Deck 7: Energy Metabolism

Question 1

What process describes the sum of all chemical reactions that go on in living cells?

A)digestion
B)metabolism
C)absorption
D)catabolism

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Proteins that facilitate chemical reactions without being changed in the process are called ____.

A)ATP
B)peptides
C)amines
D)enzymes

Answer 2

D

Question 3

What is a coenzyme? ​

A)a unit consisting of an enzyme bound to reactants plus ATP
B)an organic molecule required for the functioning of an enzyme
C)the small, active part of an enzyme that binds to the organic reactants
D)an inactive enzyme that becomes functional upon contact with specific cofactors

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Which sequence of events outlines the complete oxidation of glucose? ​

A)glycolysis, electron transport chain, TCA cycle
B)glycolysis, TCA cycle, electron transport chain
C)electron transport chain, TCA cycle, glycolysis
D)TCA cycle, electron transport chain, glycolysis

Question 5

Which reaction listed is an actual metabolic reaction that occurs in the cell? ​

A)pyruvate to urea
B)lactate to pyruvate
C)acetyl CoA to pyruvate
D)carbon dioxide to glycerol

Question 6

A typical cell contains "powerhouses," which is another name for the ____.

A)DNA
B)ribosomes
C)mitochondria
D)electron transport chains

Question 7

What is the major energy carrier molecule in most cells? ​

A)ATP
B)glucose
C)pyruvate
D)kcalorie

Question 8

Which reaction is an example of a catabolic reaction? ​

A)glucose formation from glycerol
B)pyruvate formation from glucose
C)albumin formation from amino acids
D)palmitic acid formation from acetate

Question 9

Your roommate Demetrius is participating in a weightlifting program and complains of a burning pain during workouts. You explain to Demetrius that the rapid breakdown of glucose in his muscles produces large amounts of pyruvate, which leads to a fall in pH within the muscle and that the muscle responds by converting excess pyruvate to ____. ​

A)lactate
B)glycerol
C)acetyl CoA
D)amino acids

Question 10

The Cori cycle involves the interconversion of ____. ​

A)lactate and glucose
B)glucose and amino acids
C)pyruvate and citric acids
D)fatty acids and acetyl CoA

Question 11

Which metabolic reaction occurs when a cell uses energy? ​

A)ATP gains a phosphate group and becomes ADP.
B)ADP gains a phosphate group and becomes ATP.
C)ATP releases a phosphate group and becomes ADP.
D)ADP releases a phosphate group and becomes ATP.

Question 12

Production of excessive amounts of acetyl CoA molecules leads to the synthesis of ____. ​

A)fatty acids only
B)fatty acids and glucose only
C)fatty acids and fructose only
D)fatty acids, glucose, and amino acids

Question 13

Which organ is the most metabolically active? ​

A)liver
B)brain
C)kidney
D)small intestines

Question 14

The hydrolysis of ATP that often occurs simultaneously with the synthesis of many compounds is an example of ____.

A)coupled reactions
B)tandem cleavages
C)metabolic couplings
D)high-energy processes

Question 15

In the adult body, food energy not stored as fat or glycogen is lost as ____.

A)heat
B)photons
C)carbon dioxide
D)electromagnetic radiation

Question 16

In photosynthesis, the plant uses energy from the sun, plus water and carbon dioxide, to synthesize ____.

A)carbohydrates only
B)fats and carbohydrates only
C)proteins and carbohydrates only
D)fats, proteins, and carbohydrates

Question 17

Glycolysis is the conversion of ____. ​

A)glycogen to fat
B)glycogen to protein
C)glucose to pyruvate
D)glucose to glycogen

Question 18

What is a possible fate of acetyl CoA? ​

A)degradation to urea
B)synthesis to glycerol
C)synthesis to fatty acids
D)degradation to ammonia

Question 19

An aerobic reaction is one that requires ____. ​

A)alcohol
B)oxygen
C)nitrogen
D)ammonia

Question 20

The formation of glycogen by the liver cell is an example of ____. ​

A)oxidation
B)glycolysis
C)anabolism
D)catabolism

Question 21

If a normal person expends 1200 kcalories while at rest, approximately how many are used by the brain? ​

A)​40
B)​100
C)​200
D)​300

Question 22

What is the body's first response to the absorption of abundant amounts of carbohydrate? ​

A)catabolism of body fat
B)catabolism of glycogen
C)synthesis and storage of glycogen
D)synthesis and storage of triglycerides

Question 23

At what point is oxygen used in the electron transport chain? ​

A)at the end
B)at every step
C)at the beginning
D)when ATP is synthesized

Question 24

What is a feature of the electron transport chain? ​

A)It captures energy in the high-energy bonds of ATP.
B)It pumps carbon dioxide across the mitochondrial membrane.
C)It is the transfer of energy from ATP to generate an electron gradient.
D)It combines oxygen from carbon dioxide with hydrogen generated from the splitting of water.

