Deck 25: Bacteria and Archaea

Question 1

Small hairlike structures made up of protein on the surface of bacteria are called:

A) capsids.
B) fimbriae.
C) chromatids.
D) plasmids.
E) virons.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

How do bacteria move?

A) By means of pili
B) By means of cilia
C) By means of fimbriae
D) By means of a rotating flagella
E) Bacteria are incapable of locomotion.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

What is a chain of round bacteria called?

A) Bacilli
B) Spirilla
C) Diplococci
D) Streptococci
E) Streptobacilli

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Another name for horizontal gene transfer is____________.

A) vertical gene transfer
B) lateral gene transfer
C) generic cell transfer
D) conjugal gene transfer
E) fimbriae

Question 5

Prokaryotes divide using a process called________.

A) baeocytis
B) cell division
C) binary fission
D) cyanobacteria
E) conjugation

Question 6

Which statement about bacteria is TRUE?

A) No bacteria can photosynthesize.
B) Bacteria are not important decomposers.
C) A large percentage of bacteria are pathogenic.
D) Bacteria are cellular and are sometimes classified as life forms.
E) Bacteria cannot convert atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia and then nitrates that can be used by plants.

Question 7

Which of the following are rod-shaped bacteria?

A) Vibrio
B) Bacilli
C) Diplococci
D) Spirochete
E) Streptococci

Question 8

How do some bacteria respond to adverse environmental conditions?

A) Bacteria shrink in size.
B) Bacteria form endospores.
C) Bacteria release exotoxins.
D) Bacteria develop a cyst and fills it with fluid.
E) Bacteria build up more protein in their capsules.

Question 9

What is the purpose of sex pili?

A) To transmit DNA between bacteria
B) To transmit RNA between bacteria
C) To transmit enzymes between bacteria
D) To transmit chemical signals between bacteria
E) To transmit zygotes or sperm between bacteria

Question 10

What are the small circles of DNA that exist within the bacterial cytoplasm in addition to the bacterial chromosome?

A) Pili
B) Capsids
C) Plasmids
D) Chromatids
E) Centromeres

Question 11

Why is penicillin ineffective against gram-negative bacteria?

A) Penicillin is not toxic to gram-negative bacteria.
B) Penicillin is pushed away from the cell membrane by the fimbriae.
C) Gram-negative bacterial do not have receptors for penicillin to attach to.
D) Gram-negative bacteria do not have channels or pores in its membrane for penicillin to pass through.
E) Penicillin cannot reach the thin peptidoglycan layer easily because it is protected by the bacteria's outer membrane.

Question 12

Most bacterial cells can keep from bursting in a hypotonic environment because of:

A) a stiff capsule.
B) a rigid cell wall.
C) a tough cell membrane.
D) an efficient water pump.
E) pumping large quantities of salts into the cell.

Question 13

Which structure acts like a motor for the bacterial flagellum?

A) Hook
B) Capsule
C) Filament
D) Basal body
E) Protein rings

Question 14

Some bacteria avoid being phagocytized by a host's immune system by means of:

A) ameboid motion.
B) their capsule or slime layer.
C) efficient use of their flagella.
D) changing their cell wall structure.
E) eliminating the use of a membrane.

Question 15

The DNA molecule is packaged into thread-like structures called ____________.

A) conjugates
B) prokaryotes
C) chromosomes
D) heterochromatins
E) endospores

Question 16

Plasmids of bacteria often have genes involved in:

A) motility.
B) reproduction.
C) viral resistance.
D) photosynthesis.
E) antibiotic resistance.

Question 17

Humans have __________ pairs of chromosomes.

A) 22
B) 23
C) 24
D) 25
E) 26

Question 18

Although bacteria lack membrane-bound organelles, such as chloroplasts and mitochondria, they can still perform the functions of these organelles by localizing certain metabolic enzymes on:

A) ribosomes.
B) the cell wall.
C) the plasma membrane.
D) the nuclear membranes.
E) the endoplasmic reticulum.

Question 19

Peptidoglycan consists of:

A) lipids only.
B) proteins only.
C) Polysaccharides.
D) lipids crosslinked with sugars.
E) sugars crosslinked with proteins.

Question 20

Bacterial conjugation is related to____________.

A) exotoxins
B) vertical gene transfer
C) binary fission
D) horizontal gene transfer
E) bacilli

Question 21

What is commensalism?

A) A relationship between individuals of two species in which one benefits and the other derives neither benefit nor harm
B) A relationship between two bacteria
C) A relationship between two same species
D) A relationship between all living things
E) A relationship among all cells

Question 22

Lactic-acid bacteria are used for:

A) producing vaccines.
B) producing sauerkraut.
C) removing gasoline or oil.
D) converting cornstarch to dextrins.
E) breaking down toxic chemicals.

Question 23

What are Koch's postulates?

A) A set of rules on how to treat a disease
B) A set of theories that explains how a bacteria can cause a disease
C) A set of rules that provide a classification system of disease-causing bacteria
D) A set of guidelines to follow in order to isolate a particular bacteria from an infected organism
E) A set of guidelines to demonstrate that a specific pathogen causes specific disease symptoms

Question 24

The Archaea plasma membranes are made up of branched-chain hydrocarbons bounded to glycerol by:

A) hydrogen bonding.
B) covalent bonding.
C) polar bonding.
D) ester linkages.
E) ether linkages.

Question 25

The most significant difference between archaea and bacteria is the:

A) lack of a nuclear envelope in archaea.
B) absence of the 70S ribosomes in bacteria.
C) presence of a single filament flagellum in bacteria.
D) absence of peptidoglycans in the cell walls of archaea.
E) presence of fatty acids in the plasma membranes of archaea.

