Deck 14: Life Cycle Nutrition: Pregnancy and Lactation

Question 1

Which of the following is true about low-birthweight infants?

A) They show greater prevalence for liver fat infiltration.
B) They demonstrate catch-up growth within 3 months of birth.
C) They have an increased risk for insulin resistance later in life.
D) They have proportionately larger kidneys and greater risks for low blood pressure.
E) They are more commonly born to upper socioeconomic status women.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for neural tube defects?

A) inadequate folate
B) the mother being obese
C) the mother being underweight
D) family history of spina bifida
E) the mother being of Hispanic ethnicity

Answer 2

C

Question 3

A healthy full-term infant weighs approximately _____ pounds.

A) 5½ to 7
B) 6 to 7
C) 6½ to 8
D) 8 to 9
E) over 7

Answer 3

C

Question 4

All of the following are associated with reduced fertility, except

A) malnutrition.
B) overweight dad.
C) underweight dad.
D) overweight mom.
E) obese mom.

Question 5

Which organ system is most vulnerable to adverse influences during its critical period?

A) cardiovascular system
B) circulatory system
C) digestive system
D) nervous system
E) endocrine system

Question 6

A fertilized ovum is known as a ______.

A) zygote
B) embryo
C) fetus
D) placenta
E) implantation egg

Question 7

An infant born at 39 weeks would be described as _____.

A) preterm
B) complete
C) full-term
D) postterm
E) after due date

Question 8

_____________ is a primary determinant of beta cell growth in infants

A) Prenatal supplements
B) Nutrition
C) Overnutrition
D) Undernutrition
E) Paternal body weight

Question 9

The influence of how a mother's nutrient intake may change gene expression to increase the infant's development of obesity or chronic diseases later in life is referred to as ________.

A) fetal programming
B) overnutrition
C) malnutrition
D) fertilization
E) critical periods

Question 10

The _______ is the organ from which the infant receives nourishment.

A) placenta
B) umbilical cord
C) amniotic sac
D) blastocyte
E) sac in which the developing infant is contained prior to birth

Question 11

What is the approximate length of the fetus at 11 weeks of development?

A) 1 inch
B) 2 inches
C) 1 foot
D) 1.5 feet
E) 2 feet

Question 12

_____ supplementation is associated with a lower incidence of neural tube defects.

A) Iron
B) Folate
C) Calcium
D) Cobalamin
E) Iodine

Question 13

A "belly button" is the scar in the middle of the abdomen that marks the former attachment of the ________.

A) blastocyte
B) amniotic sac
C) placenta
D) umbilical cord
E) uterus

Question 14

Sue has a BMI of 23.4 at conception. What is her recommended range of weight gain?

A) 10 to 18 lb
B) 19 to 24 lb
C) 25 to 35 lb
D) 36 to 44 lb
E) 45 to 55 lb

Question 15

Compared to other women, obese women are more likely to have all of the following, except

A) complications during delivery.
B) gestational hypertension.
C) large-for-gestational-age babies.
D) gestational oxygen deprivation.
E) gestational diabetes.

Question 16

Which of the following is an example of macrosomia?

A) a neural tube defect in a fetus
B) a baby born at 37 weeks' gestation
C) a mother gaining excessive weight during pregnancy
D) a baby born after the fortieth week of gestation
E) a baby born weighing 9 lb 6 oz

Question 17

_______ is the term used for a developing infant from the eighth week after conception until birth.

A) Fetus
B) Ovum
C) Zygote
D) Embryo
E) Blastocyst

Question 18

The ________ is the time period during which irreversible damage to the fetus may occur from specific events such as malnutrition or exposure to toxins.

A) period of maximal sensitivity
B) critical period
C) fertility period
D) conceptual period
E) teratogenic period

Question 19

Sonya is overweight when she becomes pregnant. What is her recommended range of weight gain?

