Deck 8: How Cells Make Atp Energy-Releasing Pathways

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Question
During the citric acid cycle, each acetyl group entering the cycle yields:

A) 1 ATP, 2 NADH, and 3 FADH2.
B) 1 ATP, 3 NADH, and 1 FADH2.
C) 3 ATP, 2 NADH, and 1 FADH2.
D) 4 ATP, 2 NADH, and 1 FADH2.
E) 1 ATP, 2 NADH, and 4 FADH2.
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Question
The energy released during the chain of electron transport molecules is used to create a(n) ____ gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane for chemiosmosis.

A) ADP
B) ATP
C) proton
D) oxygen
E) electron
Question
During chemiosmosis, what must be transferred from NADH and FADH2 to electron acceptor molecules?

A) protons
B) electrons
C) ATP molecules
D) ADP molecules
E) water molecules
Question
After the conversion of pyruvate molecules to acetyl CoA molecules, how many NADH molecules have been produced from one glucose molecule?

A) one
B) two
C) three
D) four
E) five
Question
A glucose molecule that is metabolized via aerobic respiration has been completely broken down and released as CO2 by the end of:

A) glycolysis.
B) fermentation.
C) the citric acid cycle.
D) the electron transport chain.
E) ATP synthesis in the mitochondria.
Question
Which is a product from the first reaction of the citric acid cycle?

A) ATP
B) NAD+
C) citrate
D) phosphate
E) acetyl-CoA
Question
In glycolysis, a phosphorylated sugar (fructose-1, 6-bisphosphate) is split, forming two molecules of:

A) ADP.
B) G3P.
C) glucose.
D) citric acid.
E) acetyl CoA.
Question
Where does the citric acid cycle take place in a eukaryotic cell?

A) nucleus
B) cytosol
C) mitochondrial matrix
D) endoplasmic reticulum
E) mitochondrial membrane
Question
Glycolysis yields a net energy profit of ____ ATP molecules per molecule of glucose.

A) no
B) one
C) two
D) four
E) six
Question
What does the oxidative decarboxylation of two pyruvates yield?

A) 2 G3P
B) 2 glucose molecules
C) 2 ATP + 4 CO2 + 2 NADH
D) 1 fructose-1, 6-bisphosphate
E) 2 acetyl CoA + 2 CO2 + 2 NADH
Question
Which reactant of aerobic respiration is oxidized?

A) water
B) oxygen
C) glucose
D) energy
E) carbon dioxide
Question
During the first phase of glycolysis, because glucose is relatively stable and not easily broken down, two ____ reactions take place to transfer a phosphate group from ATP to the sugar.

A) redox
B) exergonic
C) metabolic
D) hydrolysis
E) phosphorylation
Question
Which reaction is the aerobic respiration of glucose?

A) C6H12O6 + 6 H2O → 6 CO2 + 12 H2 + energy
B) C4H12O4 + 2 H2O + 6 CO2 → 6 O2 + ATP + energy
C) C4H12O4 + 12 O2 + 6 H2O → 6 CO2 + ATP + energy
D) C6H12O6 + 6 O2 + 6 H2O → 6 CO2 + 12 H2O + energy
E) C4H12O2 + 6 O2 + ATP → 6 CO2 + 12 H2O + energy
Question
What is the chemical reaction illustrated in the figure? ​
<strong>What is the chemical reaction illustrated in the figure? ​   ​</strong> A) fermentation B) the first step in the citric acid cycle C) the energy investing phase of glycolysis D) part of the electron transport chain E) the energy capture phase of glycolysis <div style=padding-top: 35px>

A) fermentation
B) the first step in the citric acid cycle
C) the energy investing phase of glycolysis
D) part of the electron transport chain
E) the energy capture phase of glycolysis
Question
In glycolysis, a six-carbon glucose molecule is converted into two three-carbon molecules of:

A) citrate.
B) acetate.
C) pyruvate.
D) oxaloacetate.
E) coenzyme A
Question
Why must the transfer of electrons from glucose to oxygen during aerobic respiration take place in a series of steps?

