Deck 9: Raising Children in a Diverse Society

Question 1

Alice Rossi has observed that the transition to parenthood is more difficult than the transition to other adult roles for several reasons. Which of the following is NOT one of these?

A)Parents are more likely than in the past to be geographically distant from relatives.
B)Most first parents approach parenting with little or no previous experience in child care.
C)Unlike other adult roles, the transition to parenthood is extremely gradual.
D)Adjusting to parenthood necessitates changes in the couple's emotional and sexual relationship.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Which of the following is NOT one of the "facts" discussed in the text concerning fathers as primary parents?

A)About 20 percent of all U.S. children under age fifteen are living with single fathers.
B)About 5 percent of black and of nonHispanic white children live with single fathers.
C)Whether married or single, fathers as primary parents report facing isolation and stereotypes.
D)Primary-parent fathers have begun to organize support groups.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

In accordance with the stress model of parental effectiveness, single mothers have several stressors which can lead to less effective parenting behaviors. Which of the following is NOT one of these?

A)time constraints
B)poorer economic resources
C)a private safety net
D)higher depression levels

Answer 3

C

Question 4

New parents feel overwhelmed, but the motivation to overcome their stress and do their best proceeds from the stressor itself. This has been termed the

A)stress model of parental effectiveness.
B)transition to parenthood model.
C)paradox of parenting.
D)parental resilience effect.

Question 5

Single mothers often have a ___________, or social support from family and friends.

A)public nest
B)private army
C)private safety net
D)public hammock

Question 6

When new parents first bring their babies home from the hospital, they report the transition being difficult especially due to several things. Which of these is NOT one of the things they report being bothered by?

A)relatives and friends visiting for hours on end
B)the baby's interruption of their sleeping
C)how difficult it is to go places
D)hard to express themselves sexually

Question 7

Between _____ of all births occur to uncoupled, single mothers.

A)1 and 5 percent
B)15 and 20 percent
C)35 and 30 percent
D)50 and 60 percent

Question 8

Children and adults can demonstrate the capacity to recover from adverse situations and events.  This is called being

A)resistant.
B)resilient.
C)reliable.
D)revolutionary.

Question 9

The vast majority of single mothers

A)have criminal records, usually for minor offenses.
B)never intended to raise their children without a partner.
C)are not bothered by their unmarried status.
D)purposefully decided to raise a child alone.

Question 10

___________ are biological or, much less often, adoptive fathers who do not live with their children.

A)Stepfathers
B)Nonresident fathers
C)Social fathers
D)Disinterested fathers

Question 11

Many fathers are ______ than several decades ago.

A)more apt to give up on parenting as soon as it gets hard
B)less emotionally involved
C)more emotionally involved
D)less likely to keep a record of his children's choices

Question 12

In the United States, stay-at-home fathers

A)have much higher status than stay-at-home mothers.
B)are generally uneducated men with little earning potential.
C)have typically poor relationships with their children.
D)continue to be viewed as norm violators.

Question 13

In the United States, the mother is expected to be the child's primary __________ parent, assuming the major emotional responsibility for the safety and upbringing of her children.

A)pseudo emotional
B)psychological
C)sociological
D)economic

Question 14

Many parents display _______ in living arrangements and family structures or forms.

A)a marked fluidity
B)strong stability
C)inconsistent reality
D)emotionally detachment

Question 15

Although about 20-25 percent of mothers are single mothers, only about _____percent of fathers are single fathers.

A)1
B)5
C)10
D)12

Question 16

Which of the following is NOT identified in the text as among the features of the social context of child rearing that can make modern parenting difficult?

A)Today's parents rear their children in a pluralistic society, characterized by diverse and conflicting values.
B)In our society, the parenting role conflicts with the working role, and employers typically place work demands first.
C)Divergent family forms may cause parents special difficulties just because these forms are different from the idealized norm of the intact, nuclear family.
D)Most parents today do not have to worry about caring for their own aging parents.

Question 17

According to the text, parents today face questions that would not have been imagined several decades ago.  Which of the following is NOT one of the questions discussed in the text?

A)Should baby boys be circumcised?
B)Should I believe the teacher who says my child needs medication?
C)How much fast food is too much?
D)Is my child doing well in school?

Question 18

Compared to married mothers, single mothers are more likely to be

A)committed to an authoritative parenting style.
B)involved with their children's schools.
C)living in poverty.
D)happier about having children.

Question 19

Married couples comprise fewer than  _____ of families with a joint child under age 18.

A)one- half
B)two-thirds
C)one-quarter
D)one-third

Question 20

The new image of a "good" father in today's society says that fathers __________.