Question 25

Which process leads to the production of urea? ​

A)oxidation of glucose
B)oxidation of amino acids
C)incomplete oxidation of fatty acids
D)synthesis of protein from amino acids

Question 26

After digestion and absorption, an amino acid not used to build protein will first be subjected to ____. ​

A)removal of its amino group
B)removal of its carboxyl group
C)hydrolysis of its peptide bond
D)condensation of its peptide bond

Question 27

In addition to energy, what are the principal end products of cellular oxidation of carbohydrates?

A)water and carbon dioxide
B)carbon, hydrogen, and urea
C)carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
D)urea and acetone

Question 28

If a person consumes 100 kcalories in excess of energy needs from olive oil, approximately what percentage of the kcalories are stored in the body? ​

A)​25
B)​45
C)​65
D)​95

Question 29

Which dietary nutrient would most rapidly reverse a state of ketosis in a starving person? ​

A)fat
B)protein
C)amino acids
D)carbohydrate

Question 30

How does excess carbohydrate intake contribute to obesity? ​

A)It is efficiently converted to storage fat.
B)It spares oxidation of body fat and dietary fat.
C)It stimulates glucagon release, resulting in inhibition of fatty acid oxidation.
D)It stimulates pancreatic lipase secretion, which results in higher dietary fat absorption.

Question 31

When energy-yielding nutrients are consumed in excess, which one(s)can lead to storage of fat? ​

A)fat only
B)carbohydrate only
C)and carbohydrate only
D)fat, carbohydrate, and protein

Question 32

In a triglyceride that contains 54 carbon atoms, how many carbons can become part of glucose? ​

A)​3
B)​9
C)​54
D)​108

Question 33

What type of molecules serve as electron carriers to the electron transport chain?

A)acids
B)lipids
C)amines
D)coenzymes

Question 34

What is a characteristic of the metabolism of specific macronutrients?

A)The rate of fat oxidation does not change when fat is eaten in excess.
B)The rate of protein oxidation does not change when protein is eaten in excess.
C)The rate of glucose oxidation does not change when carbohydrate is eaten in excess.
D)The conversion of dietary glucose to fat is the major pathway of carbohydrate utilization.

Question 35

Which compound can be synthesized from all three energy-yielding nutrients? ​

A)lactate
B)glycogen
C)acetyl CoA
D)oxaloacetate

Question 36

An immediate consequence of a cellular deficiency of oxaloacetate is a slowing of ____. ​

A)glycolysis
B)the TCA cycle
C)lactate synthesis
D)ketone formation

Question 37

If the carbohydrate content of the diet is insufficient to meet the body's needs for glucose, which compound can be converted to glucose?

A)fatty acids
B)acetyl CoA
C)amino acids
D)carbon dioxide

Question 38

Jake is getting ready for spring training and is sitting down to a dinner of half a chicken, a rib-eye steak, black beans, and 5 slices of bacon. He has been eating typical dinners like this for about a month and has since gained 7 pounds, while exercising only briefly. When Jake asks why he doesn't see an increase in his biceps or abs, the proper response should be that ____. ​

A)dietary protein alone does not contribute to muscle accretion
B)it takes at least 6 months to document changes in muscle accretion
C)the weight he has gained can be attributed to a substantial increase in his protein stores
D)because muscle accretion only responds to very lean meat choices, he should eliminate the fatty bacon and steak from his diet to promote muscle gain

Question 39

During the first few days of a fast, what energy source provides about 90 percent of the glucose needed to fuel the body? ​

A)protein
B)ketones
C)glycogen
D)triglycerides

Question 40

How many acetyl CoA molecules can be obtained from oxidation of an 18-carbon fatty acid? ​

A)​3
B)​6
C)​9
D)​18

Question 41

The effects on metabolism from starvation are similar to those from ____. ​

A)fasting
B)feasting
C)lipogenesis
D)Cori cycling

Question 42

Excess alcohol intake leads to a reduction in the  rate of  ____  synthesis.

