Deck 32: The Deuterostomes

Question 1

Sea cucumbers will ____ when environmental conditions deteriorate.

A) eject their digestive tract, respiratory structures, and gonads
B) crawl to an area with more favorable conditions
C) form a resistant spore
D) float to the surface and then later drop to a more favorable location
E) crawl deep into the ocean mud on the bottom

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Deuterostomes are characterized by ____ and ____ cleavage.

A) radial; determinate
B) radial; indeterminate
C) spiral; determinate
D) spiral; indeterminate
E) blastopore;synapomorphy

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Movable spines are found on ____ of the phylum Echinodermata.

A) Ophiuroidea
B) Echinoidea
C) Asteroidea
D) Crinoidea
E) Holothuroidea

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Sea stars eat:

A) large fish.
B) mostly algae.
C) sea weed.
D) mostly crustaceans and mollusks.
E) debris on the bottom.

Question 5

Figure 32-1 The structure in the accompanying figure labeled ____ is characteristic of the phylum to which this organism belongs.

A) brain
B) mouth
C) heart
D) notochord
E) anus

Question 6

Tunicates are ____ in the phylum ____.

A) echinoderms; Echinodermata
B) freshwater fish; Chordata
C) urochordates; Chordata
D) urochordates; Echinodermata
E) echinoderms; Chordata

Question 7

Urochordates are odd chordates, as typically only the ____ show(s) the basic chordate characteristics.

A) head end
B) tail end
C) adult
D) larva
E) egg

Question 8

Sea stars are primarily:

A) herbivores.
B) omnivores.
C) carnivores.
D) detritivores.
E) saprophytes.

Question 9

Which class of echinoderms has the greatest species diversity?

A) Asteroidea
B) Holothuroidea
C) Ophiuroidea
D) Echinoidea
E) Crinoidea

Question 10

Echinoderms are unique because:

A) their larvae are radially symmetrical while the adult is bilaterally symmetrical.
B) the adults and larva are both pentaradially symmetrical.
C) the adult and larva are both radially symmetrical.
D) the adult and larva are both bilaterally symmetrical.
E) their larvae are bilaterally symmetrical while the adult is pentaradially symmetrical.

Question 11

One characteristic of the class Holothuroidea is that they:

A) are predators that consume partially digested prey.
B) are mostly extinct species.
C) have a reduced endoskeleton consisting of microscopic plates embedded in the body wall.
D) have moveable spines that are used to facilitate locomotion.
E) have a distinct central disk with very long, slender arms.

Question 12

Which characteristic best describes vertebrates?

A) vertebral column
B) blood containing hemoglobin
C) four-chambered heart
D) lungs
E) live birth

Question 13

Adult tunicates resemble ____and are ____.

A) eels; carnivorous
B) corals; photosynthetic
C) starfish; carnivorous
D) sponges; filter feeders
E) earthworms; detritivores

Question 14

Deuterostomes evolved during the ____ eon.

A) Cambrian
B) Proterozoic
C) Paleozoic
D) Cenozoic
E) Devonian

Question 15

The most closely related animal to vertebrates are the:

A) Hemichordata.
B) Hemichordates.
C) Cephalochordata.
D) Ophiuroidea.
E) Urochordates.

Question 16

The most unique feature of the echinoderms is their:

A) digestive system.
B) nervous system.
C) closed circulatory system.
D) water vascular system.
E) mantle.

Question 17

Lancelets are:

A) carnivores.
B) filter feeders.
C) parasites.
D) herbivores.
E) algae feeders.

Question 18

Class ____ includes mostly extinct species and a few current species such as feather stars and sea lilies.

A) Asteroidea
B) Holothuroidea
C) Ophiuroidea
D) Echinoidea
E) Crinoidea

Question 19

All echinoderms are found:

A) in marine habitats.
B) in freshwater.
C) on land.
D) on the bottom of the ocean or lakes.
E) in shallow ocean waters.

Question 20

Figure 32-1 The organism in the accompanying figure is a representative of the:

A) phylum Hemichordata.
B) phylum Echinodermata.
C) phylum Chordata.
D) subphylum Urochordata.
E) subphylum Cephalochordata.

