Deck 14: Reform in the Western Church

Question 1

The third major community of Protestants in Europe in the sixteenth century was the ______________.

A) Lutherans
B) Anabaptists
C) Mennonites
D) Calvinists
E) Zwinglis

Answer 1

Calvinists

Question 2

One area in which popular support for Luther's denunciation of the Church was found was among ______________.

A) Anabaptists
B) rural parishes where priests were preaching in conflict with Dominicans
C) Christian Humanists
D) urban reformers
E) Jesuits

Answer 2

urban reformers

Question 3

What did John Calvin write that provided the fundamentals of Calvinism?

A) In Defense of the Catholic Church
B) In Praise of Folly
C) "Letter to the German Nobility"
D) Spiritual Exercises
E) Institutes of the Christian Religion

Answer 3

Institutes of the Christian Religion

Question 4

What authority did Martin Luther say he would obey at the Diet of Worms?

A) The teachings of the church
B) The word of the pope
C) The scripture
D) Charles V
E) All of these.

Question 5

What "vanities" did Savonarola organize the burning of?

A) Clothing
B) Jewelry
C) Playing cards
D) Pornographic pictures
E) All of these.

Question 6

Zwingli's opinions differed from Luther's because he ______________.

A) thought that, in addition to baptism and Communion, one nee1ded the sacrament of last rites
B) believed that only the New Testament was relevant to Christians
C) argued that Communion was only a symbolic gesture
D) argued that local government and town councils should oversee church matters
E) said that anyone could preach from the gospel

Question 7

Who wrote Utopia ?

A) Sir Thomas More
B) Martin Luther
C) Desiderius Erasmus
D) Giorlamo Savonarola
E) Johannes Tetzel

Question 8

Anabaptist separatism was considered deeply subversive because it ______________.

A) refused to recognize the Peace of Augsburg
B) refuted the idea that good works could contribute to salvation
C) refused baptism of children, arguing that they were untainted by Original Sin
D) rejected the idea that everyone in society should be a member of a common church
E) refrained from participating in religious holidays

Question 9

Where was the seat of Savonarola's power?

A) Florence
B) Venice
C) Rome
D) Naples
E) Genoa

Question 10

What region was first affected by the widespread availability of books?

A) Great Britain and Ireland
B) France
C) Spain and Portugal
D) The Rhineland and the Netherlands
E) Italy

Question 11

The major means by which Luther's ideas were spread was ______________.

A) underground dissenters
B) printing press
C) folk hymns like "A Mighty Fortress is Our God"
D) missionaries
E) popular revolt

Question 12

Under terms of the Peace of Augsburg, what was accomplished?

A) Charles V accepted defeat from France.
B) Regional leaders could choose whether to be Lutheran or Catholic.
C) A marriage alliance was healed with conflict between France and the Holy Roman Empire.
D) The eastern part of the Holy Roman Empire was ceded to the Ottomans.
E) The Habsburg dynasty was removed from power in the Holy Roman Empire.

Question 13

To invoke the pure gospel, German peasants invoked all of the following demands except ______________.

A) lowered rent payments
B) abolition of serfdom
C) greater access to common lands
D) religious freedom of choice
E) All of these.

Question 14

The four major points that separated Martin Luther from the Catholic Church included his opinions on all of these except ______________.

A) salvation through faith alone
B) the priesthood of all believers
C) the necessity of sacraments
D) the role of the pope
E) the authority of the Bible

Question 15

What architectural innovation arose from the new demands placed on the lower clergy?

A) The chapel
B) The flying buttress
C) The pulpit
D) The tabernacle
E) The choir loft

Question 16

Between 1531−1556, Holy Roman Emperor Charles V was involved in religious and secular wars with all of the following except ______________.

A) France
B) German Protestants
C) Spain
D) England
E) The Ottoman Empire

Question 17

The Anabaptists election in 1534 to the city government of Münster led to ______________.