A) The energy of the protons can be used to make ATP.
B) The energy of the electrons can be used to make ATP.
C) The energy of the electrons can be used to make ADP.
D) It is chemically impossible to transfer electrons directly from glucose to oxygen.
E) The chemical intermediates donate some of their electrons in order to increase the electron pool.
Question
In the electron transport chain, exergonic redox processes drive the endergonic reaction in which:

A) pyruvate is converted to acetyl CoA.
B) ATP is produced by phosphorylation of ADP.
C) G3P is produced from phosphorylation of ADP.
D) ADP is produced by dephosphorylation of ATP.
E) glucose is produced from phosphorylation of ADP.
Question
During aerobic respiration, nutrients are ____ to carbon dioxide and water.

A) reduced
B) oxidized
C) fermented
D) anabolized
E) catabolized
Question
In glycolysis, glucose receives two phosphate groups from ____, thus forming fructose-1, 6-bisphosphate.

A) ADP
B) ATP
C) G3P
D) a bisphosphate group
E) fructose-1, 6-bisphosphate
Question
What type of reaction is aerobic respiration?

A) redox
B) anabolic
C) hydrolysis
D) glycolysis
E) polymerization
Question
Aerobic respiration is regulated by the binding of ATP or AMP to what enzyme?

A) aldolase
B) isomerase
C) hexokinase
D) phosphofructokinase
E) pyruvate dehydrogenase
Question
Which of the following statements about the electron transport chain is true?

A) Protons are pumped out of the mitochondria by the complexes of the electron transport chain.
B) The proton gradient established during electron transport is a form of potential energy.
C) The electron transport chain can be found in the mitochondria of aerobic bacteria and other cells.
D) The movement of protons down a concentration gradient is an endergonic process.
E) ATP synthesis associated with the electron transport chain is an example of substrate level phosphorylation.
Question
During aerobic respiration, what molecule is degraded for the formation of acetyl coenzyme A?

A) NAD
B) FADH
C) glucose
D) pyruvate
E) coenzyme A
Question
How does anaerobic respiration differ from aerobic respiration?

A) Anaerobic respiration produces CO2.
B) Anaerobic respiration produces ATP.
C) Anaerobic respiration involves an electron transport chain.
D) Anaerobic respiration utilizes O2 as the terminal electron acceptor.
E) Anaerobic respiration utilizes NO3 as the terminal electron acceptor.
Question
Which of the following statements about lactic acid fermentation is FALSE?

A) It uses glucose as a substrate.
B) It is inefficient compared to aerobic respiration.
C) It produces two ATP molecules for every glucose molecule.
D) Oxygen is the final electron acceptor of this pathway.
E) Glycolysis is the only energy-yielding step of this pathway.
Question
Which of the following is an exploited product of lactate fermentation?

A) butter
B) beer
C) yogurt
D) ice cream
E) loaf of bread
Question
The electron transport chain forms a concentration gradient for H+, which diffuses through ATP synthase complexes, producing ____.

A) ATP
B) FAD
C) G3P
D) NADH
E) pyruvate
Question
In the skeletal muscle cells of vertebrates, as many as ____ ATP molecules are produced from one molecule of glucose, which is less than might be expected because electrons from NADH produced during glycolysis must be shuttled through the ____ mitochondrial membrane at a cost.

A) 2; outer
B) 2; inner
C) 6; outer
D) 36; inner
E) 38; inner
Question
What is the role of the oxygen molecules required for aerobic respiration?

A) To form ATP
B) To produce CO2
C) To accept electrons directly from either NADH or FADH2
D) To accept the low energy electrons at the end of the electron transport chain
E) To store high energy electrons to pass to complex I of the electron transport chain
Question
In chemiosmosis, ATP is produced as hydrogen ions (protons) pass through _____.

A) ATP synthase
B) ATP decarboxylase
C) ATP dehydrogenase
D) a series of electron carriers
E) the outer mitochondrial membrane
Question
Saturated fatty acids store more energy than unsaturated fatty acids. Based on your knowledge of aerobic respiration, you draw this conclusion because saturated fatty acids:

A) lack phosphate.
B) are deaminated.
C) contain more ATP.
D) are more highly reduced.
E) contain more ester linkages.
Question
Which of the following is an end product of glycolysis?

A) CO2
B) ATP
C) NAD+
D) FADH2
E) acetyl CoA
Question
What is the function of coenzyme Q?

