Deck 10: Minority Youth and Crime Minority Youth in Court

Question 1

The Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention report "Juvenile Victims of Property Crime," stated that ________ juveniles had been the victim of a property crime.

A)one of every eight
B)two of every eight
C)one of every six
D)two of every seven

Answer 1

C

Question 2

The juvenile justice system was designed to be more concerned about rehabilitation than: 

A)punishment.
B)retribution.
C)deterrence .
D)incapacitation

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Data on __________ victimization rates broken down by age, gender, and race reveal that young African American males are particularly at risk.

A)violent
B)property
C)sexual
D)all

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Data on homicide offenders reveal that offending peaks at around age:

A)18.
B)19.
C)21.
D)23.

Question 5

Juvenile arrests for violent crimes declined _____ percent between 1994 and 2003.

A)75
B)100
C)18
D)32

Question 6

Among __________, juvenile property crime victimization rates do not vary significantly from adult victimization rates.

A)African Americans
B)Hispanics
C)Native Americans
D)whites

Question 7

Juvenile arrests for violent crimes increased _____ percent between 1985 and 1994.

A)75
B)100
C)18
D)32

Question 8

Because the juvenile justice system espouses the philosophy of parens patriae , it is less __________ than the adult system.

A)formal
B)flexible
C)compassionate
D)discretionary

Question 9

The United States Supreme Court ruled in __________   that hearings determining whether juvenile cases will be heard in adult court must measure up to "the essentials of due process and fair treatment."

A)Kent v. United States (1966)
B)In re Gault (1967)
C)In re Winship (1970)
D)Breed v. Jones (1975)

Question 10

Information concerning the racial and ethnic trends in victimization for juveniles is:

A)scarce.
B)plentiful.
C)inaccurate.
D)both plentiful and inaccurate.

Question 11

Data on homicide offenders reveal that roughly _____ percent of all homicides are committed by offenders known to the victim.

A)65
B)35
C)50
D)77

Question 12

The small racial differences in outcomes at the initial stages of the process that accumulate and become more pronounced as minority youths are processed further into the juvenile justice system are known as:

A)transitional probability.
B)compound probability.
C)transitional risk.
D)compound risk.

Question 13

The number of juveniles arrested increased _____ percent between 1985 and 1994.

A)75
B)100
C)18
D)32

Question 14

The calculated likelihood that a youth at one stage in the juvenile justice process would reach the next stage is called:

A)transitional probability.
B)compound probability.
C)transitional risk.
D)compound risk.

Question 15

The proportion of the total population younger than age 18 that reached each stage in the juvenile justice process is called:

A)transitional probability.
B)compound probability.
C)transitional risk.
D)compound risk.

Question 16

The NCVS defines juvenile as youth aged:

A)12 to 18.
B)12 to 17.
C)10 to 18.
D)10 to 17.

Question 17

Because the juvenile justice system espouses the philosophy of parens patriae , it allows for more __________ than the adult system.

A)formality
B)incapacitation
C)retribution
D)discretion

Question 18

The number of juveniles arrested declined _____ percent between 1994 and 2003.

A)75
B)100
C)18
D)32

Question 19

In the late 1980s, __________ became the first state to create a computerized database of suspected gang members.

A)Texas
B)New Jersey
C)California
D)Florida

Question 20

In general, __________ crime victimization rates are higher for younger age groups than for older age groups.

A)violent
B)property
C)sexual
D)all

Question 21

Data on __________ victimization rates broken down by age, gender, and race reveal that young African American males are particularly at risk. 

Question 22

Information concerning racial and ethnic trends in victimization for juveniles is scarce.

Question 23

The calculation of the proportion of the total population younger than age 18 that has reached each stage in the juvenile justice process is called __________ probability.

Question 24

The number of juveniles arrested increased 100 percent between 1985 and 1994. The trend continued into the year 2000.

Question 25

The United States Supreme Court ruled in Kent v. United States (1966)that hearings to determine whether juvenile cases may be moved to adult court must measure up to "the essentials of due process and fair treatment."

Question 26

Compound probability is a measure based on the proportion of the total population younger than age 18 that has reached each stage in the juvenile justice process.

Question 27

While the development of the juvenile justice system is often seen as a "child savers" movement, Platt argues that it also developed with a strong emphasis on:

A)social control.
B)rehabilitation.
C)education.
D)morality.

Question 28

Since 1988, the _____________ has required states to determine whether the proportion of people of color in confinement exceeds their proportion of the population. If there is disproportionate minority confinement, the state must develop and implement policies to reduce it.

A)Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act
B)Supreme Court
C)Juvenile Justice Equity Act
D)Department of Justice

Question 29

Most state statutes define a   juvenile as a youth aged 12 to 17.

Question 30

Because the juvenile justice system espouses the philosophy of parens patriae , it is less discretionary than the adult system.

Question 31

The authors argue that one of the main reasons that youth of color have disproportionate contact with the police is:

A)the amount of time spent outside.
B)systematic racism.
C)their violent tendency.
D)disparity in treatment.

Question 32

Among __________, juvenile property crime victimization rates do not vary significantly from adult victimization rates.  

Question 33

In general, violent crime victimization rates are higher for younger age groups than for older age groups.

Question 34

Criteria for inclusion in gang databases are:

A)clear.
B)too strict.
C)vague.
D)consistent.

Question 35

The calculated likelihood that a youth at one stage in the juvenile justice process would reach the next stage is called transitional risk.

Question 36

In the late 1980s, New York became the first state to create a computerized database of suspected gang members.

Question 37

In general, __________ crime victimization rates are higher for younger age groups than  for older age groups.  

Question 38

Much of the criticism of the treatment of racial minorities by the juvenile  justice system focuses on the fact that racial minorities are more likely than whites  to be detained in secure facilities prior to adjudication and sentenced to _______  confinement following adjudication.

Question 39

Data on homicide offenders reveal that offending peaks at age 21.

Question 40

When taking characteristics of youth's family and community into account, racial and ethnic differences in risk for violent victimization:

A)increase.
B)decrease.
C)stay the same.
D)disappear.

Question 41

What does the U.S. Supreme Court ruling in Kent v. United States (1966)require of the juvenile justice system? Outline the impact of the case in terms of case processing outcomes as well as racial disparities.

Question 42

According to Pope and Snyder, "Overall, the _______data offer no evidence to  support the hypothesis that police are more likely to arrest nonwhite juvenile  offenders than white juvenile offenders, once other incident attributes are taken  into consideration."

Question 43

Bridges and Steen's examination of the factors related to probation officers'  assessments of the risk of ___________revealed that youth who committed more  serious crimes or had more serious criminal histories were judged to be at higher  risk of future offending.

Question 44

Recently, there has been a decline in the proportion of white youth detained but an increase in the  proportion of __________ youth in custody.

Question 45

Outline the disparities in property crime victimization among juveniles and explain why these differences occur.   

Question 46

Evaluate the competing arguments for and against the police use of gang databases.

Question 47

The small racial differences in outcomes at the initial stages of the process that accumulate and become more pronounced as minority youths are processed further into the juvenile justice system are known as __________.

Question 48

Discuss the controversy surrounding the transfer of juveniles to adult court. Include evidence regarding the consequences of such transfers.

Question 49

Explain why, according to Jody Miller's Getting Played, the social contexts in which African American girls live seem to produce such high levels of violent and sexual victimization. What could policymakers do to change the situation?

Question 50

Fifteen states have ________file waiver provisions, which allow the  prosecutor to file certain types of juvenile cases directly in criminal court.