Deck 48: Osmoregulation and Disposal of Metabolic Wastes

Question 1

The main point of entry of water into the blood of freshwater fishes is through the:

A) skin.
B) gills.
C) tail.
D) anus.
E) eyes.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Metanephridial organs are common in:

A) mollusks.
B) flatworms.
C) cnidarians.
D) sponges.
E) insects.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

What is one disadvantage of excreting urea as opposed to uric acid?

A) Urea is more toxic than uric acid.
B) Urea is less toxic than uric acid.
C) Urea is excreted by respiratory structures.
D) Urea requires more water for excretion.
E) Urea is produced from ammonia, not nucleic acids.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

The excretory system of insects:

A) has many openings on the body wall.
B) contains flame cells.
C) is not connected to the gut.
D) excretes uric acid from the rectum.
E) relies on diffusion across the body wall.

Question 5

Figure 48-2 Refer to the accompanying figure in terms of a marine environment. What is the function of the structure labeled as A?

A) salt excretion
B) water gain by osmosis
C) drinking
D) removal of salts and nitrogenous wastes from the blood
E) release of nitrogenous wastes

Question 6

The main nitrogenous waste of freshwater fishes is:

A) ammonia.
B) urea.
C) uric acid.
D) amino acids.
E) purines.

Question 7

Which nitrogenous waste product would be least toxic to an embryo developing in the aqueous environment found inside a shelled egg?

A) ammonia
B) urea
C) uric acid
D) amino acids
E) purines

Question 8

Which of the following relationships is accurate?

A) insects: Malpighian tubules: urea as major nitrogenous waste
B) annelids: protonephridia: ammonia as major nitrogenous waste
C) freshwater fish: kidney: large volume of hypertonic urine
D) sharks: kidney: large volume of hypotonic urine
E) earthworm: kidney: ammonia as major nitrogenous waste

Question 9

Figure 48-1 The process represented at step A of the accompanying figure is referred to as:

A) filtration.
B) secretion.
C) excretion.
D) deamination.
E) elimination.

Question 10

Figure 48-1 Refer to the accompanying figure. Which compound is the primary nitrogenous waste product of amphibians?

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4
E) 5

Question 11

Osmoconformers would most likely be found in:

A) estuaries.
B) coastal zones that receive freshwater.
C) freshwater.
D) terrestrial habitats.
E) open ocean waters.

Question 12

Figure 48-1 Which structure in the accompanying figure represents the nitrogenous waste urea?

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4
E) 5

Question 13

Deamination is a process that removes:

A) the amino group from amino acids.
B) the amino group from nucleic acids.
C) amines from the bloodstream.
D) amines from nucleic acids.
E) ammonia from blood.

Question 14

The main osmoregulatory and excretory organ in most vertebrates is the:

A) skin.
B) gill.
C) metanephridium.
D) lung.
E) kidney.

Question 15

Which of the following is a nitrogenous waste of animals?

A) amino acids
B) carbon dioxide
C) ammonia
D) water
E) sugars

Question 16

The major function of the protonephridia in the flatworm is to:

A) conserve water.
B) conserve salts.
C) eliminate waste materials such as ammonia and urea.
D) eliminate excess water.
E) regulate the pH of the gastrovascular cavity.

Question 17

Which statement about the Malpighian tubules is FALSE?

A) Water and some solutes are transported into the Malpighian tubules via active transport.
B) The Malpighian tubules empty into the gut of the insect.
C) Water, some salts, and other solutes are reabsorbed into the hemolymph in the rectum.
D) The excretory system of an insect may contain up to several hundred Malpighian tubules.
E) The blind ends of the Malpighian tubules are bathed in hemolymph.

Question 18

How do terrestrial animals prevent toxic accumulation of ammonia in their tissues?

A) They use ammonia in other metabolic processes.
B) They convert ammonia to less toxic forms.
C) They vent ammonia across the body wall.
D) They eliminate ammonia rather than excreting it.
E) Animals do not produce ammonia.

Question 19

The main difference between protonephridia and metanephridia is that:

A) protonephridia are involved in osmoregulation, while metanephridia are involved in excretion.
B) protonephridia consist of blind flame cells, while metanephridia consist of tubules open at both ends.
C) protonephridia are involved in excretion, while metanephridia are involved in osmoregulation.
D) protonephridia consist of tubules open at both ends, while metanephridia consist of blind flame cells.
E) protonephridia are found in annelids and metanephridia are found in flatworms.

Question 20

The main nitrogenous waste of adult amphibians is:

A) ammonia.
B) urea.
C) uric acid.
D) peptides.
E) purines.

Question 21

Marine cartilaginous fishes overcome water loss to their environments by:

A) having specialized chloride cells in their gills that prevent water loss.
B) having specialized chloride cells in their gills that continuously excrete salts.
C) storing urea in their body fluids, which causes them to be hypertonic to seawater.
D) producing very small quantities of urine.
E) drinking large quantities of freshwater.

