Deck 49: Endocrine Regulation

Question 1

Figure 49-1 ​

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Refer to the accompanying figure. Which of the following hormones is secreted by the adrenal cortex?

A) 1
B) 2
C) 4
D) 6
E) 8

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Compared to the nervous system, the endocrine system responds

A) more quickly but may have long-lasting effects.
B) more quickly and may have more short-term effects.
C) more slowly and may have long-lasting effects.
D) more slowly but may have more short-term effects.
E) about the same and has similar effects.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Figure 49-2 ​

​
The second messenger for the hormone mechanism in the accompanying figure is

A) ATP.
B) G protein.
C) cAMP.
D) calmodulin.
E) Ca²⁺.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Figure 49-1 ​

​
Refer to the accompanying figure. Which of the following is a steroid hormone?

A) 1
B) 3
C) 6
D) 8
E) 10

Question 5

The secretion of which hormone decreases when calcium blood levels increase?

A) Calcitonin
B) Parathyroid hormone
C) Thyroid hormone
D) Epinephrine
E) Norepinephrine

Question 6

Anabolic steroids

A) are removed from the body fairly quickly because of a low concentration of receptor sites.
B) decrease HDL concentration, thereby increasing the risk of cardiovascular disease.
C) are naturally produced hormones typically used by athletes for short-term performance enhancement.
D) have little or no effect on physiology or behavior at very low doses.
E) are metabolized and excreted from the body quickly.

Question 7

Which organ has both endocrine and exocrine gland functions?

A) Heart
B) Liver
C) Kidney
D) Thyroid gland
E) Pancreas

Question 8

Which types of hormones have intracellular receptors?

A) Steroid and peptide hormones
B) Steroid and thyroid hormones
C) Thyroid and peptide hormones
D) Peptide and phospholipid hormones
E) Steroid and phospholipid hormones

Question 9

Why doesn't every cell in the body respond to every hormone circulating in the bloodstream?

A) Each cell has a limited number of protein channels that shuttle hormones through its membrane.
B) Not all hormones can diffuse through all cell membranes.
C) The concentration of some hormones is too low to stimulate every cell.
D) Each cell has specific surface receptors, which interact only with hormones that they recognize.
E) Although all hormones bind to all cell surfaces, some cells lack second messengers for expression.

Question 10

Which of the following statements about paracrine regulation is TRUE?

A) The hormones released only stimulate the cells that secreted them.
B) The hormones released only inhibit the cells that secreted them.
C) The hormones released act on nearby target cells.
D) The hormones released are transported down axons.
E) The hormones released link the endocrine and nervous systems.

Question 11

Which of the following is a neuropeptide?

A) insulin
B) ACTH
C) progesterone
D) ADH
E) prostaglandin

Question 12

Hormones are ________ messengers transported by the ____.

A) electrical; blood
B) electrical; nerves
C) chemical; blood
D) chemical; nerves
E) Chemical; glands

Question 13

Which of the following is a modified fatty acid?

A) Prostaglandin
B) Cyclic AMP
C) Thyroid hormone
D) Epinephrine
E) Melatonin

Question 14

Which of the following is the largest group of hormones?

A) Steroid hormones
B) Polysaccharide hormones
C) Amino acid derivatives
D) Peptide hormones
E) Fatty acid derivatives

Question 15

In which type of regulation do hormones act on the cells that produce it?

A) Classical endocrine signaling
B) Neuroendocrine signaling
C) Paracrine signaling
D) Autocrine signaling
E) Pheromone signaling

Question 16

Figure 49-1 ​

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Refer to the accompanying figure. Insulin-like growth factor would be included with which of the following pairs?

A) 1, 2
B) 3, 4
C) 6, 9
D) 7, 8
E) 10, 11

Question 17

Figure 49-2 ​

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The process illustrated in the accompanying figure is representative of

A) neuroendocrine signaling.
B) paracrine regulation.
C) cAMP as a second messenger.
D) classical endocrine signaling.
E) autocrine regulation.

Question 18

When blood calcium levels are low, ____.

A) neurons may fire more slowly
B) the release of parathyroid hormone would increase
C) neurons may fire spontaneously
D) the release of parathyroid hormone would decrease
E) the reabsorption of calcium from the kidney tubules would increase

Question 19

Chemically, the simplest hormones are the ____ group of hormones.

A) fatty acid derivatives
B) steroid
C) amino acid derivatives
D) peptide
E) protein

Question 20

The products of an endocrine gland

A) only affect their own tissues.
B) can have a digestive function.
C) always stimulate the target tissue.
D) generally have to travel to reach the target tissue.
E) are not produced by cells in organs, such as the heart.

