Deck 3: Digestion, Absorption, and Transport

Question 1

Define bolus .

A) enzyme that hydrolyzes starch
B) portion of food swallowed at one time
C) liver enzymes
D) sphincter muscle separating the stomach from the small intestine

Answer 1

B

Question 2

What substance is secreted by the gallbladder to emulsify fats?

A) bile
B) mucus
C) pepsinogen
D) digestive enzymes
E) gastrin

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Which organ in the GI tract houses bacteria and lymph cells?

A) mouth
B) appendix
C) liver
D) gallbladder
E) pancreas

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Which term describes the backward flow of stomach contents?

A) pepsinogen
B) gastric mucosa
C) reflux
D) catalyst
E) bile

Question 5

Which of the following statements about taste buds is FALSE?

A) They react only with particles in solution.
B) Fluid is needed to help dissolve foods for tasting.
C) There are five basic taste sensations: sweet, sour, bitter, salty, and umami.
D) They can individually sense only one of the basic taste sensations at a time.
E) Taste perceptions are influenced by aroma, appearance, and temperature.

Question 6

By the time the contents of the GI tract reach the ________, the three energy-yielding nutrients have been digested.

A) pharynx
B) ileum
C) stomach
D) duodenum
E) pancreas

Question 7

The acidity of gastric juice registers ________ on the pH scale.

A) above 7
B) 6
C) 5
D) 3
E) below 2

Question 8

Which of the following organs does NOT provide secretions to aid in digestion?

A) appendix
B) stomach
C) salivary glands
D) liver
E) pancreas

Question 9

Define "mastication."

A) the act of chewing
B) the process of swallowing
C) the wavelike contraction of the intestines
D) the contraction of the esophagus

Question 10

Which statement about the stomach is FALSE?

A) It churns, mixes, and grinds food.
B) It holds a bolus in its upper portion before transferring it to the lower portion.
C) It adds digestive juices turning a bolus into chyme.
D) It manufactures bile salts to help digest fats.
E) It releases chyme little by little through the pyloric sphincter.

Question 11

You ate a salad for lunch; thereafter, your body breaks down these foods into nutrients in preparation for absorption. This process is called "________."

A) digestion
B) ingestion
C) excretion
D) mastication
E) segmentation

Question 12

Which of the following is NOT a muscular action of digestion?

A) segmentation
B) sphincter contractions
C) peristalsis
D) stomach action
E) salivation

Question 13

What is the primary function of the rectum?

A) controls functioning of the colon
B) absorbs mineral and vitamins from waste materials
C) stores waste materials prior to evacuation
D) absorbs excess water from waste materials

Question 14

The pyloric sphincter opens into the ________.

A) large intestine
B) rectum
C) small intestine
D) colon
E) bile duct

Question 15

What do sphincter muscles do?

A) control peristalsis
B) mix food with saliva
C) secrete digestive juices into the GI tract
D) regulate the flow of food particles along the GI tract
E) trigger hormone release

Question 16

Which structure is required to prevent entrance of food into the trachea?

A) tongue
B) epiglottis
C) cardiac sphincter
D) trachea sphincter

Question 17

Which of the following defines lumen?

A) the flavor of monosodium glutamate
B) the opening between the duodenum and jejunum
C) the conduit from the mouth to the stomach
D) the intestinal enzyme that hydrolyzes dietary nucleic acids
E) the continuous inner space within the GI tract

Question 18

What protects stomach cells from acid and disease-causing bacteria?

A) hydrochloric acid
B) water
C) gastric glands
D) mucus
E) bile

Question 19

What is the primary function of the epiglottis?

A) to allow passage from the esophagus to the stomach
B) to protect airways during swallowing
C) to absorb water and minerals
D) to house lymph cells
E) to pass food from the mouth to the stomach

Question 20

Which of the following is NOT contained in pancreatic juice?

A) hydrolysis
B) carbohydrase
C) lipase
D) protease
E) bicarbonate

Question 21

Glucose moves against a concentration gradient, which requires energy; therefore, it is absorbed by ________.