A) To reduce glucose
B) To oxidize glucose
C) To transfer electrons
D) To transfer phosphate to ATP
E) To provide energy in the citric acid cycle
Question
One gram of ____ contains more than twice the amount of energy of a gram of glucose.

A) starch
B) lipids
C) ATP
D) protein
E) amino acids
Question
Which of the following is an anaerobic pathway?

A) chemiosmosis
B) fermentation
C) citric acid cycle
D) aerobic respiration
E) electron transport chain
Question
Peter Mitchell demonstrated ATP production by aerobic bacteria to prove what process?

A) glycolysis
B) hydrolysis
C) fermentation
D) chemiosmosis
E) citric acid cycle
Question
Which of the following steps in the citric acid cycle directly produces a molecule of ATP (or GTP)?

A) citrate → isocitrate
B) succinate → fumarate
C) malate → oxaloacetate
D) succinyl CoA → succinate
E) isocitrate → α -ketoglutarate
Question
Which of the following molecules can be used as a substrate for cellular respiration?

A) glucose only
B) glucose and lipids only
C) glucose and proteins only
D) glucose, lipids, and proteins only
E) glucose, lipids, proteins, and fatty acids
Question
In eukaryotes, where does glycolysis occur?

A) cytosol
B) lysosomes
C) Golgi complex
D) mitochondrial matrix
E) mitochondrial inner membrane
Question
The complete aerobic metabolism of one molecule of glucose yields a maximum of how many ATPs?

A) 2
B) 4
C) 18
D) 32 to 34
E) 36 to 38
Question
Which molecule contains the least stored chemical energy?

A) ethyl alcohol
B) pyruvate
C) glucose
D) lactate
E) oxygen
Question
If yeast cells are incubated under anaerobic conditions, the pyruvate they produce is converted to lactate .
__________________
Question
Identify and briefly describe the process(es) of cellular respiration that occur in the mitochondria. Indicate the amount of ATP, NADH, and FADH2 produced in each process.
Question
In liver cells, each NADH produced via glycolysis results in two ATP molecules in the electron transport chain.
__________________
Question
Explain how proteins can be metabolized by the same pathways that oxidize glucose.
Question
What is chemiosmosis, and how is it used to synthesize ATP? Use the following terms in your explanation: inner mitochondria membrane, mitochondrial matrix, endergonic, exergonic, ADP, Pi, and NADH/FADH2.
Question
The reactions of the citric acid cycle take place in the matrix of the mitochondrion.
__________________
Question
If yeasts are grown under anaerobic conditions, pyruvate is converted first to ____ and then to ____.

A) citrate; oxaloacetate
B) acetaldehyde; lactate
C) lactate; carbon dioxide
D) acetaldehyde; ethyl alcohol
E) acetyl coenzyme A; citrate
Question
Phosphofructokinase is stimulated by high levels of ATP.
__________________
Question
During fermentation, the immediate fate of the electrons in NADH is that they:

A) are transferred to the electron transport chain.
B) are transferred to an organic molecule.
C) are transferred to O2.
D) are used to make CO2.
E) are used to form H2O.
Question
Both alcohol fermentation and lactate fermentation are highly ____ because the fuel is only partially ____.

A) efficient; reduced
B) efficient; oxidized
C) inefficient; reduced
D) inefficient; oxidized
E) efficient; metabolized
Question
Substrate level phosphorylation reactions occur in the process of chemiosmosis.
__________________
Question
An example of a(n) anabolic reaction is the splitting of a polysaccharide into monosaccharides.
__________________
Question
The stage of cellular respiration in which most of the ATP is produced is the citric acid cycle. __________________
Question
Alcohol is the end product of fermentation by what type of organism?

