Deck 8: Energy Balance and Body Composition

Question 1

What is the process of thermogenesis?

A)burning of fat
B)synthesis of fat
C)generation of heat
D)vaporization of water

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Which measurements are used to compute a woman's BMR? ​

A)body fat, height, and age
B)body weight, height, and age
C)physical activity level, body weight, and height
D)energy intake, physical activity level, and body weight

Answer 2

B

Question 3

About how long does it take for a meal to be completely eliminated from the stomach?

A)30 minutes
B)1.5 hours
C)4 hours
D)8 hours

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Which factor has the most influence on the body's metabolic rate? ​

A)age
B)gender
C)amount of fat tissue
D)amount of lean body tissue

Question 5

Which hormone is most responsible for signaling satiety as well as reducing food intake during a meal?

A)gastrin
B)adipokines
C)neuropeptide Y
D)cholecystokinin

Question 6

For an average person on a 2000 kcalorie diet, how many kcalories are used specifically for basal metabolism?  ​

A)500 kcalories
B)1000 kcalories
C)1500 kcalories
D)2000 kcalories

Question 7

The feeling of satisfaction resulting from consumption of a meal is termed ____. ​

A)satiety
B)appetite
C)postabsorptive hunger
D)resting postabsorptive increment

Question 8

Which statement describes an association between energy measurement and foods? ​

A)Indirect calorimetry cannot be used to determine the energy value of alcohol .
B)A bomb calorimeter measures the amount of oxygen released when a food is oxidized .
C)Direct calorimetry and indirect calorimetry of the same food rarely give similar values .
D)The physiological fuel value of a food is almost always lower than the energy value of that food as determined by bomb calorimetry .

Question 9

You are planning a diet for a hospitalized patient who cannot participate in physical activity because both of his legs are broken and he will be bedridden for 6 weeks. Which measurement would best assess the patient's energy expenditure? ​

A)body composition
B)basal metabolic rate
C)physical activity level
D)adaptive thermogenesis

Question 10

The brain chemical neuropeptide Y is known to specifically enhance the craving for ____.

A)fat
B)salt
C)protein
D)carbohydrate

Question 11

The day after Thanksgiving, you and your sisters are a little hungry and want to eat leftovers before going shopping. Which food would most readily satisfy the feeling of hunger? ​

A)turkey
B)pecan pie
C)mashed potatoes
D)noodle casserole

Question 12

High-fat foods stimulate the appetite because they ____. ​

A)are satiating
B)are flavorful
C)suppress salivary gland secretion
D)trigger the release of oxyntomodulin

Question 13

What would be the approximate weight gain of a person who consumes an excess of 500 kcalories daily for one month?

A)0.5 pounds
B)2 pounds
C)3 pounds
D)4 pounds

Question 14

What instrument is used to measure the energy content of foods? ​

A)​e nergy chamber
B)​e xothermic meter
C)bomb calorimeter
D)​c ombustion chamber

Question 15

A person's ____ causes them to eat after a long fast, whereas a person's ____ causes them to eat in response to a pleasant aroma.

A)hunger; appetite
B)appetite; satiety
C)satiety; hunger
D)appetite; hunger

Question 16

Why might the measurement of the resting metabolic rate in a person be somewhat higher than her basal metabolic rate? ​

A)She was mildly malnourished.
B)She slept through the procedure.
C)She was wearing shorts and a tank top.
D)She ate right before the measurement was done.

Question 17

When an adult gains an extra 10 pounds of body weight over a prolonged period of time, approximately how much of this weight is fat?

A)​5 .0 pounds
B)​7 .5 pounds
C)​9. 5 pounds
D)​10  pounds

Question 18

Which quantity represents an indirect measure of the amount of energy released from food? ​

A)​t he increase in heat given off when the food is burned
B)​the q uantity of oxygen consumed when the food is burned
C)​the q uantity of carbon dioxide consumed when the food is burned
D)t he increase in heat retained by the food when it is slowly brought to 100° C

Question 19

Which measurement may be used to calculate the amount of energy expended by the body? ​

A)oxygen consumed
B)total air exchanged
C)intestinal gas expelled
D)carbon dioxide consumed

Question 20

Approximately what percentage of weight loss during starvation is lean body mass? ​

A)0
B)20
C)35
D)50

Question 21

What is a feature of the body mass index? ​

A)It correlates with disease risks.
B)It decreases by 1 unit for every 10 years of life.
C)It provides an estimate of the fat level of the body.
D)It is defined as the person's height divided by the square of the weight.

Question 22

Why does use of the BMI overestimate the prevalence of obesity in the African American population? ​

A)Blacks have a higher average height than whites.
B)Blacks have denser bones and higher body protein concentrations than whites.
C)Blacks tend to have different proportions of brown and white adipose tissue than whites.
D)​B lacks have fat pads situated primarily around the hips, whereas in whites, the pads are primarily abdominal.

