Deck 10: Nutritional Genomics

Question 1

Which nitrogenous base pairs up with adenine in human DNA?

A) guanine
B) cytosine
C) arginine
D) thymine
E) lysine

Answer 1

D

Question 2

The production of RNA from DNA is accomplished by what process?

A) reduction
B) expression
C) subscription
D) transcription
E) translation

Answer 2

D

Question 3

What type of cell does not contain nuclei?

A) mature red blood cells
B) nerve cells
C) heart muscle cells
D) skeletal muscle cells
E) epithelium

Answer 3

A

Question 4

A group of gene variants that occur together is called:

A) polygenic
B) translation
C) genotype
D) phenotype
E) haplotype

Question 5

A copy of a specific gene situated in a given locus on a chromosome is called a(n):

A) allele
B) codon
C) chromatin
D) intron
E) exon

Question 6

In humans, the inheritance of genes for blue eyes is classified as:

A) X-linked dominant
B) X-linked recessive
C) autosomal recessive
D) autosomal dominant
E) Y-linked

Question 7

Identify the disease for which human disease gene was mapped with DNA markers for the first time.

A) diabetes
B) Alzheimer's disease
C) tuberculosis
D) Huntington's disease
E) phenylketonuria

Question 8

Identify the sex chromosomes that are present in human males?

A) A and B
B) A and A
C) X and X
D) Y and Y
E) X and Y

Question 9

What is a series of three nucleotide bases that encodes a specific amino acid called?

A) a gene
B) a codon
C) a protein
D) an allele
E) an autosome

Question 10

How many primary components are present in nucleotides?

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4
E) 5

Question 11

Which chromosome number is linked to various disease states with nutritional implications including several cancers, type 1 diabetes, and Crohn's disease?

A) 7
B) 10
C) 12
D) 15
E) 20

Question 12

Which of the following enzymes accomplishes transcription?

A) DNA polymerase
B) DNA activase
C) DNA transcriptase
D) RNA transcriptase
E) RNA polymerase

Question 13

Identify the term that refers to the sequence in mRNA that is translated into the final protein product.

A) codon
B) intron
C) exon
D) chromatin
E) genome

Question 14

What percentage of human DNA is composed of noncoding DNA?

A) 95%
B) 90%
C) 85%
D) 80%
E) 75%

Question 15

How many pairs of chromosomes comprise the human genome?

A) 23
B) 22
C) 21
D) 20
E) 19

Question 16

Which of the following statements is true of the work of James Watson and Francis Crick?

A) They were the pioneers of the Human Genome Project.
B) They described the double-helical structure of DNA.
C) They discovered the laws of genetics in the year 1865.
D) They discovered that DNA is the genetic material in living beings.
E) They proposed the concept of the genetic code.

Question 17

What kind of hereditary disease is cystic fibrosis?

A) X-linked dominant
B) X-linked recessive
C) autosomal recessive
D) autosomal dominant
E) Y-linked

Question 18

The interaction between drugs and an individual's genome is referred to as:

A) nutrigenetics
B) nutrigenomics
C) pharmacogenomics
D) pharmacology
E) epigenomics

Question 19

Which of the following is true of the work of Gregor Mendel?

A) He was the pioneer of the Human Genome Project.
B) He described the double-helical structure of DNA.
C) He discovered the laws of genetics in the year 1865.
D) He discovered that DNA is the genetic material in living beings.
E) He proposed the concept of the genetic code.

Question 20

How many nitrogenous bases are present in human DNA?

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4
E) 5

Question 21

Which nutrient in fruits and vegetables is likely the most important in reducing the risk of cancer?

A) antioxidants
B) fatty acids
C) amino acids
D) sugars
E) minerals

Question 22

Which gene mutation is responsible for familial hypercholesterolemia?

A) cholesterol-generating gene
B) fatty acid assimilating gene
C) HDL receptor gene
D) VLDL receptor gene
E) LDL receptor gene

Question 23

Mr. and Mrs. G are a married couple who are in their late 30s. They are referred by their physician to an outpatient nutritional counseling center that specializes in genetics. Both of them have been tested for several genetic conditions as they are at risk of developing various chronic diseases due to the familial predisposition. Mrs. G is particularly concerned due to the history of cancer and dementia in her family, whereas obesity runs in Mr. G's family.
A diet high in which foods can potentially lower Mrs. G's risk of developing cancer?