A) simple diffusion
B) complex diffusion
C) facilitated transport
D) active transport
E) endocytosis

Question 22

What is the name of the projections found on the inner surface of the small intestine?

A) villi
B) cilia
C) mesenteric vessels
D) vascular projectiles

Question 23

Water and small lipids cross into the intestines freely; therefore, they are absorbed by ________.

A) simple diffusion
B) complex diffusion
C) facilitated transport
D) active transport
E) endocytosis

Question 24

Which organ stores bile until it is needed?

A) stomach
B) gallbladder
C) liver
D) pancreas
E) small intestine

Question 25

Into what region of the intestinal tract does the stomach empty its contents?

A) duodenum
B) cecum
C) jejunum
D) ileum

Question 26

The exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste materials takes place across ________ walls.

A) ducts
B) venule
C) aortic
D) capillary
E) lymph vessel

Question 27

Which statement about the absorptive system is FALSE?

A) Cells of the intestinal tract are specialized to absorb different nutrients.
B) Fat-soluble nutrients pass through villi and enter the lymph.
C) The small intestine is about 25 feet long.
D) The many folds and villi of the small intestine increase its surface area, which helps nutrient absorption.
E) If one part of the GI tract becomes dysfunctional, one's diet should be adjusted accordingly.

Question 28

When a water-soluble nutrient molecule has been absorbed, it enters the bloodstream and is guided to the ________.

A) liver
B) heart
C) lungs
D) kidneys
E) gallbladder

Question 29

When does absorption begin?

A) immediately after eating
B) within 1 hour after eating
C) within 3 to 4 hours after eating
D) at least 5 hours after eating
E) about 12 hours after eating

Question 30

What are crypts?

A) projections on the inner surface of the small intestine
B) tubular glands that secret juices into the small intestine
C) cells of the GI tract that secret mucus
D) hairlike projections that trap nutrient particles and transport them to cells
E) glands that store bile

Question 31

How is blood routed through the digestive system?

A) heart to arteries to capillaries (intestines) to hepatic portal vein to capillaries (liver) to hepatic vein to heart
B) heart to capillaries to arteries (intestines) to hepatic portal vein to arteries (liver) to hepatic vein to heart
C) heart to arteries to capillaries (liver) to hepatic portal vein to capillaries (intestines) to hepatic portal vein to heart
D) heart to capillaries to arteries (gallbladder) to hepatic portal vein to arteries (liver) to hepatic vein to heart
E) heart to arteries to capillaries (intestines) to hepatic vein to capillaries (pancreas) to hepatic portal vein to heart

Question 32

How is blood flow routed through the body?

A) heart to arteries to capillaries to veins to heart
B) heart to capillaries to veins to arteries to heart
C) heart to veins to arteries to capillaries to heart
D) heart to veins to capillaries to arteries to heart
E) heart to arteries to veins to capillaries to heart

Question 33

In which organ does most absorption take place?

A) small intestine
B) large intestine
C) liver
D) gallbladder
E) stomach

Question 34

What do intestinal microvilli do?

A) secret bile salts
B) secret mucus
C) transport nutrient particles into cells
D) transport pancreatic enzymes
E) stimulate peristalsis

Question 35

What is the most metabolically active organ in the human body?

A) liver
B) adrenal gland
C) stomach
D) small intestine
E) brain

Question 36

Once food is swallowed, within the GI tract, which would be the most appropriate route for food to pass through?

A) jejunum, duodenum, colon, ileum, rectum
B) jejunum, ileum, duodenum, rectum, colon
C) stomach, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, colon
D) stomach, jejunum, duodenum, colon, ileum

Question 37

Which principal enzyme of secretion begins carbohydrate digestion?

A) saliva
B) bile
C) gastric juice
D) pancreatic juice
E) hydrochloric acid

Question 38

The hepatic portal vein collects blood from the GI tract and conducts it to the ____.

A) liver
B) heart
C) pancreas
D) hepatic vein
E) spleen

Question 39

Which of the following would a dietitian recommend to enhance digestion and absorption?