A) 10 to 18 lb
B) 15 to 25 lb
C) 25 to 35 lb
D) 36 to 44 lb
E) 45 to 55 lb

Question 20

A developing infant from 2 to 8 weeks is known as a(n) _____.

A) fetus
B) ovum
C) zygote
D) embryo
E) blastocyst

Question 21

Pica is often associated with _________.

A) calcium deficiency
B) sodium deficiency
C) iron deficiency anemia
D) protein deficiency
E) glucose deficiency

Question 22

___________ are two nutrients required in higher amounts during pregnancy due to their roles in the synthesis of red blood cells.

A) Protein and iron
B) Folate and vitamin B₁₂
C) Calcium and vitamin A
D) Calcium and B₆
E) Selenium and iron

Question 23

Which of the following is a correct statement about morning sickness?

A) It may occur any time of day, not just in the morning hours.
B) It typically peaks at the start of the second trimester.
C) It can be effectively treated by eating foods high in vitamin B6.
D) Citrus juices, water, and milk are the best beverages to treat nausea.
E) Taking prenatal supplements will ease symptoms.

Question 24

All of the following are benefits of physical activity during pregnancy except

A) reduced stress.
B) fewer discomforts associated with pregnancy.
C) maintenance of health habits to help lose weight after birth.
D) weight maintenance or loss.
E) reduced risk for gestational hypertension.

Question 25

What is the recommended range of weight gain for a mother at healthy BMI at conception who is pregnant with twins?

A) 28 to 40 lb
B) 31 to 50 lb
C) 37 to 54 lb
D) 50 to 70 lb
E) There are insufficient data to make a recommendation.

Question 26

A pregnant woman needs to increase her intake by approximately ___ kcal to account for increased energy need in the second trimester of pregnancy.

A) 200
B) 340
C) 450
D) 540
E) 600

Question 27

Pregnant women younger than age 25 who receive less than __________of dietary calcium  daily need to increase their intake of milk, cheese, yogurt, and other calcium rich foods.

A) 800 mg
B) 600 m
C) 900 mg
D) 500 mg
E) 1000 mg

Question 28

Which of the following is a correct statement about calcium during pregnancy?

A) Calcium intakes usually meet the recommendations.
B) The RDA for calcium is the same as before pregnancy.
C) Calcium absorption efficiency is the same as before pregnancy.
D) Adequate intake prevents the calcium from being taken from the mother's bones.
E) The body prioritizes the mother's need bone calcium over that of the fetus.

Question 29

For the normal-weight woman, weight gain ideally follows a pattern of ________ during the first trimester and __________ per week thereafter.

A) 4 lb and 2 lb
B) 3.5 lb and 1 lb
C) 2 lb and 1 lb
D) 3.5 lb and 3 lb
E) 2 lb and 4 lb

Question 30

Which nutrient does the body show a dramatic increase in absorption for during pregnancy?

A) sodium
B) protein
C) calcium
D) thiamin
E) magnesium

Question 31

Jennifer craves a bowl of ice cream every night while pregnant and has heard that this craving may be due to her body's need for additional calcium. What would you tell her?

A) Cravings usually suggest the body's need for particular nutrient in the food being craved.
B) Cravings usually suggest the body's need for additional protein.
C) Cravings do not seem to indicate a physiological need for a nutrient
D) Cravings usually suggest the body's need for additional energy due to rapid growth spurts in the fetus.
E) Cravings suggest physiological need for a nutrient and should be given in to.

Question 32

Based on the weight gain patterns discussed, a woman who was at a healthy BMI when she became pregnant should have gained approximately _____ pounds by the twentieth week of gestation.

A) 7
B) 10½
C) 20
D) 14½
E) 17½

Question 33

________ are the two components that make up approximately 15 lb of the recommended weight gain during pregnancy.

A) The placenta and the mother's fat stores
B) The amniotic sac fluid and the infant at birth
C) The maternal fat stores and the additional blood volume
D) The infant at birth and the mother's fat stores
E) The increased size of the uterus and increases in the mother's fluid volume

Question 34

Nancy's protein RDA before she got pregnant was 47 grams per day. What is her protein RDA now that she is pregnant?