Question 23

What is the main explanation for the difference in basal metabolic rates between males and females of the same body weight?

A)Males are usually taller than females.
B)Females have lower levels of thyroid hormones.
C)Males have a higher percentage of lean body mass.
D)Females have a lower percentage of adipose tissue.

Question 24

Jim is a 45-year-old who eats fast food at least three times a week and smokes a pack of cigarettes each day. He just had a physical examination and was told that his body mass index is 24. In what category would Jim's BMI be classified?

A)obese
B)overweight
C)underweight
D)healthy weight

Question 25

How many kcalories would a woman require at the age of 40 if she required 1800 kcalories at the age of 30?

A)1530
B)1620
C)1710
D)1764

Question 26

What defines central obesity? ​

A)accumulation of fat during the mid-years of life
B)storage of excess fat around the trunk of the body
C)overfatness due to a large number of interacting behavioral problems
D)overfatness due to reliance on high-fat foods as a central part of the diet

Question 27

What is a feature of the basal metabolic rate (BMR)? ​

A)Fever decreases the BMR.
B)Fasting increases the BMR.
C)Pregnancy increases the BMR.
D)Males and females have a similar BMR when corrected for differences in body weight.

Question 28

What is the approximate value for the thermic effect of a 2500-kcalorie diet? ​

A)25 kcalories
B)250 kcalories
C)400 kcalories
D)500 kcalories

Question 29

What is the weight classification assigned both to young women with 30 percent body fat and young men with 20 percent body fat? ​

A)obese
B)normal
C)mildly overweight
D)slightly underweight

Question 30

What diet promotes the greatest loss of body heat?

A)high fat, low protein
B)high protein, low fat
C)high carbohydrate, low fat
D)balanced protein, fat, and carbohydrate

Question 31

Which characteristic is associated with using current weight measures to assess risk of disease? ​

A)They are expensive to perform.
B)They are complicated to perform.
C)They are able to quantitate total body fat.
D)They cannot reveal fat distribution and central obesity.

Question 32

What is a characteristic of excess intra-abdominal fat?

A)It is more common in women than men.
B)It has been proven to be a poorer indicator of degenerative diseases than the BMI.
C)It may be more harmful than fat in other locations, according to some research.
D)It is associated with increased risk for heart disease and diabetes in men but not in women.

Question 33

If a dancer and a typist with a sedentary lifestyle  are the same height and have the exact same body build, who will most likely weigh more and why?

A)The typist will weigh more because she has more body fat.
B)The typist will weigh more because she has less muscle mass.
C)The dancer will weigh more because she has less body fat.
D)The dancer will weigh more because she has more muscle mass.

Question 34

Research in obese people seems to show that there is less susceptibility to health problems provided that the excess body fat is distributed around the ____. ​

A)stomach
B)arms and chest
C)hips and thighs
D)neck and shoulders

Question 35

Waist circumference can best be used to assess ____. ​

A)BMI
B)total body water
C)abdominal fat stores
D)subcutaneous fat stores

Question 36

Jacki, who has a sedentary lifestyle, is 5'5" tall and weighs 165 pounds. She calculated her BMI to be 27.5. She recognizes that her body weight is unhealthy and vows to improve her eating habits and begin a regular program of physical fitness. Her goal is to achieve a BMI of 22. Approximately how much weight (pounds)must she lose? ​

A)​21
B)​27
C)​33
D)​41

Question 37

Which group has the highest metabolic rate? ​

A)females
B)older individuals
C)younger individuals
D)people with smaller surface areas

Question 38

What term describes the increase in energy expenditure that occurs in a person who fractures a leg? ​

A)febrile hyperthermia
B)physical hyperthermia
C)specific thermogenesis
D)adaptive thermogenesis

Question 39

The weight of the body, less the fat content, is known as the ____. ​

A)cherubic index
B)lean body mass
C)body mass index
D)ideal body weight

Question 40

A person is at high risk for signs of illness and diminished work capacity when the BMI first drops below ____.

A)​12
B)​14
C)​17
D)​18.5

Question 41

Premature deaths caused by ____ are second only to ____.

A)​u nderweight; obesity
B)​t obacco; underweight
C)​t obacco; obesity
D)​o besity; tobacco

Question 42

What is a consequence of losing excess body weight? ​

A)It reverses atherosclerosis.
B)It lowers HDL-cholesterol.
C)It increases insulin resistance.
D)It raises the number of immune cells in adipose tissue.

Question 43

Inflammation is characterized by an increase in ____.

