Deck 12: Water and the Major Minerals

Question 1

Which of the following is an enzyme released from the kidneys in response to low blood pressure?

A) angiotensinogen
B) angiotensin
C) epinephrine
D) renin
E) aldosterone

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Which of the following electrolytes is concentrated primarily outside the body's cells?

A) calcium
B) potassium
C) magnesium
D) phosphate
E) sulfate

Answer 2

A

Question 3

The body needs more ________ each day in comparison to any other nutrient.

A) fat
B) water
C) protein
D) glucose
E) sodium

Answer 3

B

Question 4

The concentration of a solution reflects the amount of a _____________ relative to its fluids?

A) solute
B) glucose
C) sodium
D) potassium
E) anions

Question 5

How is the concentration of electrolyte charges measured?

A) by weight
B) in milliequivalents
C) by amperes
D) by mass
E) in millijoules

Question 6

Which is a n example of a protein that regulates the flow of fluids and ions in and out of cells

A) calcium-magnesium pump
B) sodium-potassium pump
C) potassium-magnesium pump
D) iron-sodium pump
E) iron-potassium pump

Question 7

What term describes water that resides between cells?

A) diuretic fluid
B) interstitial fluid
C) intracellular fluid
D) intravascular fluid
E) avascular fluid

Question 8

Aldosterone and renin each promote ________.

A) electrolyte balance
B) sodium retention
C) calcium excretion
D) vasoconstriction
E) potassium retention

Question 9

Where is intracellular fluid found?

A) within cells
B) between cells
C) within the lungs
D) within blood vessels
E) within the digestive system

Question 10

Ions that carry a negative charge are called ________.

A) anions
B) cations
C) mineralytes
D) valence ions
E) prions

Question 11

Obligatory water excretion is a minimum of about ________ milliliters of water each day.

A) 75
B) 125
C) 250
D) 500
E) 1000

Question 12

Which two organs control the buffer system that regulate the body's acid-base balance?

A) skin and lungs
B) liver and kidneys
C) kidneys and lungs
D) stomach and liver
E) stomach and pancreas

Question 13

Which statement accurately describes antidiuretic hormone?

A) It is released by the glomerulus on a signal from the hypothalamus.
B) It is produced in response to low sodium concentration in the blood.
C) It stimulates water reabsorption by the kidneys.
D) It lowers blood pressure.
E) It signals the kidneys to excrete more bodily fluids.

Question 14

Salts that dissociate into ions are called ________.

A) electrolytes
B) osmolytes
C) diuretics
D) antidiuretics
E) angiotensinogens

Question 15

The acidity of the body's fluids is determined by the concentration of ____________.

A) glucose
B) sodium
C) alcohol
D) potassium
E) hydrogen ions

Question 16

Among the following, which is a powerful vasoconstrictor?

A) angiotensin I
B) angiotensin II
C) aldosterone
D) renin
E) magnesium

Question 17

What is the term for the amount of pressure needed to prevent the movement of water across a cell membrane?

A) hypotension
B) hypertension
C) osmotic pressure
D) solute pressure
E) centripetal pressure

Question 18

The extracellular fluid in the blood vessels is called "________________."

A) interstitial fluid
B) intracellular fluid
C) intravascular fluid
D) fluid within blood vessels
E) fluid within lungs

Question 19

Aldosterone is released by the ________.

A) liver
B) adrenal glands
C) kidneys
D) pituitary gland
E) hypothalamus

Question 20

Water constitutes about ________ of an adult's body weight.

A) 35%
B) 40%
C) 55%
D) 60%
E) 75%

Question 21

Water derived daily from beverages, food, and metabolism averages about ________ milliliters.

A) 750
B) 1000
C) 1500
D) 2500
E) 5000

Question 22

Which of the following accurately describes water balance and recommended intakes?

A) Water intoxication is rare but can result in death.
B) Most water is lost in breathing through the lungs.
C) The first sign of dehydration is an increased respiratory rate.
D) The color of urine is used to diagnose a person's hydration status.
E) Liberal fluid intake, 2 liters or more, is recommended during times of heavy sweating.

Question 23

A decreased concentration of sodium in the blood is known specifically as ________.

A) hypertension
B) hyponatremia
C) hyperkalemia
D) water intoxication
E) hypodiuresis

Question 24

What percentage of the U.S. population exceeds the recommended intake for sodium?

A) 50%
B) 60%
C) 70%
D) 80%
E) 90%

Question 25

Of the following, which food contains a phytate?

A) rhubarb
B) legumes
C) spinach
D) sweet potatoes
E) beet greens

Question 26

Which of the following is not regulated by the FDA as water?

A) soft water
B) public water
C) natural water
D) distilled water
E) carbonated water

Question 27

The DASH diet plan may prevent hypertension and ________.