A) the abolition of private home ownership
B) polygamy
C) a ban on money
D) one of the biggest bloodbaths of the sixteenth century
E) All of these.

Question 18

What led directly to Savonarola's death?

A) His blasphemy of St. Peter
B) His founding of a heretical sect
C) His refusal to move to Rome
D) His accusation of the pope's sexual immorality
E) His burning of a papal decree

Question 19

Where was the community of the Brothers and Sisters of the Common Life based?

A) Norway
B) Germany
C) Italy
D) the Netherlands
E) France

Question 20

Martin Luther posted the Ninety-Five Theses in direct response to ______________.

A) a papal decree creating a new level of Purgatory
B) the Diet of Worms
C) the publication of Utopia
D) a visiting friar who was selling indulgences in order to build a church in Rome
E) a dream he had after 40 days of fasting and prayer

Question 21

At the end of the Council of Trent, the Catholic Church argued that ______________.

A) through the doctrine of papal infallibility, there was no need to change course
B) all Protestants were heretics who should be brought back to the church by persuasion or force
C) salvation was accomplished through faith, works, and sacraments
D) indulgences were not religiously valid
E) None of these.

Question 22

One of the figures in the Catholic reform movement, Teresa of Avila, sought to improve the women's order known as the ______________.

A) Ursalines
B) Carmelites
C) Poor Clares
D) Benedictines
E) Lendines

Question 23

Ignatius of Loyola founded the Society of Jesus, also known as the ______________.

A) Dominicans
B) Capuchins
C) Jesuits
D) Carmelites
E) Benedictines

Question 24

According to Calvin's theory of double predestination, what would happen to an individual?

A) One could be saved through repentance and a second baptism as an adult
B) Good works were a critical measure of salvation.
C) One was saved or damned by God before birth.
D) All who embraced Calvinism would be saved.
E) One was either saved or damned, and there was no such thing as Purgatory.

Question 25

A significant change to the attitude of the poor in the sixteenth century was that Protestants ______________.

A) believed that the poor had brought their fate upon themselves through predestination
B) rejected the idea that good works brought salvation, therefore charity was the responsibility of the local government
C) thought only widows and orphans should be given poor relief
D) believed everyone should work to achieve their own economic freedom
E) should join religious orders

Question 26

John Knox, founder of Presbyterianism in Scotland, argued that ______________.

A) a different form of Protestantism was necessary in Scotland to combat the Church of England
B) Scotland needed a real reformation because Henry VIII's conversion to Protestantism was for political purposes only
C) England had no business in Scotland, religious or political
D) women were not empowered to rule in the government because it was unnatural
E) Scotland must rely on France to expel the English, even if they were Catholic

Question 27

Who was the missionary that had the most influence in China?

A) Matteo Ricci
B) Francis Xavier
C) Ignatius Loyola
D) Bartolome de las Casas
E) Juan Luis Vives

Question 28

According to Calvin, what were the signs from God that a person was a member of "the elect"?

A) Hard work and thrift
B) Accumulation of wealth
C) Successful completion of education
D) Pilgrimages and dedication to relief of the poor
E) You would never know and must live an exemplary life just in case.

Question 29

Ignatius Loyola wrote which treatise on religion?

A) "In Defense of the Catholic Faith"
B) The First Blast Against the Monstrous Regiment of Women
C) In Praise of Folly
D) "The Thirty-nine Articles"
E) Spiritual Exercises

Question 30

Pope Paul III's response to defend Catholicism against Protestantism included all of the following except ______________.

A) overseeing the Council of Trent
B) excommunicating Queen Elizabeth I
C) initiating the Roman Inquisition
D) compiling The Index of Prohibited Books
E) recognizing the Jesuits for outreach to the masses

Question 31

How did local populations respond to European missionary efforts in the Americas and Asia?

A) They resisted cultural assimilation.
B) Some converted to Christianity and European customs.
C) Some compromised between indigenous religion and Catholicism in a type of syncretism.
D) They actively rejected foreign ways.
E) All of these.