A)are mainly providers or breadwinners
B)should be the primary nurturer of the child
C)can make less money, if they stay at home more
D)not only take financial responsibility but also are actively involved in child care

Question 21

Mothers and children make up about _____ percent of the homeless population.

A)10
B)25
C)40
D)65

Question 22

Upper-class, highly-educated parents are more likely to emphasize concerted cultivation, which is

A)unified parenting.
B)musical learning.
C)a form of gardening and nutrition.
D)the overall development of their child's talents and potential.

Question 23

The __________ parent's attitude is "I am in charge and set/enforce the rules, no matter what."

A)authoritarian
B)authoritative
C)permissive
D)egalitarian

Question 24

According to research, about  ________ of mothers had spanked their children.

A)20%
B)44%
C)75%
D)80%

Question 25

About __________ percent of children who are raised in poverty have emotional or behavioral difficulties.

A)5
B)8
C)15
D)21

Question 26

As adolescents search for identity and begin to define who they are and will be as adults, they need help from their parents. Which one of these is NOT a need listed by the text?

A)firm guidance
B)financial incentive
C)parental accessibility
D)emotional support

Question 27

The text points out that parenting is probably more satisfying for parents and effective for children when both parents use which parenting style?

A)authoritarian
B)permissive
C)authoritative
D)egalitarian

Question 28

Which of the following is LEAST likely to spank their children?

A)low-income parents
B)conservative Protestant parents
C)immigrant parents
D)upper-middle-class parents

Question 29

Which parenting style is characterized by low parental monitoring and low parental warmth?

A)authoritarian
B)authoritative
C)permissive-indulgent
D)permissive-emotional neglect

Question 30

Children living in poverty are more often __________ than other children.

A)introverted
B)rebellious
C)resourceful and intelligent
D)disabled or chronically ill

Question 31

Luis plays a parentlike role for his girlfriend's son, even though he is unrelated to the child. The text refers to this role as

A)mentoring.
B)social fathering.
C)counseling.
D)supplemental parenting.

Question 32

Research by Straus and his colleagues show that children who have been frequently spanked by their parents, are

A)less likely later to cheat or tell lies.
B)less likely to bully or be cruel or mean to others.
C)more likely to have behavior problems later in life, as well as depression.
D)less likely to misbehave in various ways.

Question 33

Discipline is never appropriate for _______.

A)babies
B)preschoolers
C)teenagers
D)toddlers

Question 34

Which parenting style is characterized by low parental monitoring but high parental warmth?

A)authoritarian
B)authoritative
C)permissive-indulgent
D)permissive-emotional neglect

Question 35

The __________ parent's style is indulgent, and often leads to the classic "spoiled child."

A)authoritarian
B)authoritative
C)permissive
D)egalitarian

Question 36

Upper-middle-class parents tend to use which parenting style?

A)egalitarian
B)permissive
C)authoritative
D)authoritarian

Question 37

According to the text, spanking refers to

A)hitting a child with an open hand without causing physical injury.
B)striking a child with a blunt object such as a paddle.
C)repeatedly striking a child with a non-injurious object, such as a folded newspaper.
D)hitting a child with a small object.

Question 38

Working-class parents tend to use which model of parenting?

A)permissive-indulgent
B)hyperparenting
C)concerted cultivation
D)the facilitation of natural growth

Question 39

Which parenting style is preferred by child psychologists?

A)authoritarian
B)authoritative
C)permissive
D)egalitarian

Question 40

Forms of parental control encouraged by your textbook include all EXCEPT which of the following?

A)explicitly stating expectations
B)psychological control
C)giving time outs
D)denying privileges

Question 41

It is estimated that __________ children under age 18 are living in a grandparent's household.

A)600,000
B)1)6 million
C)2)6 million
D)more than 3.6 million

Question 42

__________ is out-of-home placement with biological relatives of children who are in the custody of the state.

A)Foster care
B)Formal kinship care
C)Closed adoption
D)Open adoption

Question 43

About _____ percent of grandparents in the United States are raising grandchildren.

A)5
B)9
C)11
D)15

Question 44

More __________ mothers than European American mothers spank their children.

A)Hispanic
B)Native American
C)Asian American
D)African American

Question 45

Most families of color engage in _________, developing children's pride in their cultural heritage while preparing them for the possibility of discrimination.

A)stereotyping
B)race socialization
C)damage control
D)ethnic establishment process

Question 46

The home lives of undocumented parents are often characterized by

A)corporal punishment.
B)familial loyalty.
C)fear and vigilance.
D)respect for parents and elders.

