Deck 4: Organization of the Cell

Question 1

What does the nucleolus, within the nucleus, synthesize?

A) DNA
B) genes
C) hormones
D) ribosomal RNA
E) messenger RNA

Answer 1

D

Question 2

How does the scanning electron microscope differ from the transmission electron microscope?

A) The SEM can view a live specimen.
B) The SEM can view the internal structure of a cell.
C) The SEM utilizes a beam of light that passes through the specimen.
D) The SEM gives a three dimensional image of the object being studied.
E) The SEM relies on the detection of electrons from the beam after contact with the specimens.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

A single cell in a smoker's lung has become cancerous. It doubles its DNA and divides much faster than a normal lung cell. The most likely change that would have caused this condition took place in the:

A) nucleus.
B) nucleolus.
C) lysosome.
D) microtubule.
E) mitochondria.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

What is one cellular characteristic found in all prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

A) nucleus
B) nucleoplasm
C) chloroplast
D) mitochondria
E) plasma membrane

Question 5

Evidence that all living cells have a common origin is best illustrated by the:

A) basic similarities in cell structure and chemistry.
B) fact that all new cells come from previously existing cells.
C) cell theory, which states that the cell is the basic unit of life.
D) fact that cells are the building blocks of the most complex plants.
E) idea that cells are the smallest units that can carry out all life activities.

Question 6

You want to determine the location of a specific protein in a cell using a colored stain. Which of the following is the best technique for this purpose?

A) electron microscopy
B) phase contrast microscopy
C) bright-field microscopy
D) fluorescence microscopy
E) dark-field microscopy

Question 7

DNA is associated with RNA and certain proteins, forming a complex called:

A) chromosomes.
B) chromatin.
C) nucleoli.
D) nucleus.
E) genes.

Question 8

Figure 4-1 Which statement about the accompanying figures is true?

A) Figure B has a smaller volume than Figure A.
B) Figure B has a greater volume than Figure A.
C) Figure B has a greater surface area than Figure A.
D) Figure B has a greater surface area to volume ratio than Figure A.
E) Figure B has a smaller surface area to volume ratio than Figure A.

Question 9

Figure 4-1 Based on your knowledge of basic geometric relationships, what is the actual surface area to volume ratio for Figure B in the accompanying figure?

A) 0.01
B) 0.06
C) 0.6
D) 100
E) 1,000

Question 10

The outer membrane of the nuclear envelope is continuous with the membrane of the ____ and is usually covered with attached ribosomes.

A) nucleolus
B) cell wall
C) chromatin
D) plasma membrane
E) endoplasmic reticulum

Question 11

If a toxin, such as a bacterial toxin, destroys ribosomes, what cellular activity will be affected first?

A) protein synthesis
B) DNA synthesis
C) movement
D) energy storage
E) active transport

Question 12

What type of microscopy uses a laser to excite fluorophores in just a thin "slice" through a cell?

A) confocal microscopy
B) fluorescence microscopy
C) phase contrast microscopy
D) scanning electron microscopy
E) Nomarski differential interference-contrast microscopy

Question 13

Why is it advantageous for cells to be small?

A) A small cell size prevents a cell from weighing too much.
B) A small cell is better able to conserve energy than a larger cell.
C) A small cell size occupies less space in nature where space is limited.
D) A small cell has a small surface area relative to volume, thereby facilitating ion balance.
E) A small cell has a small volume relative to surface area, thereby increasing efficient transport.

Question 14

DNA must transcribe its information into what type of molecule before leaving the nucleus and entering the cytoplasm?

A) RNA
B) mRNA
C) myosin
D) polypeptide
E) chromosomes

Question 15

What does the process of differential centrifugation achieve?

A) It analyzes the chemical components of the cell.
B) It allows researchers to view the contents of the cells.
C) It separates components of the cell that have different densities.
D) It separates different components of the cell that function differently.
E) It separates components of the cell that have a different chemical makeup.

Question 16

Why are membrane-bounded organelles able to facilitate faster chemical reactions?

A) Membranes are permeable to all solutes and their enzymes.
B) Enzymes are organized close together on the membrane surface.
C) Membranes lower the activation energy of biochemical reactions.
D) Membrane-bounded organelles act as catalysts for biochemical reactions.
E) Enzymes are more readily available within membrane-bounded organelles.

Question 17

The ratio of the size of the image seen with the microscope to the actual size of the object is called:

A) magnification.
B) resolution.
C) resolving power.
D) centrifugation.
E) fractionation.

Question 18

Which strategy is most effective for larger cells to have an effective surface area to volume ratio?

A) locomotion
B) being short and fat
C) having thin, finger-like projections
D) having a thinner plasma membrane
E) having a completely spherical shape

Question 19

The largest and most complex assembly of proteins in most eukaryotic cells are the:

A) flagella
B) ribosomes
C) smooth ER
D) nuclear pores
E) chromosomes

Question 20

The accompanying image is the product which type of microscope?

