Deck 13: The Trace Minerals

Question 1

What is the name of the hormone that regulates iron balance in the body?

A) ferritin
B) transferrin
C) hemosiderin
D) hepcidin
E) MFP factor

Answer 1

D

Question 2

What is hemosiderin?

A) the part of iron that is not used by the body
B) another term for ferritin
C) a protein that carries iron in the blood
D) an enzyme that helps in absorption of iron
E) a storage protein for iron

Answer 2

E

Question 3

What is transferrin?

A) an enzyme
B) an iron-storage protein
C) an iron transport protein
D) a muscle protein
E) a ketone

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Which statement is NOT true about how the body uses iron?

A) Most iron entering the body is recycled.
B) Iron can be lost from bleeding and sweating, as well as through the GI tract, skin, and urine.
C) Blood loss is the only way the body loses iron.
D) Surplus iron is stored in the muscles.
E) Iron is carried in the blood by transferrin.

Question 5

Which one of these foods contains a substance that inhibits absorption of nonheme iron?

A) orange juice
B) pork
C) chicken
D) milk
E) fish

Question 6

What tests are typically used to evaluate iron status?

A) serum ferritin
B) hemoglobin and hematocrit
C) transferrin saturation
D) erythrocyte protoporphyrin level
E) urine analysis

Question 7

The term iron-deficiency anemia refers specifically to _____.

A) low transferrin levels
B) severe depletion of iron stores that results in a low hemoglobin concentration
C) elevated levels of iron in the urine
D) insufficient hepcidin
E) severe depletion of myoglobin from muscle cells

Question 8

Iron balance is maintained in the body mainly through _____.

A) absorption
B) excretion
C) gluconeogenesis
D) glycolysis
E) bile production

Question 9

Which of the following characterizes iron-deficiency anemia?

A) macrocytic red blood cells
B) microcytic red blood cells
C) purplish tongue
D) reddened cheeks
E) hyperchromic red blood cells

Question 10

How is iron used in the bone marrow?

A) It is converted to myoglobin and sent to the muscle for storage.
B) It is used to produce transferrin.
C) It is used to make hemoglobin.
D) It is used to convert hemoglobin to myoglobin.
E) It becomes a cofactor and used during energy metabolism.

Question 11

Which of the following is a characteristic of trace minerals?

A) A deficiency sign common to many trace minerals is dermatitis
B) The amounts in foods are dependent, in part, on soil composition
C) Deficiencies are more difficult to recognize in children than in adults
D) The amount of all trace minerals in the average person totals approximately 100 grams
E) They function independently in the body

Question 12

About what percentage of iron is absorbed from a vegetarian diet?

A) 10%
B) 15%
C) 25%
D) 30%
E) 35%

Question 13

Which of the following foods provides iron in the most absorbable form?

A) rice
B) spinach
C) chicken
D) orange juice
E) watermelon

Question 14

About what percentage of the US population is deficient in iron?

A) 5%
B) 10%
C) 20%
D) 33%
E) 42%

Question 15

About what percentage of the iron consumed in one day represents heme iron?

A) 5%
B) 10%
C) 25%
D) 50%
E) 90%

Question 16

In developing countries, blood loss is often brought on by _________________

A) lack of sufficient intake of foods
B) frequent injuries
C) pregnancy and childbirth
D) iron overload
E) malaria and parasitic infections of the GI tract

Question 17

Which of the following is not an essential trace mineral?

A) selenium
B) copper
C) nickel
D) chromium
E) molybdenum

Question 18

Which of the following substances enhances absorption of nonheme iron?

A) MFP factor
B) phytates
C) calcium
D) polyphenols
E) tannic acid

Question 19

Which of these statements is true of nonheme iron?

A) It is present in plant-derived foods only.
B) It is present in both plant-derived and animal-derived foods.
C) Only about 25 % of nonheme iron in food is absorbed.
D) Citric acid interferes with its absorption.
E) Its absorption is enhanced by phytates.

Question 20

What is the oxygen-carrying protein of muscle cells?

A) transferrin
B) myoglobin
C) hemoglobin
D) cytochrome
E) oxyglobin

Question 21

What is the RDA for iron for women in their reproductive years?

A) 8 mg
B) 12 mg
C) 18 mg
D) 20 mg
E) 24 mg

Question 22

Zinc supports the work of thousands of proteins in the body, such as ____________.

A) metalloenzymes
B) lipase
C) lactase
D) CCK
E) oxidoreductase

Question 23

Which of the following would represent a source of possible iron contamination?

A) an iron frying pan
B) an iron chelate
C) a ferric iron supplement
D) a ferrous iron supplement
E) a vitamin C supplement

Question 24

What measurement is useful for detecting iron deficiency in its earliest stage?

A) hematocrit
B) serum iron level
C) red blood cell count
D) serum ferritin
E) transferrin saturation

Question 25

Zinc is primarily carried in the blood via _____.

A) hemoglobin
B) metallothionein
C) albumin
D) high-density lipoproteins
E) low-density lipoproteins

Question 26

Which of these foods is a good vegetarian source of iron?

