Deck 48: Osmoregulation and Disposal of Metabolic Wastes

Question 1

How do aquatic animals prevent toxic accumulation of ammonia in their tissues?

A) They use ammonia in other metabolic processes.
B) They convert ammonia to less toxic forms.
C) They vent ammonia into the air.
D) They excrete ammonia directly into the surrounding water.
E) Animals do not produce ammonia.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

The main point of entry of water into the blood of freshwater fish is through the

A) skin.
B) gills.
C) tail.
D) anus.
E) eyes.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Figure 48-1 ​

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The process represented at step A of the accompanying figure is referred to as

A) filtration.
B) secretion.
C) excretion.
D) deamination.
E) elimination.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

What is one disadvantage of excreting urea as opposed to uric acid?

A) Urea is more toxic than uric acid.
B) Urea is less toxic than uric acid.
C) Urea is excreted by respiratory structures.
D) Urea requires more water for excretion.
E) Urea is produced from ammonia, not nucleic acids.

Question 5

The main nitrogenous waste of adult amphibians is

A) ammonia.
B) urea.
C) uric acid.
D) peptides.
E) purines.

Question 6

The excretory system of insects

A) has many openings on the body wall.
B) contains flame cells.
C) is not connected to the gut.
D) excretes uric acid from the rectum.
E) relies on diffusion across the body wall.

Question 7

Figure 48-2 ​

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Refer to the accompanying figure in terms of a marine environment. What is the function of the structure labeled as A?

A) Salt excretion
B) Water gain by osmosis
C) Drinking
D) Removal of salts and nitrogenous wastes from the blood
E) Release of nitrogenous wastes

Question 8

Which of the following relationships is accurate?

A) Insects: Malpighian tubules: urea as major nitrogenous waste
B) Annelids: protonephridia: ammonia as major nitrogenous waste
C) Freshwater fish: kidney: large volume of hypotonic urine
D) Sharks: kidney: large volume of hypertonic urine
E) Earthworm: kidney: ammonia as major nitrogenous waste

Question 9

Which of the following is a nitrogenous waste of desert-living animals that can be safely stored?

A) Amino acids
B) Urea
C) Ammonia
D) Ammonium
E) Uric acid

Question 10

The major function of the protonephridia in the flatworm is to

A) conserve water.
B) conserve salts.
C) eliminate waste materials such as ammonia and urea.
D) eliminate excess water.
E) regulate the pH of the gastrovascular cavity.

Question 11

Metanephridial organs are common in

A) mollusks.
B) flatworms.
C) cnidarians.
D) sponges.
E) insects.

Question 12

The main difference between protonephridia and metanephridia is that

A) protonephridia are involved in osmoregulation, whereas metanephridia are involved in excretion.
B) protonephridia consist of blind flame cells, whereas metanephridia consist of tubules open at both ends.
C) protonephridia are involved in excretion, whereas metanephridia are involved in osmoregulation.
D) protonephridia consist of tubules open at both ends, whereas metanephridia consist of blind flame cells.
E) protonephridia are found in annelids and metanephridia are found in flatworms.

Question 13

Which statement about the Malpighian tubules is FALSE?

A) Water and some solutes are transported into the Malpighian tubules via active transport.
B) The Malpighian tubules empty into the gut of the insect.
C) Water, some salts, and other solutes are reabsorbed into the hemolymph in the rectum.
D) The excretory system of an insect may contain up to several hundred Malpighian tubules.
E) The blind ends of the Malpighian tubules are bathed in hemolymph.

Question 14

Which mechanism do snails and wood lice use to rid themselves of toxic ammonia?

A) Convert it to uric acid
B) Convert it of amino acids
C) Convert it to urea
D) Store it in tissues
E) Vent it to the air

Question 15

Osmoconformers would most likely be found in

A) estuaries.
B) coastal zones that receive freshwater.
C) freshwater.
D) terrestrial habitats.
E) open ocean waters.

Question 16

The main osmoregulatory and excretory organ in most vertebrates is the

A) skin.
B) gill.
C) metanephridium.
D) lung.
E) kidney.

Question 17

Deamination is a process that removes

A) the amino group from amino acids.
B) the amino group from nucleic acids.
C) amines from the bloodstream.
D) amines from nucleic acids.
E) ammonia from blood.

Question 18

Figure 48-1 ​

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Which structure in the accompanying figure represents the nitrogenous waste urea?

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4
E) 5

Question 19

Figure 48-1 ​

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Refer to the accompanying figure. Which compound is the primary nitrogenous waste product of amphibians?

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4
E) 5

Question 20

The main nitrogenous waste of freshwater fishes is

A) ammonia.
B) urea.
C) uric acid.
D) amino acids.
E) purines.

Question 21

In males, the ____ transports _____ and _____ to the outside.

A) ureter; carbon dioxide; urine
B) nephron; uric acid; urine
C) renal papilla; estrogen; urea
D) urethra; semen; urine
E) urethra; urine; carbon dioxide

Question 22

What is the significance of having specialized epithelium and smooth muscle in the urinary bladder?