Question 32

In the Act of Supremacy, Henry VIII declared ______________.

A) that any contradiction of the king's law was treason
B) his marriage to Catherine of Aragon void
C) the king was the head of the Church of England
D) parliament must concede to the wishes of the king
E) all church property and land in England was forfeit

Question 33

The first real move toward Reformation in England came with ______________.

A) the seizure of Catholic properties in England
B) Henry's so-called Reformation by Statute
C) Elizabeth I issuing the Thirty-nine Articles
D) Mary Tudor re-instituting Catholicism to coexist with the Church of England
E) the Regency Council imposing the Book of Common Prayer under Edward VI

Question 34

Martin Luther's position on marriage included all of the following except that it ______________.

A) was intended only for procreation
B) was done by the exchange of vows between spouses
C) was the foundation of all social order
D) required only the consent of the individuals and their families to be valid
E) was necessary for men to have an outlet for sexual urges

Question 35

In order to come to terms with the Reformation, the Catholic church convened the ______________.

A) Council of Constance
B) Seventh Lateran Council
C) Council of Trent
D) Ecumenical Convocation of Nantes
E) Contraheretical Diocese

Question 36

What aspect of Protestantism led to an increase in literacy?

A) Egalitarianism said there was no difference between the rich and the poor.
B) Luther's belief in the priesthood of all believers encouraged reading the Bible.
C) Catholicism's ban on education for females.
D) Greater trade between formerly adversarial regions after the Peace of Augsberg.
E) Uprooting the traditional hierarchy that said the lower classes should know their place.

Question 37

Queen Elizabeth I's position on religion was ______________.

A) ardently in support of the Church of England
B) sympathetic toward Catholicism
C) strongly leaning toward Calvinism
D) in favor of a middle way to achieve compromise
E) completely neutral because she was an agnostic

Question 38

What was the chief goal of the Society of Jesus?

A) Missionary work
B) Education
C) Creating an army for the Catholic Church to fight for Christ
D) To convert Muslims in the Ottoman Empire and alleviate the threat to the Holy Roman Empire
E) Relief of poverty

Question 39

The Huguenots were French ______________.

A) Calvinists
B) Lutherans
C) Anabaptists
D) Mennonites
E) Catholics

Question 40

The three major areas targeted for social reform in the sixteenth century by Protestants and Catholics were ______________.

A) children's education, catechism, and urban poverty
B) poverty, sexual vice, and alcoholism
C) labor exploitation, high taxes, and education
D) education, poverty, and family life
E) women's rights, religious hierarchy, and vice

Question 41

Compare and contrast Erasmus and Savonarola and their approaches to the power structure of the Catholic Church.

Question 42

What was the result of the Jesuits' missionary work in Asia?

Question 43

What are the identifying characteristics unique to Reformation in England?

Question 44

Analyze Christianity's relationship to poverty.

Question 45

Where were Jews most likely to be found living in relative safety in sixteenth-century Europe?

A) France
B) Germany
C) England
D) Switzerland
E) Italy

Question 46

Explain the distinction between Protestantism and Lutheranism, and why the distinction is important.

Question 47

What were the reforms sought by Teresa of Ávila, and how did she achieve them?

Question 48

What led to Luther's break from Rome?

Question 49

Protestant beliefs on marriage, sexuality, and religion ______________.

A) viewed marriage more positively as a partnership
B) abolished all convents and monasteries insisting on celibacy
C) could be seen as limiting women's choices in society
D) allowed divorce in some rare cases
E) All of these.

Question 50

The predominant form of Protestantism in northern Germany was ______________.

A) Lutheranism
B) Calvinism
C) Anabaptist
D) Mennonism
E) Presbyterianism

Question 51

After the expulsion of Jews from Spain and Portugal at the end of the fifteenth century, ______________.