A) Eating several snacks per day so the GI tract is not overwhelmed
B) Combining different food groups
C) Avoiding meat and fruit at the same meal
D) Taking enzyme pills or powder periodically for system rejuvenation
E) Eating only one type of food at each meal in order to avoid overstimulation of acid

Question 40

What happens to the enzymes present in foods we consume?

A) hydrolyzes in the GI tract
B) absorbed undigested by the stomach
C) absorbed intact by the small intestine
D) passed through the GI tract and excreted in the stool
E) absorbed undigested in the bloodstream.

Question 41

Living microorganisms found in foods and dietary supplements that, when consumed in sufficient quantities, are beneficial to health are called "________."

A) probiotics
B) prebiotics
C) postbiotics
D) symbiotics
E) abiotics

Question 42

The lymphatic system collects fluid from tissues throughout the body and directs its flow toward the ________.

A) liver
B) heart
C) spleen
D) pancreas
E) gallbladder

Question 43

What is lymph?

A) a light red fluid that stores fat-soluble vitamins
B) a clear fluid that contains infection-fighting white blood cells
C) a white fluid that contains probiotics
D) a greenish fluid that contains abundant platelets and water-soluble vitamins
E) a viscous, red fluid that contains red blood cells and platelets

Question 44

Which statement about gastrointestinal microbes is FALSE?

A) The GI tract is home to about 100 trillion microbes.
B) Obese people have more diverse microbe populations than do nonobese people.
C) Few microbes can live in the stomach.
D) GI microbiota play a crucial role in health.
E) GI microbiota change in response to short-term and long-term dietary patterns.

Question 45

Which vehicle provides the passageway from the lymphatic system to the vascular system?

A) villi
B) hepatic portal vein
C) subclavian vein
D) common bile duct
E) thoracic duct

Question 46

What does gastrin do?

A) It stimulates the pancreas to secret bicarbonate-rich juices into the small intestine to maintain a slightly alkaline pH.
B) It stimulates stomach glands to release the components of hydrochloric acid to maintain an acidic pH.
C) It stimulates the gallbladder to secret bile into the duodenum to emulsify fats.
D) It stimulates the pancreas to secret enzyme-rich juices to digest fats and proteins.
E) It stimulates the pancreas to secret enzyme-rich juices to slow GI tract motility

Question 47

Which of the following is a hormone produced by cells in the stomach wall?

A) gastrin
B) secretin
C) glucagon
D) gastric-inhibitory peptide
E) CCK

Question 48

Which hormone stimulates the gallbladder to release bile into the duodenum to emulsify fats?

A) lipase
B) gastrin
C) secretin
D) cholecystokinin
E) glucagon

Question 49

Which food contains probiotics and has been used for thousands of years to promote a healthy GI tract?

A) fish
B) yogurt
C) poultry
D) spinach
E) kale

Question 50

Which of the following is a hormone secreted by the cells in the stomach wall?

A) gastrin
B) insulin
C) secretin
D) cholecystokinin
E) glucagon

Question 51

Which term is defined as food components such as fibers that are not digested by the human body but are used as food by the GI bacteria to promote their growth and activity?

A) prebiotics
B) probiotics
C) postbiotics
D) symbiotics
E) abiotics

Question 52

Vomiting expels the contents of the stomach up through the ________ to the mouth.

A) esophagus
B) larynx
C) trachea
D) salivary glands
E) duodenum

Question 53

Which statement accurately describes the pancreas?

A) The major hormone controlling the release of pancreatic enzymes is insulin.
B) Quick dietary changes improve digestion because of pancreas inefficiency.
C) The pancreas can increase the activity of fat-degrading enzymes in response to more fat in the diet.
D) In general, the amounts of digestive enzymes secreted by the pancreas remain constant over a wide range of nutrient intakes.
E) Pancreatic enzymes can digest protein and fat but not carbohydrate.

Question 54

Bacteria in the GI tract also produce ________.