A) 47 grams
B) 1.0 grams per kilogram of body weight
C) 72 grams
D) 1.2 grams for each kilogram of pregnancy weight gained
E) 94 grams

Question 35

Which of the following is a correct statement with regard to the mother's weight and weight loss after pregnancy?

A) Most women return to their prepregnancy weight.
B) Women who do lose all their pregnancy weight are more likely to gain additional weight during adult years.
C) A combination of diet and breastfeeding is the most effective method to use to support weight loss.
D) Retaining some pregnancy weight has little effect on the mother's future health and chronic disease risk.
E) The more weight a woman gains beyond needed pregnancy weight, the more weight she will likely retain.

Question 36

Hormone changes experienced during early pregnancy seem to peak at _________

A) 9 weeks of gestation
B) 12 weeks of gestation
C) 15 weeks of gestation
D) 25 weeks of gestation
E) 30 weeks of gestation

Question 37

Which of the following is a correct statement regarding recommended weight gain for an obese pregnant woman?

A) Since she already has excess fat stores, she should try to not gain any weight during pregnancy.
B) Her goal is to gain a minimum of 5 pounds but no more than 10 pounds.
C) Regardless of weight status, all mothers need to gain 25 to 35 pounds while pregnant.
D) Her goal is to gain a minimum of 15 pounds but no more than 25 pounds.
E) Her goal is to gain between 11 and 20 pounds.

Question 38

The developing brain depends heavily on ______, and the mother's intake of during pregnancy may improve an infant's brain function and cognition.

A) essential amino acids
B) omega-3 fatty acids
C) iron
D) saturated fats
E) vitamins B₆ and B₁₂

Question 39

The increased needs for _______ during pregnancy cannot be met by diet or existing stores so supplements are recommended.

A) protein
B) calcium
C) iron
D) zinc
E) vitamin B₁₂

Question 40

Sally weighed 160 lb and had a BMI of 28 when she got pregnant. What weight, in pounds, is within the recommended weight gain range for her at the end of her pregnancy?

A) 173
B) 182
C) 189
D) 194
E) 196

Question 41

________ is a condition characterized by high blood pressure and protein in the urine of a pregnant woman.

A) Preeclampsia
B) Gestational diabetes
C) Teratogenic hypertension
D) Pregnancy-induced blood pressure crisis
E) Malignant renal hypertension syndrome

Question 42

Which of the following is not a risk factor for gestational diabetes?

A) the mother being 33 years old
B) the mother being 24 years old
C) BMI of 29 at conception
D) the mother's sister having type 2 diabetes
E) the mother being African American or Native American

Question 43

Which of the following is a correct statement about preeclampsia?

A) A woman is more likely to have preeclampsia if her mother experienced symptoms when pregnant with her.
B) When it progresses, the rate of death is twice as high in white women as in black women.
C) It usually occurs in a woman's second or third pregnancy.
D) It's often seen in the first trimester.
E) Symptoms dissipate within 4 to 6 hours after delivery.

Question 44

What pregnancy condition can also be an early indicator of preeclampsia?

A) chronic hypertension
B) gestational diabetes
C) gestational hypertension
D) preexisting diabetes
E) slow, but excessive weight gain

Question 45

Which of the following is not a characteristic of a mother who has experienced malnutrition prior to or after conception?

A) inadequate fetal nourishment due to a poorly developed placenta.
B) a temporary loss of insulin secretion
C) if the baby is female, an elevated risk of that baby later in life to develop a chronic disease that could impair her ability to give birth to a healthy infant.
D) growth restriction in the fetus
E) higher risk of spontaneous abortion or stillbirth

Question 46

Consumption of unpasteurized dairy products and soft cheeses can lead to ________.