Question 21

By the Late ____ period the Chordates had expanded to include a number of different taxa with skeletal elements such as a rudimentary braincase.

A) Permian
B) Paleozoic
C) Cambrian
D) Jurassic
E) Cretaceous

Question 22

Which structure is used to help regulate buoyancy of fish?

A) kidney
B) stomach
C) intestine
D) swim bladder
E) ureter

Question 23

A fish with a cartilaginous skeleton and paired fins would be in the group:

A) Actinopterygii.
B) Crinoidea.
C) Cephalochordates.
D) Urochordates.
E) Chondrichthyes.

Question 24

Metamorphosis occurs in which of the following vertebrate classes?

A) Chondrichthyes
B) Reptilia
C) Myxiniformes
D) Amphibia
E) Actinistia

Question 25

Which chordate group has the most species?

A) bony fishes
B) reptiles
C) amphibians
D) mammals
E) cartilaginous fishes

Question 26

Which structure places a fish in the class Actinopterygii?

A) swim bladder
B) pharynx with gills
C) nerve chord
D) fleshy lobed fines
E) more flexible fins with less bone

Question 27

The tetrapods include:

A) fish, amphibians, reptiles, and mammals.
B) lancelets, cartilaginous, and bony fish.
C) amphibians and reptiles.
D) amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals.
E) echinoderms and chordates.

Question 28

The two groups representing the "jawless" fishes are:

A) Cephalochordata and Placoderms.
B) Chondrichthyes and Actinistia.
C) Myxini and Petromyzontida.
D) Dipnoi and Actinistia.
E) Placoderms and Petromyzontida.

Question 29

Lungs first evolved in which group?

A) cartilaginous fishes
B) bony fishes
C) lampreys
D) coelacanths
E) lungfishes

Question 30

The coelacanth is found in the class:

A) Dipnoi.
B) Actinistia.
C) Placoderms.
D) Cephalochordata.
E) Urochordata.

Question 31

Extinct jawless fish include the:

A) lungfishes.
B) lancelets.
C) placoderms.
D) acanthodians.
E) ostracoderms.

Question 32

Which term describes an animal that lays eggs?

A) oviparous
B) viviparous
C) ovoviviparous
D) placental
E) eutherial

Question 33

Hagfishes are differentiated from lampreys and all other fishes in that:

A) hagfishes lack gills.
B) hagfishes lack a jaw.
C) hagfishes are parasitic.
D) hagfishes lack vertebrae.
E) hagfishes have notochords.

Question 34

There are about ____ identified species of vertebrates.

A) 2,000
B) 5,000
C) 30,000
D) 50,000
E) 125,000

Question 35

Sharks that are ____ incubate their eggs within the mother's body.

A) oviparous
B) viviparous
C) ovoviviparous
D) placental
E) eutherial

Question 36

Placoid scales are found on:

A) fleshy-finned fishes.
B) cartilaginous fishes.
C) ray-finned fishes.
D) lampreys.
E) hagfishes.

Question 37

The heart of amphibians has ____ chambers. The hearts of birds and mammals have ____ chambers.

A) two; three
B) three; four
C) two; four
D) three; five
E) three; two

Question 38

The amphibians are believed to have arisen from ancestral:

A) chondrichthyean fishes.
B) actinopterygian fishes.
C) reptiles.
D) sacropterygian fishes.
E) amphibians.

Question 39

Sharks detect motion in the water or waves by their:

A) lateral lines.
B) electroreceptors.
C) keen olfaction.
D) sight.
E) dorsal fin.

Question 40

Salamanders are members of the order:

A) Apoda.
B) Caudata.
C) Anura.
D) Tetrapoda.
E) Squamata.

Question 41

Mammals descended from a group of reptiles known as:

A) eutherians.
B) lancelets.
C) therapsids.
D) holothurians.
E) labyrinthodonts.

Question 42

In which group did the amniotic egg first evolve?

A) amphibians
B) birds
C) reptiles
D) mammals
E) frogs

Question 43

Marsupials include the:

A) cat.
B) armadillo.
C) opossum.
D) crocodile.
E) spiny anteater.