A) yogurt
B) milk
C) cashews
D) apples
E) honey

Question 27

In which of the following functions is zinc NOT involved?

A) regulation of gene expression
B) blood clotting
C) insulin storage
D) growth and development
E) secretion of stomach acids

Question 28

Which of these therapies may be used to treat iron overload?

A) gastric bypass surgery
B) chelation
C) vitamin C supplements
D) calcium supplements
E) blood transfusion

Question 29

Which of these groups is vulnerable to iron overload?

A) female athletes
B) pregnant women
C) breastfed infants
D) alcoholics
E) cigarette smokers

Question 30

Where are the highest concentrations of zinc in the body?

A) liver and pancreas
B) brain
C) small intestine
D) blood
E) muscle and bone

Question 31

Zinc toxicity _____.

A) is unknown
B) may occur at doses of more than 50 mg of zinc per day
C) is most likely to occur in developing countries
D) often goes hand in hand with iron toxicity
E) is common in people who eat high-protein diets

Question 32

The erythrocyte protoporphyrin level is an indicator of _____.

A) late iron toxicity
B) early iron toxicity
C) late iron deficiency
D) early iron deficiency
E) adequacy or iron stores

Question 33

About how much iron does the usual US diet provide per 1000 kcalories?

A) 3 to 5 mg
B) 6 to 7 mg
C) 10 to 12 mg
D) 15 mg
E) 18 mg

Question 34

What is pica?

A) the craving for and consumption of nonfood substances
B) a condition in which the body fails to adequately absorb iron
C) an iron supplement
D) a measure of hepcidin in the liver
E) the part of the liver where iron is stored

Question 35

What is the main symptom of iodine deficiency?

A) anemia
B) goiter
C) skin lesions
D) diarrhea
E) purplish tongue

Question 36

Of these foods, which is the best source of zinc?

A) oysters
B) potatoes
C) eggs
D) watermelon
E) tomato juice

Question 37

Which of the following statements is true about zinc lozenges and the common cold?

A) There is no known relationship.
B) Zinc lozenges help reduce the severity of cold symptoms.
C) Zinc taken with vitamin C may help prevent the common cold.
D) Zinc lozenges may shorten the duration but not the severity of common cold symptoms.
E) Any positive effect requires at least 500 mg zinc daily.

Question 38

Which of the following is a common side effect from taking iron supplements?

A) itching
B) diarrhea
C) constipation
D) insomnia
E) arrythmia

Question 39

What is the Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) for zinc for adults?

A) 20 mg
B) 40 mg
C) 80 mg
D) 120 mg
E) 160 mg

Question 40

Of these foods, which is the best source of iron?

A) parsley
B) peanut butter
C) pinto beans
D) tuna
E) tofu

Question 41

Which of the following is true of manganese?

A) It is found in all organs of the body.
B) Its absorption is improved by phytates.
C) Toxicities are more likely to occur from a contaminated environment than from excess dietary intake.
D) It is found in a wide range of foods, including meat and milk.
E) There is no RDA because deficiencies are unknown.

Question 42

To avoid iodine toxicity, the UL is set at _____.

A) 75 µg/day
B) 500 µg/day
C) 1100 µg/day
D) 1200 µg/day
E) 1500 µg/day

Question 43

Which of the following protein foods is the best source of copper?

A) chicken
B) shellfish
C) beefsteak
D) hamburger
E) lamb

Question 44

What is the Tolerable Upper Intake Level for copper?

A) 5 mg/day
B) 105 mg/day
C) 100 mg/day
D) 5000 mg/day
E) 1000 mg/day

Question 45

The baking industry uses ____________ as dough conditioners

A) sugars
B) alcohol
C) carbon dioxide
D) iodates
E) triglycerides

Question 46

An important function of selenium is to _____.

A) help blood clot
B) prevent free-radical formation
C) stimulate the taste buds
D) help in metabolism of cholesterol
E) work with vitamin E in formation of hemoglobin

Question 47

The iodization of salt _____.

A) began in the United States in the 1880s
B) has helped eradicate most cases of cretinism in the United States
C) is mandatory in the United States
D) is available to only about 10% of households in developing countries
E) has no benefit except for children

Question 48

The deficiency of which mineral causes Keshan disease?

A) iron
B) zinc
C) selenium
D) molybdenum
E) copper

Question 49

Which of these diseases is a possible cause of copper toxicity?

A) Huntington's disease
B) Wilson's disease
C) Menkes disease
D) Parkinson's disease
E) Keshan disease

Question 50

Which of the following is NOT true of copper?

A) It is a key factor in hemoglobin synthesis.
B) It helps make collagen.
C) It depends on triglycerides to maintain balance and for transport in the body.
D) It helps inactivate histamine.
E) It is a constituent of several enzymes.

Question 51

How is copper like iron?

A) Both are needed in many of the reactions involved in energy metabolism.
B) Both are found in ample amounts in milk.
C) A deficiency of both causes anemia.
D) Both are better absorbed in the presence of ascorbic acid.
E) Deficiencies of both are related to the development of pica.