A) mercury contamination
B) intake of heavy metals like lead
C) low birthweights
D) foodborne illness from listeriosis.
E) phenylketonuria (PKU)

Question 47

All of the following are potential health benefits of lactation that benefit the mother except

A) reduced risk of developing type 2 diabetes.
B) lengthened birth intervals or time between pregnancies.
C) increased energy expenditure may aid in weight loss.
D) reduced risk of all types of cancer.
E) contraction of the uterus after birth.

Question 48

Which fish is considered a good choice for pregnant women to eat and can be consumed up to two to three times per week if desired?

A) Chilean sea bass
B) Atlantic mackerel
C) tuna
D) orange roughy
E) king mackerel

Question 49

What is gestational diabetes?

A) a severe form of type 1 diabetes in newborns
B) glucose intolerance with onset or first recognition during pregnancy
C) reactive hypoglycemia expressed during the third trimester of pregnancy
D) a temporary loss of insulin secretion during the first trimester of pregnancy
E) absence of beta cells in the newborn

Question 50

Which of the following is a characteristic associated with adolescent pregnancy?

A) Labor is typically shorter due to the baby being smaller.
B) Maternal death is highest for those younger than age 20.
C) Socioeconomic status has little effect on pregnancy health and complications.
D) Young mothers are less likely to smoke.
E) They are more likely to deliver a baby that weighs 5½ pounds or less.

Question 51

What is the recommendation for pregnant women regarding alcohol intake during pregnancy?

A) They should drink absolutely no alcohol.
B) They should refrain from drinking hard liquor only.
C) They are permitted to ingest no more than two drinks per day.
D) They are permitted to ingest small amounts of alcohol during the last trimester.
E) Organic beer and wine is acceptable.

Question 52

A low-birthweight infant is defined as a baby that weighs _______ at birth.

A) 3½ lb or less
B) 4 lb or less
C) 5 ½ lb or less
D) 6½ lb or less
E) 9 lb or less

Question 53

_____ triggers the "let-down reflex," where the mammary glands are triggered to eject milk into the milk ducts.

A) oxytocin
B) estrogen
C) prepartum amenorrhea
D) postpartum amenorrhea
E) FSH

Question 54

Which of the following is not typically something that a pregnant woman of 35 years or older is at higher risk for?

A) cesarean sections
B) preterm births
C) macrosomia
D) genetic abnormalities in the fetus
E) low-birthweight babies

Question 55

A high-quality, cost-effective health care and nutrition services program that provides women who are pregnant, breastfeeding, or have children ages 0 to 5 years is ________.

A) the SNAP program
B) the March of Dimes
C) food stamp
D) the WIC program
E) the OAA program

Question 56

To reduce risk of the development of type 2 diabetes after pregnancy, health professional strongly advise women to _______.

A) avoid excessive weight gain during and after pregnancy
B) gain less than the recommended weight indicated for their BMI at conception
C) control blood glucose with insulin or medications rather than rely on diet and exercise if diagnosed with gestational diabetes
D) follow a low-carbohydrate diet if diagnosed with gestational diabetes
E) avoid foods high in sugar and alcohol

Question 57

What substance increases the risk of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)?

A) mercury
B) second-hand cigarette smoke
C) some herbal supplements
D) lead
E) prescription medications

Question 58

Which of the following is the standard classification for a very-low-birthweight infant?

A) 3½ lb or less
B) 4½ lb or less
C) 5½ lb or less
D) 6½ lb or less
E) none of these are correct

Question 59

All of the following are signs or symptoms of preeclampsia, except

A) hypertension.
B) severe headaches.
C) swelling of hands, feet, and face.
D) hypoglycemia.
E) sudden weight gain of approximately 1 lb per day.

Question 60

Which of the following is correct about a woman's energy needs during the first trimester?

A) Only a very small additional amount of energy (150 to 250 kcal) is typically needed.
B) They are approximately the same as those for a nonpregnant woman.
C) The energy needs are the same as what is needed in the second trimester.
D) No additional energy is needed if a vitamin and mineral supplement is being taken.
E) Energy needs are the same across all three trimesters.