Question 22

What is the correct sequence of structures through which the filtrate would pass?
1) Bowman's capsule
2) collecting duct
3) distal convoluted tubule
4) proximal convoluted tubule
5) ascending loop of Henle
6) descending loop of Henle

A) 1 → 3 → 4 → 5 → 6 → 2
B) 1 → 4 → 5 → 6 → 3 → 2
C) 1 → 6 → 5 → 4 → 3 → 2
D) 1 → 3 → 4 → 2 → 6 → 5
E) 1 → 4 → 6 → 5 → 3 → 2

Question 23

Secretion occurs mainly in the:

A) distal convoluted tubule.
B) loop of Henle.
C) proximal convoluted tubule.
D) collecting duct.
E) glomerulus.

Question 24

Figure 48-2 Refer to the accompanying figure in terms of a freshwater environment. What is the function of the structure labeled as A?

A) salt uptake
B) water gain by osmosis
C) drinking
D) removal of salts and nitrogenous wastes from the blood
E) release of nitrogenous wastes

Question 25

The ____ is shorter in females than it is in males, which explains the greater likelihood of developing bladder infections in ____.

A) ureter; females
B) ureter; males
C) renal papilla; females
D) urethra; males
E) urethra; females

Question 26

Simple epithelial cells of the renal tubule have abundant ____ to increase the surface area for reabsorption and numerous ____ to provide energy for actively transporting materials.

A) microvilli; mitochondria
B) cilia; mitochondria
C) microvilli; Golgi complexes
D) cilia; Golgi complexes
E) cilia; capillaries

Question 27

Trace the flow of urine through the following structures.
1) bladder
2) renal papilla
3) ureter
4) renal pelvis
5) urethra

A) 4 → 2 → 5 → 1 → 3
B) 1 → 2 → 4 → 3 → 5
C) 2 → 4 → 3 → 1 → 5
D) 2 → 1 → 4 → 3 → 5
E) 4 → 1 → 2 → 3 → 5

Question 28

Which portion of the renal tubule empties directly into the collecting duct?

A) Bowman's capsule
B) distal convoluted tubule
C) proximal convoluted tubule
D) descending loop of Henle
E) ascending loop of Henle

Question 29

The efferent arterioles transport blood directly into the:

A) afferent arterioles.
B) Bowman's capsule.
C) glomerulus.
D) peritubular capillaries.
E) renal artery.

Question 30

The outermost region of the kidney is called the:

A) adventitia.
B) mucosa.
C) pelvis.
D) cortex.
E) medulla.

Question 31

Most of the filtrate is reabsorbed through the walls of the:

A) distal convoluted tubule.
B) loop of Henle.
C) proximal convoluted tubule.
D) collecting duct.
E) glomerulus.

Question 32

What is the difference between cortical nephrons and juxtamedullary nephrons?

A) Juxtamedullary nephrons are more numerous than cortical ones.
B) Cortical nephrons do not have loops of Henle, while juxtamedullary ones do.
C) Juxtamedullary nephrons have larger glomeruli than do cortical ones.
D) Juxtamedullary nephrons do not have loops of Henle, while cortical ones do.
E) Juxtamedullary nephrons have more glomeruli than do cortical ones.

Question 33

Which of the following is only partially reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule?

A) glucose
B) amino acids
C) sodium ions
D) vitamins
E) nutrients

Question 34

____ directly deliver blood to the glomeruli.

A) Afferent arterioles
B) Efferent arterioles
C) Peritubular capillaries
D) Renal arteries
E) Renal venules

Question 35

The renal medulla contains the:

A) renal pyramids.
B) Bowman's capsules.
C) distal convoluted tubules.
D) glomeruli.
E) proximal convoluted tubules.

Question 36

Which statement is accurate of filtration by the kidneys?

A) About 25% of the plasma passing through the glomerulus becomes part of the glomerular filtrate.
B) Solutes dissolved in the plasma, such as glucose, amino acids, and various salts, become part of the filtrate.
C) The normal glomerular filtration rate adds up to about 80 L every 24 hours.
D) Approximately 75% of the filtrate is reabsorbed into the blood through the renal tubules.
E) The filtration membrane prevents the passage of cells, but allows large molecules to pass through.

Question 37

What is the significance of having specialized epithelium and smooth muscle in the urinary bladder?

A) It helps reabsorb water.
B) It helps reabsorb salts.
C) It permits the diffusion of gases.
D) It is capable of shrinkage and stretching.
E) It protects the bladder from nitrogenous wastes.

Question 38

Podocytes are located in the wall of:

A) Bowman's capsule.
B) the glomerulus.
C) the peritubular capillaries.
D) the renal artery.
E) the proximal convoluted tubule.

Question 39

The ureters connect the:

A) bladder to the body exterior.
B) kidney to the bladder.
C) bladder to the urethra.
D) kidney to the body exterior.
E) kidney to the urethra.

Question 40

Glomerular capillary walls and podocytes form a ____ that allows fluid and small solutes in plasma to pass through and become part of the filtrate.

A) glomerular filtrate
B) tubular transport
C) renal threshold
D) filtration membrane
E) filtration slits

Question 41

One of the direct products of deamination is urea .

Question 42

Which of the following statements about the loop of Henle is true ?