A) cow
B) algae
C) yeast
D) protist
E) bacteria
Question
In the tricarboxylic acid cycle, oxaloacetate reacts with acetyl CoA forming citrate .
__________________
Question
For each glucose molecule that begins cellular respiration, the citric acid cycle must turn once .
__________________
Question
For each acetyl CoA molecule that enters the citric acid cycle, two CO2 molecules are produced.
__________________
Question
The downhill flow of protons through the ATP synthase complex powers the production of ATP.
__________________
Question
Compare and contrast aerobic and anaerobic pathways used by cells to extract energy from organic molecules. Include the mechanism of ATP formation, the final electron acceptor, and the end products in your comparison.
Question
Match between columns
Premises:
GDP is phosphorylated
GDP is phosphorylated
GDP is phosphorylated
GDP is phosphorylated
This is the first process that occurs in the mitochondrion.
This is the first process that occurs in the mitochondrion.
This is the first process that occurs in the mitochondrion.
This is the first process that occurs in the mitochondrion.
Pyruvate is an end product.
Pyruvate is an end product.
Pyruvate is an end product.
Pyruvate is an end product.
ATP synthase is a component.
ATP synthase is a component.
ATP synthase is a component.
ATP synthase is a component.
Responses:
electron transport and chemiosmosis
formation of acetyl CoA
citric acid cycle
glycolysis
electron transport and chemiosmosis
formation of acetyl CoA
citric acid cycle
glycolysis
electron transport and chemiosmosis
formation of acetyl CoA
citric acid cycle
glycolysis
electron transport and chemiosmosis
formation of acetyl CoA
citric acid cycle
glycolysis
electron transport and chemiosmosis
formation of acetyl CoA
citric acid cycle
glycolysis
electron transport and chemiosmosis
formation of acetyl CoA
citric acid cycle
glycolysis
electron transport and chemiosmosis
formation of acetyl CoA
citric acid cycle
glycolysis
electron transport and chemiosmosis
formation of acetyl CoA
citric acid cycle
glycolysis
electron transport and chemiosmosis
formation of acetyl CoA
citric acid cycle
glycolysis
electron transport and chemiosmosis
formation of acetyl CoA
citric acid cycle
glycolysis
Question
Although our muscle cells contain mitochondria and normally undergo aerobic respiration, during strenuous activity, lactate is formed, which contributes to cramps in our muscles. What is the evolutionary advantage of lactate production in our cells?
Question
What is the major difference between substrate-level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation?
Question
In the process of aerobic respiration, nitrate can function as the terminal electron acceptor in the electron transport chain.
__________________
Question
Describe how cells can regulate aerobic respiration at the level of the conversion of glucose-6-phosphate to fructose-1, 6-bisphosphate as catalyzed by phosphofructokinase (PFK).
Question
Explain why fermentation is a highly inefficient process.
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Deck 8: How Cells Make Atp Energy-Releasing Pathways
1
During the citric acid cycle, each acetyl group entering the cycle yields:

A) 1 ATP, 2 NADH, and 3 FADH2.
B) 1 ATP, 3 NADH, and 1 FADH2.
C) 3 ATP, 2 NADH, and 1 FADH2.
D) 4 ATP, 2 NADH, and 1 FADH2.
E) 1 ATP, 2 NADH, and 4 FADH2.
B
2
The energy released during the chain of electron transport molecules is used to create a(n) ____ gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane for chemiosmosis.

A) ADP
B) ATP
C) proton
D) oxygen
E) electron
C
3
During chemiosmosis, what must be transferred from NADH and FADH2 to electron acceptor molecules?

A) protons
B) electrons
C) ATP molecules
D) ADP molecules
E) water molecules
B
4
After the conversion of pyruvate molecules to acetyl CoA molecules, how many NADH molecules have been produced from one glucose molecule?

A) one
B) two
C) three
D) four
E) five
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5
A glucose molecule that is metabolized via aerobic respiration has been completely broken down and released as CO2 by the end of:

A) glycolysis.
B) fermentation.
C) the citric acid cycle.
D) the electron transport chain.
E) ATP synthesis in the mitochondria.
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6
Which is a product from the first reaction of the citric acid cycle?

A) ATP
B) NAD+
C) citrate
D) phosphate
E) acetyl-CoA
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7
In glycolysis, a phosphorylated sugar (fructose-1, 6-bisphosphate) is split, forming two molecules of:

A) ADP.
B) G3P.
C) glucose.
D) citric acid.
E) acetyl CoA.
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8
Where does the citric acid cycle take place in a eukaryotic cell?

A) nucleus
B) cytosol
C) mitochondrial matrix
D) endoplasmic reticulum
E) mitochondrial membrane
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9
Glycolysis yields a net energy profit of ____ ATP molecules per molecule of glucose.

A) no
B) one
C) two
D) four
E) six
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10
What does the oxidative decarboxylation of two pyruvates yield?