Question 61

A woman who is ______ at the time of conception is advised to gain 15 to 20 pounds during pregnancy.

Question 62

A nursing mother needs at least _____ a day to receive all the nutrients required for successful lactation.

A) 1200 kcal
B) 1400 kcal
C) 1800 kcal
D) 2000 kcal
E) 2400 kcal

Question 63

When does the most severe damage associated with fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) occur?

A) around the time of conception
B) between weeks 8 and 12
C) after week 24
D) the second trimester
E) the third trimester

Question 64

A health care provider who specializes in helping new mothers establish a healthy breastfeeding relationship with their infant is called a _____________.

Question 65

To prevent dehydration, it is recommended that a lactating mother consume approximately ____ of water per day.

A) 6 to 7 cups
B) 8 cups
C) 10 to 11 cups
D) 13 cups
E) 16 cups

Question 66

_________ are strong desires to avoid particular foods and are thought to be due to hormonal changes.

Question 67

The temporary absence of menstrual periods immediately following childbirth is referred to as __________.

Question 68

Preparation for breastfeeding includes acquiring and learning how to___________

A) use a breast-pump
B) weighing the baby
C) measuring the quantity of milk
D) testing the nutritional quality of milk
E) all of these are correct

Question 69

What happens to a mother's milk if she lacks certain nutrients in her diet?

A) The milk quantity stays the same but is of lower quality.
B) The milk quantity decreases, and the milk is lower in those nutrients.
C) The milk quality stays the same, but the quantity of the milk decreases.
D) The missing nutrients affect levels of other nutrients in the milk.
E) The milk is not an appropriate source of nutrition and formula should be used.

Question 70

___________ is a condition that normally develops in the second half of pregnancy and that can increase risk of developing type 2 diabetes after pregnancy if overweight.

Question 71

What level of alcohol consumption does the U.S. Surgeon General advice for pregnant women?

A) None
B) No more than 1 drink per day
C) No more than 2 drinks per day
D) Between ½ and 1 drink per day
E) Less than 1 oz per drink

Question 72

A baby born between 39 and 40 weeks gestation is referred to as ______.

Question 73

____________ is the influence of substances during fetal growth on the development of diseases in later life.

Question 74

Which of the following can help to minimize the effects of an occasional alcoholic drink in the milk of lactating women?

A) Drink alcohol before breastfeeding, rather than after.
B) Breastfeed immediately after drinking prior to alcohol entering the bloodstream.
C) Pump and discard the milk following alcohol consumption.
D) Consume alcohol on an empty stomach.
E) Scientific evidence recommends consuming a glass of alcohol while lactating, and it will have no effect on milk.

Question 75

A lactating mother produces approximately ____ of milk each day.

A) 12 oz
B) 18 oz
C) 25 oz
D) 28 oz
E) 32 oz

Question 76

Breastfeeding is not recommended when the mother has ________.

A) hepatitis
B) common cold
C) tuberculosis
D) sinus infection
E) HIV

Question 77

__________ is the ability of a man and women to reproduce.

Question 78

________ is a genetic abnormality that causes metal impairment, short stature, and flattened facial features.

Question 79

Which of the following is not a potential risk or side effect of caffeine intake by a mother when pregnant or breastfeeding?

A) irritability in the infant
B) infant's iron stores may be impaired
C) increased risk of low-birthweight infant
D) increased risk of stillborn infant
E) impaired cognitive development

Question 80

Which of the following is a correct statement about fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)?

A) FAS cannot be treated, only prevented.
B) Cognitive function is affected the least when physical abnormalities are most severe.
C) Diagnosis is apparent within 6 months after birth for virtually all children with FAS.
D) The most severe physical abnormalities in most FAS children are covert rather than overt.
E) No harm will result to the infant unless the mother is actually drunk.