A) The walls of the descending loop are relatively impermeable to water.
B) The walls of the descending loop are relatively permeable to sodium.
C) The walls of the ascending loop are relatively permeable to water.
D) The walls of the ascending loop are relatively permeable to sodium.
E) The entire loops is relatively permeable to sodium.

Question 43

What are the vasa recta?

A) capillary extensions of the afferent arterioles
B) capillary extensions of the efferent arterioles
C) regions of the renal tubule
D) vessels that supply blood to the glomerulus
E) vessels that supply blood to the proximal convoluted tubule

Question 44

Atrial natriuretic peptide has been found to:

A) decrease sodium secretion and increase blood pressure.
B) constrict afferent arterioles, decreasing the glomerular filtration rate.
C) be produced by the adrenal cortex.
D) inhibit sodium reabsorption by the collecting ducts.
E) increase the release of renin from the juxtaglomerular apparatus.

Question 45

Figure 48-3 Refer to the accompanying figure. In which region will the osmolality of the filtrate be at the lowest value?

A) 3
B) 5
C) 6
D) 9
E) 10

Question 46

Briefly explain the role of Malpighian tubules in arthropods.

Question 47

Compare and contrast the osmoregulatory challenges and solutions used by sharks and freshwater fishes.

Question 48

Figure 48-3 Refer to the accompanying figure. Secretion of potassium and ammonium ions occurs mainly in the portion labeled as:

A) 2.
B) 5.
C) 7.
D) 9.
E) 10.

Question 49

The secretion of ____ is an important homeostatic mechanism involved in maintaining normal heart rhythm.

A) hydrogen ions
B) potassium ions
C) water
D) glucose
E) urea

Question 50

Diabetes insipidus results from an insufficient production of:

A) ADH.
B) aldosterone.
C) angiotensin II.
D) ANP.
E) renin.

Question 51

Which of the following would be secreted across the tubule?

A) sodium ions
B) vitamins
C) creatinine
D) carbon dioxide
E) glucose

Question 52

Figure 48-3 Refer to the accompanying figure. Hormonal regulation of sodium reabsorption occurs in the regions labeled as:

A) 3 and 5.
B) 6 and 8.
C) 6, 7, and 8.
D) 8 and 9.
E) 9 and 10.

Question 53

Figure 48-3 Refer to the accompanying figure. Reabsorption of solutes with nutritional value occurs at the point labeled as:

A) 1.
B) 3.
C) 5.
D) 6.
E) 9.

Question 54

Figure 48-3 Refer to the accompanying figure. Antidiuretic hormone has its effects along the region labeled as:

A) 6.
B) 7.
C) 8.
D) 9.
E) 10.

Question 55

Figure 48-3 Refer to the accompanying figure. Reabsorption of water occurs at the point(s) labeled as:

A) 3 and 9.
B) 5 and 8.
C) 6 and 10.
D) 8 and 10.
E) only 10.

Question 56

Discuss the advantages and disadvantages associated with the production of ammonia, urea, and uric acid.

Question 57

What is the function of antidiuretic hormone?

A) It increases the permeability of the collecting ducts to sodium so more is reabsorbed.
B) It causes a high volume of less concentrated urine to be produced.
C) It increases aldosterone secretion.
D) It decreases renin secretion.
E) It increases the permeability of the collecting ducts to water so more is reabsorbed.

Question 58

The nephridial organs of flatworms are called metanephridia .

Question 59

Compare and contrast osmoregulation of freshwater fish and marine fish.

Question 60

When you drink a large volume of water, the release of ____ by the pituitary gland ____.

A) aldosterone; increases
B) aldosterone; decreases
C) ADH; increases
D) ADH; decreases
E) ANP; increases

Question 61

Aldosterone is responsible for increasing the reabsorption of sodium.

Question 62

ADH makes the walls of the collecting duct more permeable to water .

Question 63

Insects have an excretory system consisting of Malpighian tubules .

Question 64

The renal medulla is the inner portion of the kidney.

Question 65

Sharks excrete a(n) small volume of dilute urine.

Question 66

How is a fall in blood pressure counteracted by the secretion of aldosterone?

Question 67

The walls of the descending limb of the loop of Henle are relatively permeable to sodium .

Question 68

Discuss why a doctor would prescribe an ACE inhibitor to a patient with a history of high blood pressure.

Question 70

Birds store most of their waste nitrogen as uric acid .

Question 71

Filtration slits are located between adjacent podocytes .

Question 72

Filtrate flows from the proximal convoluted tubule directly into the distal convoluted tubule .

Question 73

In humans, urea and uric acid are produced by the kidneys .

Question 74

Describe the causes and effects of diabetes insipidus.

Question 76

Urine flows from the ureters directly into the urethra .

Question 77

Blood flows from the efferent arterioles directly into the peritubular capillaries .

Question 78

Most reabsorption occurs in the distal convoluted tubule .

Question 79

Freshwater fishes excrete most of their nitrogenous wastes through the kidneys .

Question 80

What is meant by the counterflow of fluid through the limbs of the loop of Henle, and what is its role in the normal function of a human kidney?