Question 52

What other nutrient deficiency is common among people with iodine deficiency?

A) calcium
B) iron
C) vitamin C
D) vitamin D
E) zinc

Question 53

The RDA for iodine _____.

A) can be met only by consuming iodized salt
B) can be met in 1 tablespoon of iodized salt
C) is the same for men and women
D) is higher in men
E) is higher in women

Question 54

With which of these nutrients does selenium work in tandem?

A) iron
B) vitamin A
C) vitamin C
D) vitamin E
E) manganese

Question 55

Iodine plays an integral part in which hormone?

A) insulin
B) thyroid hormone
C) estrogen
D) hepcidin
E) testosterone

Question 56

Treatment for copper deficiency that results from the genetic disorder, such as Menkes disease, involves _____.

A) chelation
B) zinc supplements
C) copper supplements
D) intravenous copper
E) low-iron diet

Question 57

Goitrogens are substances that _____.

A) naturally occur in certain vegetables, such as collards, brussels sprouts, and kale
B) are additives used in food processing
C) develop as a result of iodine toxicity
D) help in uptake of iodine by the thyroid
E) can lead to cancerous growths in the pituitary gland

Question 58

Of these foods, which is a significant source of iodine?

A) dairy products
B) kale
C) orange juice
D) processed foods
E) brussels sprouts

Question 59

Which of the following is true of iodine deficiency?

A) It can cause mental impairment and brain damage.
B) It mainly affects the very elderly.
C) It often is accompanied by zinc deficiency.
D) Treatment often includes increased consumption of vegetables high in goitrogens.
E) Worldwide, the incidence is rare, thanks in large part to the iodization of salt.

Question 60

What does severe iodine deficiency cause during pregnancy?

A) gestational diabetes
B) iron deficiency
C) protein malabsorption
D) ketosis
E) cretinism

Question 62

Lycopene _____.

A) is one of many flavonoids
B) may help protect against cancer and heart disease
C) is abundant in apples
D) is another name for vitamin E
E) may promote growth of estrogen-dependent cancers

Question 63

Essential mineral nutrients needed in amounts of less than 100 milligrams a day are known as ____________________.

Question 64

Discuss phytochemicals. What are they? What functions do they provide? What effect, if any, do they have on health?

Question 65

Which of the following is true of heavy metals?

A) They have a high number of double bonds.
B) They have a relatively high atomic weight.
C) They all are considered contaminant minerals.
D) They are introduced to food during food processing, when exposed repeatedly to metal food surfaces.
E) A few, but not all, are toxic.

Question 66

What are the concerns about lead? What effect does it have on the body, specifically nutrition status.

Question 67

Most of the body's iron is found in the proteins _____ and ____________________.

Question 68

Which of the following is true of fluoride?

A) A deficiency causes the condition fluorosis.
B) Toxicity is unknown.
C) A deficiency can lead to pica.
D) It is added to about 25% of community water systems in the United States.
E) It makes teeth stronger and more resistant to decay.

Question 69

Enzymes that contain one or more minerals as part of their structures are known as ____________________.

Question 70

Characteristics of molybdenum toxicity as reported in animal studies includes? Kidney damage and reproductive abnormalities

A) Kidney damage and reproductive abnormalities
B) Enhances activity of insulin
C) Liver abnormalities
D) The RDA is 0.1 mcg per day.
E) It does not have an RDA because not enough is known about it.

Question 71

For most people in the United States, the best source of fluoride is _____.

A) fluoridated drinking water
B) toothpaste
C) fresh fruits and vegetables
D) fluoride supplements
E) meat

Question 72

The state of having depleted iron stores is known as ____________________.

Question 73

Describe the effects that the two rare genetic disorders, Menkes disease and Wilson's disease, have on copper status and the treatment for both.

Question 74

Describe zinc's role in the body. What are significant sources of zinc?

Question 75

What is a possible health benefit of anthocyanins?

A) to promote weight loss
B) to prevent some cancers
C) to reduce complications of diabetes
D) to protect against the effects of aging
E) to lower blood cholesterol levels

Question 76

Name and describe an example of a food or water fortification or enrichment program in the United States aimed at reducing deficiencies of an essential trace mineral.

Question 77

Which nutrient deficiency makes children particularly vulnerable to lead toxicity?

A) calcium
B) vitamin C
C) chromium
D) iron
E) selenium

Question 78

Chromium deficiency is characterized by ____.

A) hypertension
B) hyperglycemia
C) hypoglycemia
D) weight loss
E) hyperparathyroidism

Question 79

Which of the following is NOT a function of chromium?

A) It enhances the activity of insulin.
B) It is involved in carbohydrate metabolism.
C) It is involved in protein metabolism.
D) It is involved in fat metabolism.
E) It helps maintain glucose homeostasis.

Question 80

Which of the following substances is a contaminant mineral?

A) nickel
B) copper
C) cadmium
D) bromine
E) boron