Question 44

The earliest mammals resembled small:

A) dogs.
B) koalas.
C) kangaroos.
D) monkeys.
E) shrews.

Question 45

Identify the five main classes of echinoderms. List their characteristics and two representatives of each class.

Question 46

Order ____ includes the snakes.

A) Apoda
B) Chelonia
C) Aves
D) Squamata
E) Reptilia

Question 47

Describe the shared derived characteristics that support grouping the hemichordates, chordates, and echinoderms together as deuterostomes.

Question 48

Which term can be applied to both monotremes and sharks?

A) oviparous
B) viviparous
C) ovoviviparous
D) placental
E) eutherial

Question 49

About ____ species of birds have been described.

A) 1,000
B) 2,000
C) 4,500
D) 9,000
E) 20,000

Question 50

The wide adaptive radiation of mammals occurred during the early ____ era.

A) Cenozoic
B) Paleozoic
C) Tertiary
D) Devonian
E) Jurassic

Question 51

Within the chordate classes, the unique characteristic of the class Aves is:

A) flight.
B) production of uric acid.
C) feathers.
D) endothermy.
E) a forked tongue.

Question 52

Spiny echidnas are unlike other mammals in that they:

A) have endothermy.
B) do not have two pairs of temporal openings in the skull.
C) have mammary glands.
D) have hair.
E) do not have nipples.

Question 53

The first function of feathers was most likely:

A) as protection from predators.
B) to insulate.
C) to communicate with rivals.
D) as color displays in courtship rituals.
E) as protection from parasites.

Question 54

Most reptiles are ____ and their fertilization is ____.

A) ovoviviparous; external
B) oviparous; external
C) ovoviviparous; internal
D) oviparous; internal
E) viviparous; external

Question 55

Compare and contrast monotremes and Metatheria (marsupials). Identify two representatives of each group.

Question 56

Snakes are most closely related to:

A) lizards.
B) turtles.
C) eels.
D) caecilians.
E) synapsids.

Question 57

The monotremes are an unusual group of mammals because they:

A) lack mammary glands.
B) lack hair.
C) lay eggs.
D) have pouches.
E) exhibit parthenogenesis.

Question 58

Birds are most closely related to:

A) reptiles.
B) testudines.
C) mammals.
D) labyrinthodonts.
E) terrapins.

Question 59

Order ____ includes the turtles and tortoises.

A) Crocodilia
B) Squamata
C) Testudines
D) Saurischia
E) Pterosauria

Question 60

Which of the below are living descendants of the dinosaurs?

A) marsupials.
B) monotremes.
C) birds.
D) mammals.
E) amphibians.

Question 61

The earliest vertebrates had (lacked) jaws.

Question 62

A(n) exoskeleton is a characteristic of an echinoderm.

Question 63

The chordate notochord is a dorsal longitudinal rod composed of cartilage.

Question 65

Vertebrates have a closed circulatory system with a(n) dorsal heart and blood containing hemoglobin.

Question 66

In vertebrates, neural crest cells give rise to the nerves, head muscles, and cranium.

Question 67

Echinoderms are related to Chordates because the first opening to develop becomes the mouth.

Question 68

Compare and contrast characteristics of amphibians and reptiles. Include morphological structures, differences in reproduction, respiration, circulation, and their habitats.

Question 69

Echinoderms are characterized by bilateral symmetry in adults, a water vascular system, tube feet, and spiny skin.

Question 70

The chordate nerve cord is hollow and located ventrally .

Question 71

Vertebrates have four Hox gene clusters that control the anterior-posterior axis.

Question 72

Describe the evolutionary relationships between the following organisms. Draw a family "tree" if necessary. Include bony fish, amniotes, lizards, mammals, turtles, birds, reptiles, ray-finned fishes, amphibians, lungfish, and lobe-finned fishes.

Question 73

Convergent evolution resulted in placental and marsupial mammals with similar structural features.

Question 74

Biologists agree that ancestors of ray-finned fishes gave rise to tetrapods.

Question 75

Describe the modifications seen in birds for flight. Include modifications in as many body systems as possible.