Question 47

Lower-income parents are less likely to live in neighborhoods that value

A)athletic ability.
B)beauty.
C)authority.
D)education.

Question 48

__________ parenting combines warm emotional support for children with a demand for significant respect for parents and other authority figures, including older extended family members.

A)Authoritative
B)Authoritarian
C)Hierarchical
D)Laissez-faire

Question 49

Some Muslim children who wear headscarves, called __________, may be subject to ridicule and discrimination.

A)banai
B)hadith
C)Ramadan
D)hijab

Question 50

Ethnicity is often associated with __________.

A)gender
B)social attitudes
C)religious belief
D)negativity

Question 51

The goal of __________ is to provide planned, time-limited, substitute care for children who cannot be adequately cared for at home.

A)open adoption
B)closed adoption
C)foster care
D)formal kinship care

Question 52

The text points out that children today face demands for achievement from schools, church, recreational organizations, peers and, of course, parents. This "scheduled hyperactivity" can produce a "__________ child," who is forced to assume too many challenges and responsibilities too soon.

A)hurried
B)emotionally repressed
C)restricted
D)passive

Question 53

Akili is a grandparent and acts as the primary parent for his two grandchildren. Akili's situation is referred to in the text as a __________.

A)postmodern family
B)grandparent family
C)blended family
D)stepfamily

Question 54

In explaining Asian American children's superior high school performance, a few Asian American social scientists have offered alternative concepts that emphasize indigenous __________, which blends parental love, concern, involvement, and physical closeness with strict and firm control.

A)Confucian training doctrine
B)authoritarian parenting
C)laissez-faire parenting
D)Yin/Yang doctrine

Question 55

The hierarchical parenting model seems to apply particularly to ______ parents.

A)Hispanic
B)Asian American
C)non-Hispanic white
D)African American

Question 56

Same-sex parents tend to

A)be much more strict than heterosexual parents.
B)emphasize their similarity to heterosexual parents.
C)use authoritarian parenting styles.
D)rely on social safety nets for support.

Question 57

It is estimated that about __________ U.S. children are in foster care.

A)125,000
B)250,000
C)300,000
D)400,000

Question 58

Comparing African American parents to other ethnic groups can be seen as

A)oligarchical.
B)bureaucratic.
C)Eurocentric.
D)methodologically unsound.

Question 59

Today, there are about __________ Americans of mixed race.

A)1 million
B)2 million
C)5 million
D)9 million

Question 60

Native American parents have been described as exhibiting a(n)__________ parenting style.

A)authoritarian
B)permissive
C)hierarchical
D)authoritative

Question 61

A person's having children with more than one partner is called ________.

Question 62

Mothers spank less often than fathers.

Question 63

The deportation of parents with children who are American citizens has been termed "multigenerational punishment."

Question 64

The rate of child poverty in the U.S. now exceeds that of the nation as a whole.

Question 65

Boys, especially under the age of two, are spanked most often.

Question 66

Authoritative parenting combines emotional nurturing and support with parental direction.

Question 67

The mean age of children in foster care is about __________years.

A)3
B)5
C)8
D)13

Question 68

Mothers typically engage in more hands-on parenting and take primary responsibility for children.

Question 69

Social fathers (nonbiological fathers in the role of father)seem to improve adolescents' outcomes when compared with living in a single-mother household.

Question 70

The traditional image of motherhood disappears when Mom is employed.

Question 71

Studies show that good parenting involves at least four factors. Which of the following is NOT one of these?

A)having siblings who are experienced with parenting
B)being involved in a child's life and school
C)using supportive, rather than negative, family communication
D)adequate economic resources

Question 72

Working full-time at minimum wage does not earn a parent enough money to live above the poverty line.

Question 73

Hispanic parents have been described as less authoritarian than white parents.

Question 74

Hyperparenting is being an incredibly positive and almost perfect role model for your child.

Question 75

Children's needs differ according to age.

Question 76

Most single mothers intended to raise their children without a partner.

Question 77

As wards of the court, foster children are financially supported by

A)private enterprise.
B)the state.
C)charitable donations.
D)property taxes.

Question 78

Children under 18 make up about one-quarter of the homeless.

Question 79

A mother is generally expected to be the child's primary __________ parent, or the one who self-sacrificially assumes the major responsibility for the safety and upbringing of her children.

Question 80

Parenting is one of many opportunities and experiences, or life chances, that is influenced by socioeconomic status (SES)-one's position in society, measured by educational achievement, occupation, and/or income.