A) dehydration
B) ulcerative colitis
C) osteoporosis
D) constipation
E) diabetes

Question 28

The greatest source of sodium in the diet is ________.

A) processed foods
B) unprocessed foods
C) natural salt content of foods
D) salt added during cooking
E) salt added at the table

Question 29

What is the main extracellular anion?

A) sodium
B) chloride
C) potassium
D) magnesium
E) phosphorus

Question 30

What does potassium do in the body?

A) participates in blood clotting
B) helps maintain gastric acidity
C) acts as principal intracellular electrolyte
D) stabilizes protein shape
E) acts as a neurotransmitter

Question 31

Of the following minerals, which is found in the body in the lowest amount?

A) iron
B) calcium
C) potassium
D) sodium
E) phosphorus

Question 32

Which of the following is present in highest concentration in hard water?

A) sodium
B) potassium
C) manganese
D) phosphorus
E) magnesium

Question 33

What is the principal extracellular cation?

A) sodium
B) chloride
C) potassium
D) magnesium
E) phosphorus

Question 34

Which of the following accurately describes minerals?

A) When a food is burned, all the minerals are found in the ash.
B) The body absorbs each mineral from foods in much the same way.
C) Minerals in food can be destroyed by acid.
D) The body needs about 200 milligrams of each trace mineral each day.
E) Major minerals are more important than trace minerals.

Question 35

On a typical day, what is the relationship of the amount of sodium ingested to the amount of sodium excreted?

A) Intake is higher.
B) Excretion is higher.
C) Intake and excretion are equal.
D) Excretion is unrelated to intake.
E) With extreme sodium intake, they are unrelated; with normal sodium intake, ingestion is greater than excretion.

Question 36

Of the following, which person is most likely to experience a chloride imbalance?

A) an Olympic weightlifter
B) a teenager with bulimia nervosa
C) an infant with sickle cell anemia
D) an elderly person with dementia
E) a vegan

Question 37

What is the principal intracellular cation?

A) sodium
B) chloride
C) potassium
D) magnesium
E) phosphorus

Question 38

What is the UL for sodium for adults?

A) 750 mg
B) 900 mg
C) 1200 mg
D) 2300 mg
E) 3500 mg

Question 39

What does chloride do in the body?

A) participates in blood clotting
B) helps maintain gastric acidity
C) stabilizes protein shape
D) protects bone structures against degeneration
E) supports immune system functioning

Question 40

Which are t he principle minerals of soft water?

A) sodium or calcium
B) sodium or potassium
C) potassium or iron
D) sodium or selenium
E) potassium or magnesium

Question 41

Which of the following accurately describes phosphorus as it relates to nutrition?

A) Rich sources include fresh vegetables.
B) Dietary deficiencies are virtually unknown.
C) Soft drinks reduce absorption.
D) Toxicity is common among vegetarians and causes kidney failure.
E) Eggs and milk are relatively poor sources.

Question 42

What is hydroxyapatite?

A) a calcium-binding protein that regulates muscle contractions
B) crystals made of calcium and phosphorus
C) a calcium regulatory hormone secreted by the thyroid gland
D) a compound in plant foods that binds to calcium and phosphorus and inhibits absorption
E) potassium and sodium crystals found in the framework of bones

Question 43

Of the following, which person most likely at risk for potassium depletion?

A) an Olympic weightlifter
B) a teenager who eats few fruits and vegetables
C) an woman with heavy menstrual periods
D) an elderly person with dementia
E) a vegan

Question 44

The AI for potassium is ________ mg per day.

A) 1200
B) 2700
C) 3500
D) 4000
E) 4700

Question 45

What does magnesium do in the body?

A) participates in blood clotting
B) helps maintain gastric acidity
C) stabilizes protein shape
D) assists in energy metabolism
E) supports immune system functioning

Question 46

Abnormally low calcium levels in the blood results in ________.

A) calcium rigor
B) calcium tetany
C) myosinotoxicosis
D) calmodulin dysfunction
E) hyperkalemia

Question 47

Blood calcium levels above normal results in __________

A) stronger bones and teeth
B) weaker bones and teeth
C) calcium surplus
D) calcium rigor
E) calcium tetany

Question 48

Which of the following helps make the calcium-binding protein needed for calcium absorption?

A) fiber
B) vitamin D
C) phytic acid
D) oxalic acid
E) glucose

Question 49

Which of the following is a good source (are good sources) of dietary calcium?

A) berries and pineapple
B) brown rice
C) salmon
D) broccoli and bok choy
E) dark green leafy vegetables like spinach and swiss chard

Question 50

Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body. Which mineral is the second most abundant?

A) sodium
B) chloride
C) potassium
D) magnesium
E) phosphorus

Question 51

What does phosphorus do in the body?