Question 21

Glucagon raises blood glucose levels by

A) stimulating the liver to take up glucose.
B) inhibiting gluconeogenesis.
C) stimulating gluconeogenesis.
D) inhibiting fatty acid mobilization.
E) inhibiting amino acid mobilization.

Question 22

Once a hormone activates the enzyme adenylyl cyclase, ATP is converted to cAMP, which in turn

A) activates protein kinase.
B) inhibits phosphodiesterase.
C) initiates more cAMP production.
D) initiates protein synthesis.
E) inhibits protein synthesis.

Question 23

After a steroid hormone binds its receptor, the hormone-receptor complex then

A) activates a G protein.
B) activates a protein kinase.
C) activates adenylyl cyclase.
D) activates calmodulin.
E) binds DNA.

Question 24

Calcium ions may act with phospholipid second messengers by binding to ____, which then regulates other proteins.

A) adenylyl cyclase
B) cyclic AMP
C) calmodulin
D) phosphodiesterase
E) protein kinase

Question 25

Arrange the following events in the correct sequence.
1) Thyroid gland secretes less hormone
2) Homeostasis
3) High concentration of thyroid hormones
4) Anterior pituitary secretes less TSH

A) 2 → 1 → 4 → 3
B) 2 → 3 → 4 → 1
C) 3 → 4 → 1 → 2
D) 4 → 3 → 1 → 2
E) 1 → 4 → 3 → 2

Question 26

In a signal transduction pathway involving calcium as a second messenger, what binds the calcium to the effector?

A) Phospholipase C
B) Adenylyl cyclase
C) Calmodulin
D) Protein kinase
E) Diacylglycerol

Question 27

Chronic stress

A) is associated with elevated levels of glucocorticoids.
B) may lead to the excessive stimulation of neurons.
C) increases blood flow to the brain, especially the hippocampus.
D) results in lower levels of epinephrine and norepinephrine.
E) promotes the linear growth of the skeleton.

Question 28

The principal mineralocorticoid is

A) ADH.
B) epinephrine.
C) growth hormone.
D) aldosterone.
E) ACTH.

Question 29

Hypothyroidism during infancy and childhood can lead to a condition of retarded mental and physical development called

A) dwarfism.
B) gigantism.
C) acromegaly.
D) myxedema.
E) cretinism.

Question 30

During stressful situations, epinephrine initiates

A) the dilation of the blood vessels to the kidneys.
B) the constriction of the blood vessels to the heart.
C) the dilation of the blood vessels to the brain.
D) the dilation of the blood vessels to the skin.
E) a decrease in blood glucose levels.

Question 31

An adult who is suffering from hyperthyroidism

A) is always tired.
B) is often hungry.
C) is overweight.
D) is mentally slow.
E) shows a lack of emotions.

Question 32

Insulin promotes the storage of glucose by

A) stimulating protein synthesis.
B) increasing the use of fatty acids as fuel.
C) promoting the liver to release glucose.
D) stimulating fatty acid release by adipose tissue.
E) inhibiting glycogen formation.

Question 33

Which hormone stimulates insect growth and molting?

A) Ecdysiotropin
B) Juvenile hormone
C) Histamine
D) Pheromone
E) Ecdysone

Question 34

Insulin is produced by the

A) beta cells of the islets of Langerhans.
B) alpha cells of the islets of Langerhans.
C) cortical cells of the adrenal gland.
D) neurons in the hypothalamus.
E) lobules of the liver.

Question 35

Type 2 diabetes is caused by

A) too much insulin in the blood.
B) too little insulin in the blood.
C) too much glucagon in the blood.
D) too little glucagon in the blood.
E) receptors being insensitive to insulin.

Question 36

What is the difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes?

A) One causes hyperglycemia, whereas the other causes hypoglycemia.
B) One demonstrates protein breakdown, whereas the other demonstrates protein synthesis.
C) One leads to blindness, whereas the other leads to kidney disorder.
D) One has insulin hypersecretion, whereas the other has insulin hyposecretion.
E) One has insulin deficiency, whereas the other has insulin resistance.

Question 37

In a signal transduction pathway involving phospholipid products as second messengers, after a G protein is activated, the activated G protein then activates

A) IP_2.
B) IP_3.
C) protein kinase C.
D) phospholipase C.
E) adenylyl cyclase.

Question 38

What is a symptom of Cushing's disease?