A) 2 G3P
B) 2 glucose molecules
C) 2 ATP + 4 CO2 + 2 NADH
D) 1 fructose-1, 6-bisphosphate
E) 2 acetyl CoA + 2 CO2 + 2 NADH
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11
Which reactant of aerobic respiration is oxidized?

A) water
B) oxygen
C) glucose
D) energy
E) carbon dioxide
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12
During the first phase of glycolysis, because glucose is relatively stable and not easily broken down, two ____ reactions take place to transfer a phosphate group from ATP to the sugar.

A) redox
B) exergonic
C) metabolic
D) hydrolysis
E) phosphorylation
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13
Which reaction is the aerobic respiration of glucose?

A) C6H12O6 + 6 H2O → 6 CO2 + 12 H2 + energy
B) C4H12O4 + 2 H2O + 6 CO2 → 6 O2 + ATP + energy
C) C4H12O4 + 12 O2 + 6 H2O → 6 CO2 + ATP + energy
D) C6H12O6 + 6 O2 + 6 H2O → 6 CO2 + 12 H2O + energy
E) C4H12O2 + 6 O2 + ATP → 6 CO2 + 12 H2O + energy
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14
What is the chemical reaction illustrated in the figure? ​
<strong>What is the chemical reaction illustrated in the figure? ​   ​</strong> A) fermentation B) the first step in the citric acid cycle C) the energy investing phase of glycolysis D) part of the electron transport chain E) the energy capture phase of glycolysis

A) fermentation
B) the first step in the citric acid cycle
C) the energy investing phase of glycolysis
D) part of the electron transport chain
E) the energy capture phase of glycolysis
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15
In glycolysis, a six-carbon glucose molecule is converted into two three-carbon molecules of:

A) citrate.
B) acetate.
C) pyruvate.
D) oxaloacetate.
E) coenzyme A
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16
Why must the transfer of electrons from glucose to oxygen during aerobic respiration take place in a series of steps?

A) The energy of the protons can be used to make ATP.
B) The energy of the electrons can be used to make ATP.
C) The energy of the electrons can be used to make ADP.
D) It is chemically impossible to transfer electrons directly from glucose to oxygen.
E) The chemical intermediates donate some of their electrons in order to increase the electron pool.
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17
In the electron transport chain, exergonic redox processes drive the endergonic reaction in which:

A) pyruvate is converted to acetyl CoA.
B) ATP is produced by phosphorylation of ADP.
C) G3P is produced from phosphorylation of ADP.
D) ADP is produced by dephosphorylation of ATP.
E) glucose is produced from phosphorylation of ADP.
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18
During aerobic respiration, nutrients are ____ to carbon dioxide and water.

A) reduced
B) oxidized
C) fermented
D) anabolized
E) catabolized
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19
In glycolysis, glucose receives two phosphate groups from ____, thus forming fructose-1, 6-bisphosphate.

A) ADP
B) ATP
C) G3P
D) a bisphosphate group
E) fructose-1, 6-bisphosphate
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20
What type of reaction is aerobic respiration?

A) redox
B) anabolic
C) hydrolysis
D) glycolysis
E) polymerization
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21
Aerobic respiration is regulated by the binding of ATP or AMP to what enzyme?

A) aldolase
B) isomerase
C) hexokinase
D) phosphofructokinase
E) pyruvate dehydrogenase
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22
Which of the following statements about the electron transport chain is true?

A) Protons are pumped out of the mitochondria by the complexes of the electron transport chain.
B) The proton gradient established during electron transport is a form of potential energy.
C) The electron transport chain can be found in the mitochondria of aerobic bacteria and other cells.
D) The movement of protons down a concentration gradient is an endergonic process.
E) ATP synthesis associated with the electron transport chain is an example of substrate level phosphorylation.
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23
During aerobic respiration, what molecule is degraded for the formation of acetyl coenzyme A?

A) NAD
B) FADH
C) glucose
D) pyruvate
E) coenzyme A
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24
How does anaerobic respiration differ from aerobic respiration?

A) Anaerobic respiration produces CO2.
B) Anaerobic respiration produces ATP.
C) Anaerobic respiration involves an electron transport chain.
D) Anaerobic respiration utilizes O2 as the terminal electron acceptor.
E) Anaerobic respiration utilizes NO3 as the terminal electron acceptor.
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25
Which of the following statements about lactic acid fermentation is FALSE?