A)adipocytes
B)stress eating
C)immune cell accumulation
D)subcutaneous fat stores

Question 44

Approximately what fraction of people treated for anorexia nervosa show reasonable maintenance of their weight gain? ​

A)​1/4
B)​1/2
C)​4/5
D)​9/10

Question 45

A cathartic is a ____. ​

A)strong laxative
B)drug that induces vomiting
C)device to measure skinfold thickness
D)device to measure the amount of intra-abdominal fat

Question 46

Visceral fat is stored chiefly ____.

A)around the thighs and neck
B)within the liver and spleen
C)around the abdominal organs
D)within subcutaneous adipocytes

Question 47

When fat accumulates in the stomach, adipokines are released that directly result in an increase in ____. ​

A)fat synthesis
B)inflammation
C)allergies
D)cancer

Question 48

Ben is worried that his family history of heart disease and his BMI of 28 are putting him at very high risk for developing cardiovascular disease. What would a clinician advise Ben to help lower his risk? ​

A)​T ake steps to raise his LDL and lower his HDL.
B)​C onsider liposuction surgery for removing extra abdominal fat.
C)​L ose weight as this can lower both blood cholesterol and blood pressure.
D)​O btain genetic testing to determine the exact percent chance of developing cardiovascular disease.

Question 49

Which statement describes an association between body weight and mortality? ​

A)Obesity is the fourth leading cause of premature death.
B)Overweight men who are physically fit have a lower mortality risk than normal-weight, unfit men.
C)Normal-weight men who are physically unfit have a similar mortality risk versus normal-weight fit men.
D)The amount of weight gain in adulthood that is not associated with increased mortality is 20 pounds or less.

Question 50

Which statement may best explain the relationship between excess body fat and higher risk for cancers of the female reproductive system? ​

A)Obese women are more sedentary, which promotes cancer development.
B)The higher levels of body fat act as a reservoir of carcinogenic substances.
C)Excess body fat produces more estrogen, which may promote tumor development.
D)The greater food consumption of obese women provides a higher intake of naturally-occurring carcinogens.

Question 51

A graph of the relationship between mortality (Y or vertical axis)and body mass index is shaped like a(n)____. ​

A)​J
B)​S
C)​backslash
D)inverted U

Question 52

The first dietary objective in the treatment of anorexia nervosa is to ____. ​

A)stop further weight loss
B)increase physical activity
C)decrease physical activity
D)eat foods with higher fiber content

Question 53

Which method is commonly used to assess body fat? ​

A)impedance densitometry
B)radioactive sodium count
C)bioelectric absorptiometry
D)air displacement plethysmography

Question 54

What is a characteristic of people with anorexia nervosa? ​

A)Most are aware of their condition and seek treatment.
B)Fewer than 200 women die each year from the disease.
C)Among those who are treated, many relapse into abnormal eating patterns.
D)During initial treatment, metabolism slows and appetite increases but thereafter subsides.

Question 55

What are the three most common eating disorders, in order from highest to lowest prevalence? ​

A)binge eating, bulimia nervosa, and anorexia nervosa
B)anorexia nervosa, binge eating, and bulimia nervosa
C)bulimia nervosa, binge eating, and anorexia nervosa
D)bulimia nervosa, anorexia nervosa, and binge eating

Question 56

What is a characteristic of amenorrhea?

A)It induces prolonged bone loss.
B)It is a risk factor for women with bulimia.
C)It is a normal adaptation to strenuous physical training.
D)It is precipitated by high serum estrogen concentrations.

Question 57

What term is given to the condition of a female athlete who has an eating disorder and develops amenorrhea and osteoporosis? ​

A)female athlete triad
B)triathlete medical disorder
C)high stress tertiary disorder
D)nonadaptable training syndrome

Question 58

What is an emetic? ​

A)an appetite suppressant
B)an inhibitor of intestinal lipase
C)a substance that induces vomiting
D)an over-the-counter weight loss product

Question 59

To assess body composition, health-care professionals most often use BMI and ____. ​

A)skinfold thickness
B)hydrodensitometry
C)waist circumference
D)bioelectric impedance

Question 60

Metabolic syndrome ____. ​

A)is a cluster of symptoms associated with aging
B)is triggered when weight loss occurs too rapidly
C)has a higher prevalence in people who have high basal metabolic rates
D)is associated with an increase in atherosclerosis

Question 64

What is characteristic of the eating pattern of people with bulimia nervosa?

A)Binge eating usually occurs during the daytime.
B)Binge eating is frequently done at restaurant buffets.
C)Binge eating typically occurs after a period of strict dieting.
D)A binge eating episode is usually completed within 20 minutes.

Question 72

What is the primary factor that differentiates bulimia nervosa from binge eating? ​

A)Purging is rarely practiced in binge-eating disorder.
B)Higher rates of depression are reported in bulimia nervosa.
C)More food is consumed at one setting in binge-eating disorders.
D)Uncontrollable cravings for high-fat foods are seen only in bulimia nervosa.