A) phase-contrast light microscope
B) Nomarski differential interference microscope
C) transmission electron microscope
D) scanning electron microscope
E) confocal fluorescence microscope

Question 21

What two organelles are both responsible for converting energy into forms that can be used by cells?

A) ribosomes and chloroplasts
B) lysosomes and chloroplasts
C) mitochondria and lysosomes
D) mitochondria and peroxisomes
E) mitochondria and chloroplasts

Question 22

You isolate a cellular structure and determine that it is composed of α -tubulin and β -tubulin. Based on this evidence, you correctly identify this structure as a(n):

A) structural MAP.
B) microfilament.
C) microtubule.
D) actin filament.
E) myosin filament.

Question 23

Which of the following organelles plays an important role in apoptosis, or programmed cell death?

A) ribosomes
B) mitochondria
C) chloroplasts
D) vacuoles
E) peroxisomes

Question 24

Proteins made on ribosomes may be further modified within which organelle?

A) nucleus.
B) lysosomes.
C) mitochondria.
D) Golgi complex.
E) peroxisomes.

Question 25

Figure 4-2 Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s). What enzyme in the ER lumen catalyze the efficient folding of proteins into proper conformations?

A) calcium
B) proteasomes
C) golgi complexes
D) digestive enzymes
E) molecular chaperones

Question 26

Figure 4-4 In the accompanying figure, the formation of carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and water occurs in the portion of labeled:

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E

Question 27

What is the primary function of mitochondria?

A) lipid synthesis
B) material storage
C) protein synthesis
D) transformation of energy
E) capturing light for photosynthesis

Question 28

Which process is a function of peroxisomes?

A) cell death
B) detoxification
C) water storage
D) protein synthesis
E) DNA replication

Question 29

During an infection, white blood cells travel to the infected site and phagocytize the pathogens. After phagocytosis, primary lysosomes fuse with the phagocytic vesicle to form a larger vesicle called a secondary lysosome. The purpose for this process is to:

A) introduce antibodies to the phagocytic vesicles.
B) degrade the bacteria and export it from the cell.
C) wrap the pathogen in additional membrane, rendering them harmless.
D) mix the pathogens with strong hydrolytic enzymes and destroy them.
E) coat the bacteria in lipids derived from the Golgi complex, which cover and smother them.

Question 30

Plants lack organ systems for disposing of toxic metabolic waste products. Their cells' vacuoles are like what animal cell organelle?

A) nucleolus
B) lysosomes
C) chloroplasts
D) mitochondria
E) endoplasmic reticulum

Question 31

Figure 4-2 Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s). The cellular structure indicated by the arrow in the accompanying figure is responsible for:

A) replication.
B) protein synthesis.
C) cellular respiration.
D) digestion of unused organelles.
E) lipid and fatty acid metabolism.

Question 32

Figure 4-4 Refer to the accompanying figure. If you treated this organelle to remove ONLY the chlorophyll, which label indicates the portion of the organelle that would be most directly affected by this treatment?

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E

Question 33

A glycoprotein destined for secretion from the cell would move through the Golgi complex which sequence?

A) cis face to medial region to trans face
B) trans face to cis face to medial region
C) trans face to medial region to cis face
D) cis face to trans face to medial region
E) medial face to trans face to cis face

Question 34

The cis face of the Golgi complex is most directly involved in which process?

A) synthesizing proteins
B) accepting vesicles from the ER
C) packaging molecules in vesicles
D) transporting molecules out of the Golgi
E) catalyzing the efficient folding of proteins

Question 35

Upon observing a cell of a grass blade, you notice a prominent sac that occupies a large portion of the cell. Which organelle is this?

A) nucleus
B) vacuole
C) lysosome
D) chloroplasts
E) mitochondria

Question 36

Which organelle can be considered a sorting, processing and packaging center?

A) vacuole
B) centriole
C) centrosome
D) Golgi complex
E) endoplasmic reticulum

Question 37

What is the purpose of the cristae of the inner membrane of mitochondria?

A) To store food
B) Tto transport waste
C) To metabolize lipids
D) To increase surface area
E) To break down nutrients

Question 38

Which cellular structure is correctly matched to the role it plays within the cell?

A) chloroplast − storage of enzymes
B) lysosome − powerhouse of the cell
C) centrosome − cell division
D) plastids − structural support of the cell
E) Golgi complex − production of energy

Question 39

What cellular structure is unique to plant cells and some photosynthetic fungi?

A) nucleus
B) vacuoles
C) chloroplasts
D) mitochondria
E) endoplasmic reticulum

Question 40

The smooth ER is the primary site for the synthesis of phospholipids and cholesterol needed to make ____.

A) DNA
B) ATP
C) ribosomes
D) hormones
E) cell membranes

Question 41

The force necessary to cause microtubules of cilia and flagella to slide alongside one another is provided through the action of ____ proteins, which derive the energy to perform their work directly from ____ molecules.

