcing

Question 39

The ideals of _____ can be clearly seen in the local, state, and national levels of law enforcement.

A) Machiavellianism
B) federalism
C) communism
D) Marxism

Question 40

Which of the following systems of governance was chosen by the framers of the U.S. Constitution?

A) Machiavellianism
B) Federalism
C) Communism
D) Marxism

Question 41

The strategy of _____ promotes rigorous enforcement of minor offenses with an eye toward preventing more serious wrongdoing.

A) moral policing
B) predictive policing
C) proactive policing
D) reactive policing

Question 42

Which of the following is true of civil liberties?

A) They are principles of right and wrong behavior.
B) They include concerted national efforts to prevent terrorist attacks within the United States.
C) They are public freedoms guaranteed by the last five amendments of the U.S. Constitution.
D) They are guaranteed by the Bill of Rights of the U.S. Constitution.

Question 43

DNA profiling allows law enforcement agents to _____.

A) predict the probability of crime occurrence
B) identify suspects based on their fingerprints
C) identify suspects from body fluid evidence
D) understand the mental state of perpetrators

Question 44

Which of the following is the most effective new crime-fighting tool?

A) DNA profiling
B) Racial profiling
C) Predictive policing
D) Proactive policing

Question 45

The criminal justice system relies on discretion to make operational decisions. These discretionary decisions made by criminal justice professionals produce a(n) _____.

A) routinized criminal justice process
B) formal criminal justice process
C) communalist criminal justice process
D) informal criminal justice process

Question 46

Homeland security concerns have brought much of the criminal justice system in line with _____.

A) chartalism
B) mercantilism
C) due process values
D) crime control values

Question 47

_____ is the police practice of improperly targeting members of minority groups based on personal characteristics such as ethnicity.

A) Ethnocentrism
B) Racial profiling
C) Ethnic penalty
D) Entrapment

Question 48

Which of the following is true of evidence-based practices?

A) They are strategies that demonstrably result in positive outcomes.
B) They are known to be inconsistent in producing desired outcomes.
C) They have resulted in the American police force becoming less disciplined.
D) They have resulted in an increase in criminality.

Question 49

Decreasing arrest and imprisonment rates suggest that:

A) due process values are strong.
B) crime control values are strong.
C) critical thinking is weak.
D) intuitive thinking is weak.

Question 50

Which of the following can be used to address the many ethical challenges inherent in the criminal justice system?

A) The concept of convergent thinking
B) The concept of mutual exclusion
C) The principle of critical thinking
D) The principle of restricted choice

Question 51

Jake had been subjected to racial profiling by many law enforcement officers in his neighborhood. Frustrated by such discriminatory treatment, Jake decided to retaliate. On a Saturday afternoon, he walked into the precinct in his neighborhood with a bomb vest strapped to his chest. He detonated the explosive, killing himself and several police officers. In this scenario, Jake was most likely involved in _____.

A) incarceration
B) proactive policing
C) domestic terrorism
D) recidivism

Question 52

Nate is responsible for determining if some of the inmates in the state prison can be granted parole. These inmates have served more than half of their sentences. However, only three of them have displayed good conduct throughout their term in the prison. Nate decides to grant parole to these three inmates. In this scenario, Nate is most likely _____.

A) identifying hotspots
B) practicing intelligence-led policing
C) exercising his discretion
D) practicing predictive policing

Question 53

_____ refers to the use or threat of violence to achieve political objectives.

A) Mercantilism
B) Incarceration
C) Recidivism
D) Terrorism

Question 54

Ethics in criminal justice is closely related to the concept of _____.

A) catharsis
B) centration
C) deviance
D) justice

Question 55

_____ employs statistical models to anticipate which locations are at the highest risk for criminal activity and helps law enforcement agencies direct resources toward preventing crime in these areas.

A) Moral policing
B) Predictive policing
C) Proactive policing
D) Reactive policing

Question 56

The term _____ refers to the measurement and analysis of a person's unique physical characteristics, especially as a way to establish identity.

A) racial profiling
B) intelligence-led policing
C) biometrics
D) end-to-end encryption

Question 57

Unlike Professor Herbert Packer's crime control model, his due process model:

A) focuses on protecting the rights of the accused through formal, legal restraints on the police, courts, and corrections.
B) advocates placing minimal restrictions on the ability of law enforcement officers to make discretionary decisions in apprehending criminals.
C) stresses that the criminal justice process should be quicker and more efficient.
D) focuses on protecting society from violent criminals.

Question 58

Ideally, actors in the criminal justice system will make moral choices about what is right and wrong based on the:

A) norms established by society.
B) rights guaranteed by the Constitution.
C) laws mandated by the Supreme Court.
D) provisions of the Fifth Amendment.

Question 59

Which of the following is most likely a pitfall of discretion in informal decision making?

A) Individual judgment may operate within the rigid confines of formal rules and laws.
B) Individual judgment can be tainted by erroneous thinking.
C) Individual judgment can hinder intuitive thinking.
D) Individual judgment can never be altered by opinions of the general public.

Question 60

Which of the following is a drawback of the formal criminal justice process?

A) It avoids the use of routinized operations.
B) It is unrealistic in nature.
C) It mandates capital punishment.
D) It dismisses official rules.

Question 61

Racial profiling is a crime-fighting tool that allows law enforcement agents to identify a suspect from body fluid evidence or biological evidence.

Question 62

Defendants charged with violating state criminal law always face trial in federal court.

Question 63

Assault and battery are two forms of property crime.

Question 64

The county sheriff, the chief law enforcement officer of most counties, is usually appointed for a term of ten years.

Question 65

Federalism is a form of government in which a central government exercises exclusive power in all domestic affairs.

Question 66

To reduce prison populations, federal and state correctional officials are implementing a number of programs to increase the recidivism rate of ex-convicts.

Question 67

The informal criminal justice system can suffer when individual judgment is tainted by personal bias and plain ill will.

Question 68

The underlying value of the due process model is that the most important function of the criminal justice process is to punish and repress criminal conduct.

Question 69

Crime is also referred to as deviance.

Question 70

All crimes are considered deviant.

Question 71

Hawaii has the best state law enforcement agency among the fifty American states.

Question 72

The explicit goal of the criminal justice system is to provide justice to all members of society.

Question 73

_____ is the act of committing a new crime after having been punished for a previous crime by being convicted and sent to jail or prison.

A) Terrorism
B) Recidivism
C) Larceny
D) Mercantilism

Question 74

The first ten amendments to the U. S. Constitution are collectively known as the code of ethics.

Question 75

Which of the following is true of incarceration and race?

A) The number of white men in state and federal prisons is significantly larger than the number of black men.
B) There has been a dramatic increase in the ratio of Latino inmates to other inmates in federal prisons over the past decade.
C) A white defendant is more likely to be sentenced to death for killing a black victim than a black defendant is for killing a white victim.
D) As law enforcement agencies have loosened restrictions on immigration laws, the number of Hispanic inmates has decreased in state and federal prisons.

Question 76

The concept of public order crimes is linked to the conflict model of criminal justice.

Question 77

The conflict model assumes that a diverse group of people can have similar morals.

Question 78

Deviance is an objective concept.

Question 79

The United States has a unified court system.

Question 80

The crime control model and the due process model are the two most common models of how society "decides" which acts are criminal.