Question 26

Crenarchaeota are also called:

A) haemophilus bacteria.
B) bacillus bacteria.
C) sulfur bacteria.
D) vibrio bacteria.
E) neisseria bacteria.

Question 27

Which statement about biofilms is FALSE?

A) Biofilms are formed by bacteria living in a watery environment.
B) Biofilms enable bacteria to attach to solid surfaces.
C) Biofilm may develop on surgical implants.
D) Biofilms are usually less than 2 μm thick.
E) An example of biofilm is dental plaque.

Question 28

Sexual reproduction can be grouped into how many distinct stages?

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4
E) 5

Question 29

Streptococci, the bacteria responsible for strep throat infections, is classified within which group of bacteria?

A) Spirochetes
B) Cyanobacteria
C) Alpha proteobacteria
D) Epsilon proteobacteria
E) Gram-negative bacteria

Question 30

Which is the only prokaryote to carry on photosynthesis that generates oxygen?

A) Clostridia
B) Chlamydias
C) Myobacteria
D) Cyanobacteria
E) Purple sulfur bacteria

Question 31

Which statement about bioremediation is FALSE?

A) Methogens are used in sewage treatment.
B) When bacteria break down toxins, they leave behind harmless byproducts.
C) Very few species of bacteria are used to clean up various forms of pollution.
D) Bacteria and other microorganisms are used to break down oil from oil spills.
E) The byproducts of microorganisms breaking down toxins are often carbon dioxide and chlorides.

Question 32

A bacterial cell wall is made up of ______________.

A) N-acetyl glucosamine
B) N-acetyl muramic acid
C) N-acetyl amino acids
D) N-acetyl glucosamine, N-acetyl muramic acid, and amino acids
E) N-acetyl glucosamine, N-acetyl muramic acid, and amino acids and acidic acids

Question 33

The most common mode of reproduction in bacteria is:

A) binary fission.
B) transformation.
C) transduction.
D) conjugation.
E) mitosis.

Question 34

Which statement about an F factor is FALSE?

A) It is a DNA sequence.
B) It is found in F ⁺ cells.
C) The F stands for fertility.
D) It is involved with forming sex pili.
E) It is found in recipient cells, not donor cells.

Question 35

Where would you likely find Euryarchaeota bacteria?

A) Hydrothermal vents
B) Cow digestive tracts
C) Cold ocean water
D) Hot sulfur springs
E) Salt ponds

Question 36

A bacterium that uses the oxidation of inorganic compounds to provide energy for manufacturing nutritious organic compounds is a:

A) parasite.
B) pathogen.
C) saprotroph.
D) chemoautotroph.
E) photoautotroph.

Question 37

Which was the first bacterium to be clearly identified as the cause of an infectious disease?

A) Legionella pneumophila , which causes Legionnaires' disease
B) Chlamydia sp ., which causes pelvic inflammatory disease in women
C) Clostridium botulinum , which causes botulism
D) Bacillus anthracis , which causes anthrax
E) Vibrio cholerae , which causes cholera

Question 38

Which Archaea have the ability to carry out a form of the Calvin cycle, capturing sunlight with bacteriorhodopsin?

A) Extreme thermophiles
B) Extreme halophiles
C) Nanoarchaeota
D) Korarchaeota
E) Euryarchaeota

Question 39

Which of the following is true for exotoxins?

A) The effect on the host is similar for all.
B) They are heat stable.
C) They produce a fever.
D) They are weakly immunogenetic.
E) They are frequently encoded on plasmids.

Question 40

What is vertical gene transfer?

A) The primary mechanism for the spread of antibiotic resistance in bacteria
B) The transmission of genetic material from parents to offspring during reproduction
C) The transmission of DNA from parent to offspring
D) A mobile segment of DNA that can sometimes pick up a resistance gene and insert it into a plasmid or chromosome
E) The passage of pieces of DNA that are characterized by their ability to move from one locus to another between genomes by means other than parent-to-offspring inheritance

Question 41

After an endospore forms, the cell membrane of the original cell lyses, releasing the endospore.

Question 42

Compare the metabolic diversity of bacteria between autotrophic and heterotrophic bacteria.

Question 43

Some elongated fimbria are important in transferring DNA between bacteria.

Question 46

Briefly explain why a course of antibiotics should always be completed.

Question 47

Genomic deoxyribonucleic acid is chromosomal DNA.

Question 48

Briefly describe the distinction between gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Describe a laboratory test that would show this difference.

Question 49

Gram-negative cell walls have an outer membrane that contains lipids and peptidoglycans.

Question 50

Name the four Koch's postulates in identifying pathogens that cause a disease.

Question 51

Botox is the marketed version of the botulism exotoxin, used to treat muscle spasms and for cosmetic purposes.

Question 52

Bacterial plasmids often have genes that code for genetic exchange or antibiotic resistance.

Question 53

Transformation, conjugation, and transduction are forms of vertical gene transfer for prokaryotes.

Question 54

Conjugation is the process by which one bacterium transfers genetic material to another through direct contact.

Question 55

Describe an important role that prokaryotes play in commercial technology.

Question 56

Horizontal gene transfer greatly contributes to the rapid evolution that takes place in prokaryotes.

Question 57

List the characteristics of the Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya and identify examples for each.

Question 58

Bacterial chemoautotrophs use organic chemicals as an energy source.

Question 59

The dense cytoplasm of the prokaryote contains ribosomes and storage granules.

Question 60

Fimbriae are only visible with the use of an electron microscope.