A) It uses glucose as a substrate.
B) It is inefficient compared to aerobic respiration.
C) It produces two ATP molecules for every glucose molecule.
D) Oxygen is the final electron acceptor of this pathway.
E) Glycolysis is the only energy-yielding step of this pathway.
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26
Which of the following is an exploited product of lactate fermentation?

A) butter
B) beer
C) yogurt
D) ice cream
E) loaf of bread
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27
The electron transport chain forms a concentration gradient for H+, which diffuses through ATP synthase complexes, producing ____.

A) ATP
B) FAD
C) G3P
D) NADH
E) pyruvate
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28
In the skeletal muscle cells of vertebrates, as many as ____ ATP molecules are produced from one molecule of glucose, which is less than might be expected because electrons from NADH produced during glycolysis must be shuttled through the ____ mitochondrial membrane at a cost.

A) 2; outer
B) 2; inner
C) 6; outer
D) 36; inner
E) 38; inner
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29
What is the role of the oxygen molecules required for aerobic respiration?

A) To form ATP
B) To produce CO2
C) To accept electrons directly from either NADH or FADH2
D) To accept the low energy electrons at the end of the electron transport chain
E) To store high energy electrons to pass to complex I of the electron transport chain
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30
In chemiosmosis, ATP is produced as hydrogen ions (protons) pass through _____.

A) ATP synthase
B) ATP decarboxylase
C) ATP dehydrogenase
D) a series of electron carriers
E) the outer mitochondrial membrane
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31
Saturated fatty acids store more energy than unsaturated fatty acids. Based on your knowledge of aerobic respiration, you draw this conclusion because saturated fatty acids:

A) lack phosphate.
B) are deaminated.
C) contain more ATP.
D) are more highly reduced.
E) contain more ester linkages.
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32
Which of the following is an end product of glycolysis?

A) CO2
B) ATP
C) NAD+
D) FADH2
E) acetyl CoA
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33
What is the function of coenzyme Q?

A) To reduce glucose
B) To oxidize glucose
C) To transfer electrons
D) To transfer phosphate to ATP
E) To provide energy in the citric acid cycle
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34
One gram of ____ contains more than twice the amount of energy of a gram of glucose.

A) starch
B) lipids
C) ATP
D) protein
E) amino acids
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35
Which of the following is an anaerobic pathway?

A) chemiosmosis
B) fermentation
C) citric acid cycle
D) aerobic respiration
E) electron transport chain
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36
Peter Mitchell demonstrated ATP production by aerobic bacteria to prove what process?

A) glycolysis
B) hydrolysis
C) fermentation
D) chemiosmosis
E) citric acid cycle
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37
Which of the following steps in the citric acid cycle directly produces a molecule of ATP (or GTP)?

A) citrate → isocitrate
B) succinate → fumarate
C) malate → oxaloacetate
D) succinyl CoA → succinate
E) isocitrate → α -ketoglutarate
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38
Which of the following molecules can be used as a substrate for cellular respiration?

A) glucose only
B) glucose and lipids only
C) glucose and proteins only
D) glucose, lipids, and proteins only
E) glucose, lipids, proteins, and fatty acids
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39
In eukaryotes, where does glycolysis occur?

A) cytosol
B) lysosomes
C) Golgi complex
D) mitochondrial matrix
E) mitochondrial inner membrane
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40
The complete aerobic metabolism of one molecule of glucose yields a maximum of how many ATPs?

A) 2
B) 4
C) 18
D) 32 to 34
E) 36 to 38
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41
Which molecule contains the least stored chemical energy?

A) ethyl alcohol
B) pyruvate
C) glucose
D) lactate
E) oxygen
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42
If yeast cells are incubated under anaerobic conditions, the pyruvate they produce is converted to lactate .
__________________
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43
Identify and briefly describe the process(es) of cellular respiration that occur in the mitochondria. Indicate the amount of ATP, NADH, and FADH2 produced in each process.
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44
In liver cells, each NADH produced via glycolysis results in two ATP molecules in the electron transport chain.
__________________
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45
Explain how proteins can be metabolized by the same pathways that oxidize glucose.
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46
What is chemiosmosis, and how is it used to synthesize ATP? Use the following terms in your explanation: inner mitochondria membrane, mitochondrial matrix, endergonic, exergonic, ADP, Pi, and NADH/FADH2.
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47
The reactions of the citric acid cycle take place in the matrix of the mitochondrion.
__________________
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48
If yeasts are grown under anaerobic conditions, pyruvate is converted first to ____ and then to ____.