A) It helps reabsorb water.
B) It helps reabsorb salts.
C) It permits the diffusion of gases.
D) It is capable of shrinkage and stretching.
E) It protects the bladder from nitrogenous wastes.

Question 23

Which of the following is only partially reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule?

A) Glucose
B) Amino acids
C) Sodium ions
D) Vitamins
E) Nutrients

Question 24

What is the correct sequence of structures through which the filtrate would pass? 1) Bowman's capsule
2) Collecting duct
3) Distal convoluted tubule
4) Proximal convoluted tubule
5) Ascending loop of Henle
6) Descending loop of Henle

A) 1 → 3 → 4 → 5 → 6 → 2
B) 1 → 4 → 5 → 6 → 3 → 2
C) 1 → 6 → 5 → 4 → 3 → 2
D) 1 → 3 → 4 → 2 → 6 → 5
E) 1 → 4 → 6 → 5 → 3 → 2

Question 25

____ directly reabsorb substances from the nephron.

A) Afferent arterioles
B) Efferent arterioles
C) Peritubular capillaries
D) Renal arteries
E) Renal venules

Question 26

The ureters connect the

A) bladder to the body exterior.
B) kidney to the bladder.
C) bladder to the urethra.
D) kidney to the body exterior.
E) kidney to the urethra.

Question 27

Marine cartilaginous fishes overcome water loss to their environments by

A) having specialized chloride cells in their gills that prevent water loss.
B) having specialized chloride cells in their gills that continuously excrete salts.
C) storing urea in their body fluids, which causes them to be hypertonic to sea water.
D) producing very small quantities of urine.
E) drinking large quantities of freshwater.

Question 28

Which portion of the renal tubule empties directly into the collecting duct?

A) Bowman's capsule
B) Distal convoluted tubule
C) Proximal convoluted tubule
D) Descending loop of Henle
E) Ascending loop of Henle

Question 29

What is the difference between cortical nephrons and juxtamedullary nephrons?

A) Juxtamedullary nephrons are more numerous than cortical ones.
B) Cortical nephrons do not have loops of Henle, whereas juxtamedullary ones do.
C) Juxtamedullary nephrons have larger glomeruli than do cortical ones.
D) Juxtamedullary nephrons do not have loops of Henle, whereas cortical ones do.
E) Juxtamedullary nephrons have more glomeruli than do cortical ones.

Question 30

Podocytes are located in the wall of

A) the Bowman's capsule.
B) the glomerulus.
C) the peritubular capillaries.
D) the renal artery.
E) the proximal convoluted tubule.

Question 31

Figure 48-2 ​

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Refer to the accompanying figure in terms of a freshwater environment. What is the function of the structure labeled as A?

A) Salt uptake
B) Water gain by osmosis
C) Drinking
D) Removal of salts and nitrogenous wastes from the blood
E) Release of nitrogenous wastes

Question 32

The outermost region of the kidney is called the

A) adventitia.
B) mucosa.
C) pelvis.
D) cortex.
E) medulla.

Question 33

If a clamp is placed on the ureter, the flow of urine will be interrupted in which organs?

A) Kidney and urethra
B) Renal papilla and bladder
C) Bladder and urethra
D) Renal medulla and urethra
E) Kidney and bladder

Question 34

Which statement is accurate of filtration by the kidneys?

A) About 25% of the plasma passing through the glomerulus becomes part of the glomerular filtrate.
B) Solutes dissolved in the plasma such as HDL and globular proteins become part of the filtrate.
C) The normal glomerular filtration rate adds up to about 180 L every 24 hours.
D) Approximately 75% of the filtrate is reabsorbed into the blood through the renal tubules.
E) The filtration membrane prevents the passage of cells, but allows large molecules to pass through.

Question 35

Most of the filtrate is reabsorbed through the walls of the

A) distal convoluted tubule.
B) loop of Henle.
C) proximal convoluted tubule.
D) collecting duct.
E) glomerulus.

Question 36

The renal medulla contains the

A) renal pyramids.
B) Bowman's capsules.
C) distal convoluted tubules.
D) glomeruli.
E) proximal convoluted tubules.

Question 37

The ascending limb of the loop of Henle is more permeable to ____ than to _____.

A) water; urea
B) water; salt
C) salt; water
D) salt; urea
E) urea; salt

Question 38

The efferent arterioles transport blood directly into the

A) afferent arterioles.
B) Bowman's capsule.
C) glomerulus.
D) peritubular capillaries.
E) renal artery.

Question 39

Filtration occurs in the ____ of the nephron.

A) descending loop of Henle
B) ascending loop of Henle
C) proximal tubule
D) distal tubule
E) glomerulus

Question 40

Secretion occurs mainly in the

A) distal convoluted tubule.
B) loop of Henle.
C) proximal convoluted tubule.
D) collecting duct.
E) glomerulus.

Question 41

Figure 48-3 ​

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Refer to the accompanying figure. In which regions does atrial natriuretic peptide act?