A) mucus
B) several minerals
C) glucose
D) several vitamins
E) energy

Question 55

Choking occurs when food slips into the ________ and completely blocks passageways.

A) pharynx
B) larynx
C) trachea
D) esophagus
E) diaphragm

Question 56

Which of the following slows GI motility?

A) gastrin
B) secretin
C) prozymogen
D) cholecystokinin
E) insulin

Question 57

What is intestinal ischemia?

A) reduced blood flow to the intestines
B) microscopically small fungi
C) mucus-secreting intestinal projections
D) inflammation of two or more sphincter muscles
E) collection of microbes in the intestines

Question 58

Which two systems coordinate all the digestive and absorptive processes?

A) endocrine and thoracic
B) portal and lymphatic
C) nervous and hormonal
D) hormonal and circulatory
E) circulatory and nervous

Question 59

The normal pH of the stomach is about ________.

A) 0.75 to 0.95
B) 1.5 to 1.7
C) 2.5 to 2.9
D) 7.5 to 8.0
E) 8.0 to 8.5

Question 60

Which of the following does NOT promote a healthy digestive system?

A) pleasant mealtime conversation
B) disruptive mealtime environments
C) adequate sleep
D) physical activity
E) nourishing foods

Question 61

________ are small vessels that connect arteries to veins.

Question 62

Which term describes the backflow of stomach acid into the esophagus, causing damage to the esophageal cells and the sensation of heartburn?

A) colitis
B) watery stools
C) lymphatic malabsorption
D) gastroesophageal reflux
E) celiac disease

Question 63

Which of the following is NOT a recommended strategy for treating an ulcer?

A) avoiding drinking caffeine and alcohol
B) minimizing use of aspirin, ibuprofen, and naproxen
C) avoiding strenuous activity
D) not smoking
E) avoiding aggravating foods

Question 64

Celiac disease is an autoimmune disease characterized by the inflammation of the small intestine that occurs in response to foods that contain ________.

A) gluten
B) collagen
C) whey
D) elastin
E) keratin

Question 65

What is the class of enzymes that help digest proteins?

Question 66

The maintenance of constant internal conditions by the body's control systems is called "________."

Question 67

The cells of the GI tract that secret mucus are ________ cells.

Question 69

Which of the following is one of the most common GI disorders and is characterized by abdominal pain, cramping, and a disturbance in the motility of the GI tract?

A) colitis
B) irritable bowel syndrome
C) celiac disease
D) diverticulosis
E) reflux

Question 70

Which term describes fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides, and polyols that are commonly found in wheat, onions, some fruits and vegetables, sorbitol, and some dairy?

A) antacids
B) diverticula
C) gluten
D) fodmap
E) pepsis

Question 71

Explain how water-soluble nutrients are routed through the vascular system.

Question 72

A high-fiber diet can reduce pressure in the rectal veins and help prevent ________.

A) reflux
B) hiccups
C) hemorrhoids
D) peptic ulcers
E) vomiting

Question 73

List and describe the three major hormones involved in digestion and absorption. Include what each responds to, where each is secreted from, what each stimulates, and the response to each stimulus.

Question 74

The wavelike muscular contractions of the GI tract that push its contents along are called "________."

Question 75

Foods that produce gas typically are high in ________.

A) carbohydrates
B) protein
C) vitamins
D) minerals
E) lipids

Question 76

What terms refers to the sacs that develop in the weakened areas of the intestinal wall?

A) constipation
B) diarrhea
C) diverticula
D) colitis
E) ulcers

Question 77

The washing of the large intestine with a powerful enema machine is known as colonic hydrotherapy or ________.

Question 78

The semiliquid mass of partly digested food expelled by the stomach into the duodenum is called "________."

Question 79

What is the typical treatment for ulcers that develop in response to H. pylori infections?

A) diets rich in fiber
B) surgery
C) antacids
D) antibiotics
E) naproxen

Question 80

Vomiting and diarrhea can lead to life-threatening ________.

A) dehydration
B) indigestion
C) hemorrhoiditis
D) acid dysregulation
E) ulcers