A) citrate; oxaloacetate
B) acetaldehyde; lactate
C) lactate; carbon dioxide
D) acetaldehyde; ethyl alcohol
E) acetyl coenzyme A; citrate
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49
Phosphofructokinase is stimulated by high levels of ATP.
__________________
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50
During fermentation, the immediate fate of the electrons in NADH is that they:

A) are transferred to the electron transport chain.
B) are transferred to an organic molecule.
C) are transferred to O2.
D) are used to make CO2.
E) are used to form H2O.
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51
Both alcohol fermentation and lactate fermentation are highly ____ because the fuel is only partially ____.

A) efficient; reduced
B) efficient; oxidized
C) inefficient; reduced
D) inefficient; oxidized
E) efficient; metabolized
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52
Substrate level phosphorylation reactions occur in the process of chemiosmosis.
__________________
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53
An example of a(n) anabolic reaction is the splitting of a polysaccharide into monosaccharides.
__________________
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54
The stage of cellular respiration in which most of the ATP is produced is the citric acid cycle. __________________
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55
Alcohol is the end product of fermentation by what type of organism?

A) cow
B) algae
C) yeast
D) protist
E) bacteria
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56
In the tricarboxylic acid cycle, oxaloacetate reacts with acetyl CoA forming citrate .
__________________
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57
For each glucose molecule that begins cellular respiration, the citric acid cycle must turn once .
__________________
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58
For each acetyl CoA molecule that enters the citric acid cycle, two CO2 molecules are produced.
__________________
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59
The downhill flow of protons through the ATP synthase complex powers the production of ATP.
__________________
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60
Compare and contrast aerobic and anaerobic pathways used by cells to extract energy from organic molecules. Include the mechanism of ATP formation, the final electron acceptor, and the end products in your comparison.
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61
Match between columns
Premises:
GDP is phosphorylated
GDP is phosphorylated
GDP is phosphorylated
GDP is phosphorylated
This is the first process that occurs in the mitochondrion.
This is the first process that occurs in the mitochondrion.
This is the first process that occurs in the mitochondrion.
This is the first process that occurs in the mitochondrion.
Pyruvate is an end product.
Pyruvate is an end product.
Pyruvate is an end product.
Pyruvate is an end product.
ATP synthase is a component.
ATP synthase is a component.
ATP synthase is a component.
ATP synthase is a component.
Responses:
electron transport and chemiosmosis
formation of acetyl CoA
citric acid cycle
glycolysis
electron transport and chemiosmosis
formation of acetyl CoA
citric acid cycle
glycolysis
electron transport and chemiosmosis
formation of acetyl CoA
citric acid cycle
glycolysis
electron transport and chemiosmosis
formation of acetyl CoA
citric acid cycle
glycolysis
electron transport and chemiosmosis
formation of acetyl CoA
citric acid cycle
glycolysis
electron transport and chemiosmosis
formation of acetyl CoA
citric acid cycle
glycolysis
electron transport and chemiosmosis
formation of acetyl CoA
citric acid cycle
glycolysis
electron transport and chemiosmosis
formation of acetyl CoA
citric acid cycle
glycolysis
electron transport and chemiosmosis
formation of acetyl CoA
citric acid cycle
glycolysis
electron transport and chemiosmosis
formation of acetyl CoA
citric acid cycle
glycolysis
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62
Although our muscle cells contain mitochondria and normally undergo aerobic respiration, during strenuous activity, lactate is formed, which contributes to cramps in our muscles. What is the evolutionary advantage of lactate production in our cells?
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63
What is the major difference between substrate-level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation?
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64
In the process of aerobic respiration, nitrate can function as the terminal electron acceptor in the electron transport chain.
__________________
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65
Describe how cells can regulate aerobic respiration at the level of the conversion of glucose-6-phosphate to fructose-1, 6-bisphosphate as catalyzed by phosphofructokinase (PFK).
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66
Explain why fermentation is a highly inefficient process.
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