A) Loss of ability to cope with stress
B) Constant mild inflammatory response
C) Abnormally large face and hands
D) Fat deposition around the trunk
E) Intellectual disability

Question 39

The function of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) is to stimulate

A) adrenocorticotropic hormone release.
B) gluconeogenesis.
C) adrenaline release.
D) glycogen synthesis.
E) inflammatory response.

Question 40

Which pair of hormones regulates the calcium levels of the blood?

A) Thyroxin and parathyroid hormone
B) Adrenocorticotropic hormone and thyroid stimulating hormone
C) Prolactin and oxytocin
D) Parathyroid hormone and calcitonin
E) Calcitonin and thyroxin

Question 41

G protein-linked receptors are transmembrane proteins that convert an extracellular hormone signal into an intracellular signal that affects certain cell processes.

Question 42

Pituitary dwarfism is caused by

A) hypersecretion of thyroxine during childhood.
B) hyposecretion of thyroxine during childhood.
C) hypersecretion of growth hormone during childhood.
D) hyposecretion of growth hormone during childhood.
E) hypersecretion of epinephrine during childhood.

Question 43

Prolactin is used to induce labor.

Question 44

The anterior lobe of the pituitary gland releases hormones produced by the hypothalamus.

Question 45

Insulin-like growth factors can induce which of the following?

A) Promote exponential growth of the skeleton
B) Stimulate degradation of cartilage
C) Promote protein synthesis
D) Promote mobilization of fat
E) Decrease organ size

Question 46

Exocrine glands have no ducts and secrete their hormones into the surrounding interstitial fluid or blood.

Question 47

The posterior lobe of the pituitary gland secretes

A) ADH.
B) ACTH.
C) TSH.
D) FSH.
E) LH.

Question 48

____ is produced by the anterior lobe of the pituitary.

A) Oxytocin
B) Melatonin
C) Growth hormone
D) ADH
E) Epinephrine

Question 49

Compare the mechanism of action of a steroid and a protein-type hormone at the cellular level.

Question 50

Briefly explain how a negative feedback mechanism regulates the function of the parathyroid glands.

Question 51

The ____ produce(s) ____, which influences biological rhythms and the onset of sleep.

A) pituitary gland; thyroid stimulating hormone
B) pituitary gland; adrenocorticotropic hormone
C) pineal gland; melatonin
D) adrenal cortex; cortisol
E) parathyroid glands; parathyroid hormone

Question 52

Hypersecretion of growth hormone in adulthood leads to enlarged hands, face, and feet, a condition known as

A) dwarfism.
B) gigantism.
C) acromegaly.
D) goiter.
E) cretinism.

Question 53

The pituitary gland is regulated most directly by the

A) pineal gland.
B) hypothalamus.
C) thymus gland.
D) adrenal gland.
E) thyroid gland.

Question 54

Which gland is considered to be the master gland of the body?

A) Pineal gland
B) Adrenal gland
C) Pituitary gland
D) Thyroid gland
E) Parathyroid gland

Question 55

Neuroendocrine cells release neurohormones which are transported through contact or diffuse through interstitial fluid.

Question 56

The ____ gland stores and releases hormones produced by the hypothalamus.

A) pancreas
B) pineal
C) pituitary
D) thyroid
E) parathyroid

Question 57

The function of oxytocin is to

A) stimulate uterine contractions.
B) stimulate the cells of the mammary glands to produce milk.
C) regulate the permeability of the collecting tubules of the kidney.
D) stimulate ovulation.
E) stimulate the growth of the ovarian follicles.

Question 58

Sketch a graph depicting the rising and falling levels of glucagon and insulin throughout the day. Include levels after fasting (i.e., upon waking), and after eating breakfast, lunch, and dinner.

Question 59

Steroid hormones bind with G-protein linked receptors in plasma membranes of target cells.

Question 60

Nonsteroid anti-inflammatory drugs such as aspirin and ibuprofen reduce fever and decrease inflammation and pain by directly inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis.

Question 65

What effects do hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism have on metabolism?

Question 68

Because hormones are present in small amounts, how can their signals be amplified enough to regulate so many physiological processes?

Question 74

Using an example, describe how the endocrine and nervous systems work together to regulate bodily processes.

Question 75

When blood glucose concentration is high, pancreatic beta cells secrete insulin, and consequently blood glucose concentration is increased.

Question 76

When thyroid hormone concentration is low, the anterior pituitary secretes less TSH.

Question 80

Calcitonin works synergistically to parathyroid hormone.