A)liver fat
B)liver glucose
C)ketone bodies
D)acetyl CoA molecules

Question 43

What is MEOS? ​

A)an advanced liver disorder
B)a drug that inhibits alcohol absorption
C)a waste product of alcohol metabolism
D)a system of enzymes that oxidizes alcohol and drugs

Question 44

How soon would death occur from starvation if the body was unable to shift to a state of ketosis? ​

A)within 3 weeks
B)less than 2 weeks
C)between 5 and 6 weeks
D)between 2 and 3 months

Question 45

One average-sized can of beer contains about the same amount of alcohol as ____. ​

A)​½ ounce of rum
B)​½ quart of wine
C)1 ½ ounces of vodka
D)1 quart of wine cooler

Question 46

Your middle-aged aunt says that she always feels more "tipsy" than her same-size husband, even though their alcohol intake is the same. You respond  to your aunt   by saying that ____.

A)"men have greater amounts of liver acetaldehyde dehydrogenase and so can oxidize the alcohol at a faster rate"
B)"women have less stomach alcohol dehydrogenase enzyme and consequently absorb more of the alcohol into the bloodstream"
C)"men have greater amounts of alcohol dehydrogenase in the brain, resulting in reduced exposure of brain neurons to alcohol"
D)"women have less liver alcohol dehydrogenase and acetaldehyde dehydrogenase and so more alcohol is released into the systemic circulation"

Question 47

What is the first stage of liver deterioration in heavy drinkers? ​

A)fibrosis
B)fatty liver
C)primary cirrhosis
D)failure of the MEOS pathway

Question 48

What is the percentage of ethanol in 120-proof scotch whiskey? ​

A)​5
B)​30
C)​60
D)​120

Question 49

What is acetaldehyde? ​

A)an intermediate in fatty acid synthesis
B)an intermediate in alcohol metabolism
C)the first product of fatty acid catabolism
D)the TCA compound that combines with acetyl CoA

Question 50

What compounds are used to supply some of the fuel needed by the brain only after the body has been fasting for a while? ​

A)ketones
B)glycerols
C)fatty acids
D)amino acids

Question 51

What is a feature of low-carbohydrate diets? ​

A)Body glycogen stores are preserved.
B)Ketosis is evident within the first 1-2 days.
C)In the first few days, body fat loss exceeds water loss.
D)Overall body fat losses are about the same as with other diets.

Question 52

The health benefits of moderate alcohol intake occur in people ____ years of age and older.

A)​21
B)​35
C)​55
D)​65

Question 53

Lillie has been losing weight by following a very-low-carbohydrate diet for 2 months. Her primary care physician just diagnosed ketosis through a urine sample. Which symptom would be another way the physician might have suspected ketosis in Lillie? ​

A)thinning hair
B)irritable temper
C)fishy body odor
D)fruity odor on breath

Question 54

A moderate level of alcohol intake per day for the average-sized woman is defined as up to ____ drink(s).

A)one
B)two
C)three
D)five

Question 55

Approximately what percentage of alcohol in the body is eliminated via urine and the breath?

A)​1
B)​2
C)​10
D)​25

Question 56

A feature of ketosis is that it ____. ​

A)occurs from lack of protein in the diet
B)occurs when fats are partially oxidized
C)results from excess acetoacetate in the diet
D)results from excess carbohydrate in the diet

Question 57

What is the primary organ that oxidizes alcohol?

A)brain
B)liver
C)pancreas
D)stomach

Question 58

Ketonemia is defined as an elevation of ____. ​

A)ketones in the blood
B)ketones in the urine
C)alpha-ketoglutarate in the blood
D)alpha-ketoglutarate in the urine

Question 59

What organ is the major site for gluconeogenesis? ​

A)liver
B)brain
C)muscle
D)small intestine

Question 60

What organ is first to absorb alcohol after a person takes a drink? ​

A)colon
B)stomach
C)jejunum
D)duodenum

Question 61

The Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome in people with chronic alcohol abuse stems primarily from a deficiency of ____.

A)folate
B)thiamin
C)antidiuretic hormone
D)alcohol dehydrogenase

Question 62

What minimum concentration of blood alcohol leads to impaired judgment and increased heart rate? ​

A)​0.01
B)​0.05
C)​0.10
D)​0.35

Question 70

Which statement is true regarding alcoholic beverages containing caffeine? ​

A)The FDA has banned their sales.
B)The time to intoxication is slowed by the caffeine.
C)The presence of caffeine slows down consumption.
D)The caffeine slows the development of alcohol-induced impairment.

Question 72

What is a consequence of alcohol intake?

A)The MEOS is suppressed.
B)Homocysteine production is reduced.
C)Water content of the blood is increased.
D)Antidiuretic hormone production is suppressed.

Question 77

Which function(s)is(are)first to be affected when a person begins to drink alcohol? ​

A)speech and vision
B)judgment and reasoning
C)voluntary muscle control
D)respiration and heart function