A) there was a Diaspora to eastern Europe
B) many emigrated to England
C) Switzerland offered haven regardless of religious persuasion
D) there were almost no Jews in western Europe
E) many Jews practiced their religion secretly in France

Question 52

What were the intentions and the effects of the Catholic missionary movement in the New World?.

Question 53

At the end of the sixteenth century in Italy, all of the following restrictions were placed on Jews except they ______________.

A) had to live in prescribed areas
B) could not sell meat or unleavened bread
C) could not work in certain professions
D) were expelled from Venice
E) were required to wear identifying yellow badges on clothing

Question 54

Why did many couples in Germany believe that sexual relations could begin when an engagement had been announced?

A) Because marriage was no longer seen as a sacrament
B) Because as long as the bann had been announced, it was recognition enough of commitment
C) To prevent any obstacle to pregnancy
D) Because in the Middle Ages, many peasants did not have access to formal recognition of marriage.
E) Because many women would die in childbirth

Question 55

The Catholic perspective on sexuality at this time taught that ______________.

A) a life of total abstinence was best
B) a marriage must be based on reproduction and faithfulness
C) all physical temptations were sinful
D) sexual relations could occur only on certain days and in certain positions
E) All of these.

Question 56

All of the following were seen as results of the Reformation movements except ______________.

A) increased literacy
B) better living conditions for women
C) social networks for the poor provided by municipal governments
D) increased anti-Semitism
E) changing standards of family living

Question 57

The deciding factors for what type of religious reforms would be made in Europe were chosen by ______________.

A) individual religious leaders
B) community consensus
C) nobles, rulers, and local communities
D) the Treaty of Cateau Chambresis
E) None of these.

Question 58

How did Protestantism treat women differently than Catholicism?

Question 59

Protestant marriages in Germany ______________.

A) allowed for divorce to be easily obtained
B) generally took place at a young age to avoid sexual temptations
C) were usually delayed until later in life to allow couples better financial footing
D) had to be approved by an entire community of Lutherans
E) were seen as a sacrament that required officiation by clergy

Question 60

What were the criticisms of the church addressed by the Reformation?

Question 61

Instructions: Please define the following key terms.
parish priests

Question 62

Instructions: Please define the following key terms.
Ninety-five Theses

Question 63

Strong Popes of the late fifteenth century were able to challenge conciliarism's position that Councils had more authority than Popes.

Question 64

Savonarola's "bonfire of the vanities" set an example that was followed, first in Rome, then throughout the Holy Roman Empire.

Question 65

Instructions: Please define the following key terms.
Sir Thomas More

Question 66

How did the creation of new religious orders for men and women within Catholicism different in the sixteenth century compare to earlier church reforms?

Question 67

Believers of the "true gospel" felt that the Bible should be in Latin and protected by the Church.

Question 68

Instructions: Please define the following key terms.
indulgences

Question 69

Under Calvin's theory of double predestination, only those who had forsaken Catholicism would be among the Elect and receive Salvation.

Question 70

Luther retained marriage as one of the necessary sacraments within Lutheranism.

Question 71

Instructions: Please define the following key terms.
grace

Question 72

Martin Luther's popularity began to spread as he traveled across Germany to sell indulgences.

Question 73

Analyze the ways in which Protestant churches allowed greater participation by their congregations than Catholicism and its reflection of the political and religious authority of the time.

Question 74

Ignatius Loyola's Spiritual Exercises was designated at the Council of Trent as a means for former heretics to regain their standing in the Catholic Church.

Question 75

The Peace of Augsburg recognized Lutheranism as a religious option within the Holy Roman Empire.

Question 76

Many of Erasmus' works were on the Index of Forbidden books.

Question 77

Instructions: Please define the following key terms.
Christian humanism

Question 78

Instructions: Please define the following key terms.
Girolamo Savonarola

Question 79

The Thirty-Nine Articles is a statement of theology for the Church of England.

Question 80

Instructions: Please define the following key terms.
Martin Luther