A) 3 and 10
B) 5 and 6
C) 2 and 66
D) 1 and 9
E) 9 and 10

Question 42

Explain the difference between an osmoconformer and an osmoregulator, and give an example of each.

Question 43

What is the function of antidiuretic hormone?

A) It increases the permeability of the collecting ducts to sodium so more is reabsorbed.
B) It causes a high volume of less concentrated urine to be produced.
C) It increases aldosterone secretion.
D) It decreases renin secretion.
E) It increases the permeability of the collecting ducts to water so more is reabsorbed.

Question 44

Which of the following sets up a concentration gradient that allows the kidney to regulate the reabsorption of water?

A) Bowman's capsule
B) Proximal tubule
C) Loop of Henle
D) Distal tubule
E) Collecting duct

Question 45

Which of the following would be absorbed across the tubule?

A) Potassium ions
B) Penicillin
C) Creatinine
D) Hydrogen ions
E) Glucose

Question 46

One of the direct products of deamination is urea.

Question 47

When the blood becomes too acidic, the ________ secrete more ______ ions into the urine.

A) collecting ducts; hydrogen
B) proximal tubules; sodium
C) distal tubules; bicarbonate
D) collecting ducts; calcium
E) proximal tubules; hydrogen

Question 48

Figure 48-3 ​

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Refer to the accompanying figure. Secretion of potassium and ammonium ions occurs mainly in the portion labeled as

A) 2
B) 5
C) 7
D) 9
E) 10

Question 49

What are the vasa recta?

A) Capillary extensions of the afferent arterioles
B) Capillary extensions of the efferent arterioles
C) Regions of the renal tubule
D) Vessels that supply blood to the glomerulus
E) Vessels that supply blood to the proximal convoluted tubule

Question 50

Compare and contrast osmoregulation of freshwater fish and marine fish.

Question 51

Figure 48-3 ​

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Refer to the accompanying figure. Reabsorption of solutes with nutritional value occurs at the point labeled as

A) 1
B) 3
C) 5
D) 6
E) 9

Question 52

Diabetes insipidus results from an insufficient production of

A) ADH.
B) aldosterone.
C) angiotensin II.
D) ANP.
E) renin.

Question 53

Discuss the advantages and disadvantages associated with the production of ammonia, urea, and uric acid.

Question 54

The nephridial organs of flatworms are called metanephridia.

Question 55

Atrial natriuretic peptide has been found to

A) decrease sodium secretion and increase blood pressure.
B) constrict afferent arterioles, decreasing the glomerular filtration rate.
C) be produced by the adrenal cortex.
D) inhibit sodium reabsorption by the collecting ducts.
E) increase the release of renin from the juxtaglomerular apparatus.

Question 56

Figure 48-3 ​

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Refer to the accompanying figure. Reabsorption of water occurs at the point(s) labeled as

A) 3 and 9.
B) 5 and 8.
C) 6 and 10.
D) 8 and 10.
E) only 10.

Question 57

Figure 48-3 ​

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Refer to the accompanying figure. Hormonal regulation of sodium reabsorption occurs in the regions labeled as

A) 3 and 5.
B) 6 and 8.
C) 6, 7, and 8.
D) 8 and 9.
E) 9 and 10.

Question 58

In the morning, urine tends to be concentrated because _______ secretion of ADH _______.

A) liver; increases
B) heart; decreases
C) pituitary gland; increases
D) pituitary gland; decreases
E) thyroid gland; increases

Question 59

Briefly explain the role of Malpighian tubules in arthropods.

Question 60

Figure 48-3 ​

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Refer to the accompanying figure. Antidiuretic hormone has its effects along the region labeled as

A) 6
B) 7
C) 8
D) 9
E) 10

Question 61

Blood flows from the efferent arterioles directly into the peritubular capillaries.

Question 62

Birds store most of their waste nitrogen as uric acid.

Question 63

Freshwater fishes excrete most of their nitrogenous wastes through the kidneys.

Question 64

Most reabsorption occurs in the distal convoluted tubule.

Question 65

In humans, urea and uric acid are produced by the kidneys.

Question 66

Describe how the function of the vertebrate kidney has contributed to the success of vertebrates in a wide variety of habitats.

Question 67

How is a fall in blood pressure counteracted by the secretion of aldosterone?

Question 68

The walls of the descending limb of the loop of Henle are relatively permeable to sodium.

Question 69

ADH makes the walls of the collecting duct more permeable to water.

Question 70

Insects have an excretory system consisting of Malpighian tubules.

Question 72

Filtration slits are located between adjacent podocytes.

Question 73

Sharks excrete small volumes of dilute urine.

Question 74

Aldosterone is responsible for increasing the reabsorption of sodium.

Question 75

Urine flows from the ureters directly into the urethra.

Question 76

The renal medulla is the inner portion of the kidney.

Question 78

What is meant by the counterflow of fluid through the limbs of the loop of Henle, and what is its role in the normal function of a human kidney?

Question 79

Filtrate flows from the proximal convoluted tubule directly into the distal convoluted tubule.

Question 80

Discuss why a doctor would prescribe an ACE inhibitor to a patient with a history of high blood pressure.