A) participates in blood clotting
B) helps maintain gastric acidity
C) acts as principal intracellular electrolyte
D) stabilizes protein shape
E) assists in energy metabolism

Question 52

What is the UL for phosphorus?

A) 1200 mg
B) 2500 mg
C) 3500 mg
D) 4000 mg
E) 4500 mg

Question 53

On average, adults absorb ________ of the calcium they ingest.

A) 20%
B) 30%
C) 50%
D) 65%
E) 80%

Question 54

What percent of the body's calcium is found in the body fluids?

A) 99%
B) 50%
C) 1%
D) 5%
E) 10%

Question 55

Which of the following accurately describes magnesium as it relates to nutrition?

A) Toxicity is common in people taking diuretics.
B) High intakes erode tooth enamel.
C) Hard water has been shown to increase hypertension due to low levels of magnesium.
D) Average intakes from food are below recommendations.
E) There is no upper level for intake set for adults.

Question 56

What is the RDA of calcium (mg/day) for college-aged adults?

A) 800
B) 1000
C) 1200
D) 1300
E) 1500

Question 57

More than half of the body's magnesium is in the ______.

A) bones
B) teeth
C) extracellular fluid
D) cells of soft tissue
E) muscle

Question 58

Why is crucial to control potassium distribution for the body?

A) It assists in wound healing.
B) It is required to maintain homeostasis and a steady heartbeat.
C) It is required to maintain structural integrity of the lungs.
D) It is required for to maintain blood sugar balance.
E) All of these are correct.

Question 59

Which of the following foods is high in potassium and low in sodium?

A) canned cream corn
B) corn on the cob
C) instant banana pudding
D) frozen apple pie
E) corn flake cereal

Question 60

Potassium toxicity ________.

A) can be caused by supplement overconsumption
B) can be caused by diuretics
C) is signaled by acute hypertension
D) results from overeating foods high in potassium
E) leads to kidney stones

Question 61

For women, soy consumption may lower the risk for osteoporosis because ________.

A) it prevents the kidneys from excreting calcium
B) of the bioavailable calcium
C) of its stable hydroxyapatite crystal formation
D) its phytochemicals mimic the actions of estrogen in the body
E) calcium alginate is used to process the soy bean

Question 62

What toxic substance may be contained in calcium supplements made form bone meal, oyster shell, or dolomite?

A) arsenic
B) lead
C) cyanide
D) ricin
E) hydrazine

Question 63

Positively charged ions are called "________."

Question 64

____________________ are the substances that are dissolved in a solution.

Question 65

A bone condition in which bone loss is significant, but not as severe as in osteoporosis is termed ________.

Question 66

Calcium supplements should be taken ________.

A) with a meal to enhance absorption of calcium
B) with iron supplements to enhance absorption of iron
C) with a meal to circumvent adverse nutrient interactions
D) in large doses all at once
E) in doses of 500 mg or more

Question 67

Which nutrient provides a major source of dietary sulfur?

A) fats
B) protein
C) fat-soluble vitamins
D) carbohydrates
E) water

Question 68

Where in the body is sulfur concentrated and found in larger amounts?

A) pancreas and liver
B) intestines
C) bones and teeth
D) skeletal muscle
E) skin, hair, and nails

Question 69

The inner, lacy matrix of bone is called "________."

A) cortical bone
B) dolomitic bone
C) trabecular bone
D) hydroxyl bone
E) structural bone

Question 70

Fluid within blood vessels is called ________ fluid.

Question 71

About how many people never walk or live independently again after sustaining an osteoporosis-related hip fracture?

A) 2%
B) 6%
C) 20%
D) 33%
E) 50%

Question 72

Water drawn from a well that taps a confined aquifer in which the water is under pressure is called ________ water.

Question 73

What is the strongest predictor of bone density?

A) sex
B) genetics
C) nutrition
D) age
E) physical activity

Question 74

The process in which calcium, phosphorus, and other minerals crystallize on the collagen matrix of a growing bone is termed "________."

Question 75

A protein in the intestinal cells, made with the help of vitamin D, that facilitates calcium absorption is a ________.

Question 76

________ is the hormone secreted by the thyroid gland that regulates blood calcium by lowering it when levels rise too high.

Question 77

What does a DEXA scan measure?

A) bone mineral density
B) severity of bone microfractures
C) effect of sodium and potassium supplements
D) calcium and water balance
E) movement of calcium throughout the body

Question 78

The highest attainable bone density for an individual, developed during the first three decades of life is termed "________."

Question 79

Compounds that keep a solution's pH constant when acids or bases are added are called "________."

Question 80

Losses of trabecular bone start becoming significant for men and woman at about age ________.

A) 20
B) 30
C) 35
D) 40
E) 50