A) kinesin; ADP
B) kinesin; glucose
C) tubulin; ATP
D) dynein; ATP
E) dynein; ADP

Question 42

Identify two structural components of the cytoskeleton, and briefly describe their function(s).

Question 43

Which statements about centrioles is false ?

A) They are found in the centrosome.
B) They are duplicated before cell division.
C) They have a 9 + 2 arrangement of microtubules.
D) They are thought to play a role in microtubule assembly.
E) They are present in most animal cells but not most plant cells.

Question 44

Draw and label a rough structural diagram of a flagellum. Identify the role of each labeled structure in the process of movement associated with this organelle. BONUS: Consider how your answer would differ if you were asked to discuss cilia.

Question 45

List the similarities and differences between the functions of the chloroplasts and mitochondria. Include the identification of specific structures in your comparison.

Question 46

List the similarities and differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Identify three ways that these differences impact cell function.

Question 47

Intermediate filaments are most closely associated with which of the following?

A) actin
B) myosin
C) keratins
D) microvilli
E) pseudopodia

Question 48

The smooth ER is the primary site for the synthesis of proteins and cholesterol needed to make membranes.
__________________

Question 49

The micrometer ( μ m) is the most convenient unit for measuring cells.

Question 50

The existence of a separate set of enzymes and DNA molecules in mitochondria and chloroplasts provide support for serial endosymbiosis.
__________________

Question 51

In scanning electron microscopy, an electron beam passes through a very thin slice of a specimen and then falls onto a photographic plate or a fluorescent screen.

Question 52

What protects a cell and may help keep other cells at a distance?

A) cell wall
B) glycocalyx
C) microfilaments
D) middle lamella
E) extracellular matrix

Question 53

As a result of testing an experimental drip on a vertebrate cell, you notice that the cell cortex becomes more fluid, and although the cell remains strong, it loses its ability to move. Based on this evidence, you correctly conclude that the drug most directly affected:

A) myosin.
B) β -tubulin.
C) α -tubulin.
D) actin filaments.
E) intermediate filaments.

Question 54

Which of the following pairs is correctly matched?

A) middle lamella − cellulose
B) integrins − receptors
C) primary cell wall − pectin
D) fibronectins − wood
E) secondary cell wall − glycoproteins

Question 55

DNA is associated with RNA and certain proteins forming chromatin . __________________

Question 56

What is the microtubule arrangement of a flagellum or cilium?

A) 9 x1 array
B) 9 + 1 array
C) 9 x 3 structure
D) 9 + 2 arrangement
E) 9 + 3 arrangement

Question 57

What is found between the primary walls of adjacent cells for cells to adhere tightly to one another?

A) collagen
B) cytosol
C) middle lamella
D) secondary cell wall
E) intermediate filaments

Question 58

Which of the following is a key component of the cytoskeleton?

A) centrosome
B) microtubules
C) DNA
D) ribosomes
E) endoplasmic reticulum

Question 59

Briefly explain the relationship between the surface area and volume of a cell and overall cell size. List two ways in which organisms have successfully "solved" this problem.

Question 60

A basal body anchors what part of a cell?

A) ribosome
B) thylakoid
C) centriole
D) flagellum
E) lysosome

Question 61

In animal cells the main microtubule organizing center (or centrosome) is important in cell division.
__________________

Question 62

Enzymes called proteases in the ER lumen catalyze folding of proteins into proper conformations.
__________________

Question 64

Some cells are very large, seemingly in defiance of maintaining a large surface area to volume ratio. What are some strategies or adaptations that these cells may use in order to maintain a reasonable surface area to volume ratio?

Question 65

Golgi complexes of prokaryotic cells produce extracellullar polysaccharides that are used to make cell walls.
__________________

Question 66

Mitochondria play an important role in cell necrosis . __________________

Question 67

For the following medical conditions, describe the likely cellular organelle or structure that has been affected in such a way as to cause the condition (note: There may be more than one organelle or structure involved):
A. The sperm of a man cannot swim, thus rendering him infertile.
B. A child experiences kidney failure due to Fabry's disease where the cells lining the inside of the kidney tubule accumulate abnormally large amounts of glycolipids that are usually degraded by enzymes.
C. A person dies within minutes after ingesting cyanide because ATP is no longer being synthesized.

Question 68

A bacterial pathogen has just entered the body of a person. Describe the sequence of events that lead to the production of enzymes that will hydrolytically destroy the bacterial cell, beginning with events in the nucleus and ending with destruction of the pathogen.

Question 69

Peroxisomes are found in large numbers in cells that synthesize, store, and degrade lipids, and one of their functions is to break down protein molecules.
__________________

Question 70

Proteasomes direct the destruction of defective DNA . __________________

Question 71

Cells that secrete large amounts of glycoprotein have many Golgi stacks.
__________________