A) red beets and apples
B) strawberries and kiwis
C) cauliflower and carrots
D) celery and onions
E) watermelon and pineapple

Question 24

Companies such as 23andMe, deCODEme, and Navigenics are conducting what type of business?

A) nutritional consulting
B) dietetic research
C) direct-to-consumer genetic testing
D) licensing nutritionists
E) assessing cardiovascular risk

Question 25

Which of the following genes encodes the transcription factor that is involved in circadian regulation and SNPs in humans?

A) APOE gene
B) oncogene
C) MTHFR gene
D) CLOCK gene
E) tumor suppressor gene

Question 26

"Junk DNA" appears to play an important role in the:

A) stimulation of cognitive awareness
B) regulation of gene expression
C) enhancement of reproductive fitness
D) modulation of lifespan
E) stimulation of psychic phenomena

Question 27

Mr. and Mrs. G are a married couple who are in their late 30s. They are referred by their physician to an outpatient nutritional counseling center that specializes in genetics. Both of them have been tested for several genetic conditions as they are at risk of developing various chronic diseases due to the familial predisposition. Mrs. G is particularly concerned due to the history of cancer and dementia in her family, whereas obesity runs in Mr. G's family.
A registered dietitian reads the genetic report and finds that Mrs. G has a polymorphism in the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene, which is linked to the increased risk of:

A) Alzheimer's disease
B) diabetes
C) hyperlipidemia
D) cancer
E) obesity

Question 28

Mr. and Mrs. G are a married couple who are in their late 30s. They are referred by their physician to an outpatient nutritional counseling center that specializes in genetics. Both of them have been tested for several genetic conditions as they are at risk of developing various chronic diseases due to the familial predisposition. Mrs. G is particularly concerned due to the history of cancer and dementia in her family, whereas obesity runs in Mr. G's family.
Which nutrient should the registered dietician suggest Mrs. G to include in her diet via supplements to reduce the risk of cancer?

A) niacin
B) arginine
C) vitamin A
D) biotin
E) folate

Question 29

Which gene has been the target of nutritional genomics intervention to modulate CVD risk?

A) APOG gene
B) APOE gene
C) APOC gene
D) APOB gene
E) APOA gene

Question 30

Identify the neurological disorder that occurs due to the deletion of sections of chromosomes.

A) Down syndrome
B) Turner syndrome
C) Klinefelter syndrome
D) Marfan syndrome
E) Angelman syndrome

Question 31

Low intake of which nutrient (particularly when combined with high alcohol intake) is associated with increased colon cancer risk?

A) thymine
B) riboflavin
C) niacin
D) folate
E) biotin

Question 32

Identify a common factor that is associated with metabolic syndrome and predisposition to diabetes and cardiovascular disease.

A) highly acidic blood
B) highly alkaline blood
C) nutritional deprivation
D) poor digestion
E) a lack of excitatory neurotransmitters

Question 33

The APOE gene variant that puts an individual at risk for CVD is also associated with which other disease?

A) Alzheimer's disease
B) Crohn's disease
C) cystic fibrosis
D) type 1 diabetes
E) phenylketonuria

Question 34

Which initiative was developed to establish a coordinated evidence-based process for evaluating genetic tests and translating genomic applications that are in transition from research to both clinical and public health applications?

A) The Human Genome Project
B) The Evaluation of Genomic Applications in Practice and Prevention
C) The Accountability of Clinical and Public Health Applications
D) Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act
E) The Dietitians in Integrative and Functional Medicine

Question 35

In mammalian DNA, approximately what percentage of cytosines are methylated?

A) 19%
B) 2-5%
C) 6-8%
D) 10%
E) 12-15%

Question 36

Which genotype is most likely associated with dietary and other lifestyle interventions in order to minimize CVD risk?

A) APOE E1⁺genotype carriers
B) APOE E3⁺genotype carriers
C) APOE E4⁺genotype carriers
D) APOE E2⁺genotype carriers
E) APOE E5⁺genotype carriers

Question 37

Mr. and Mrs. G are a married couple who are in their late 30s. They are referred by their physician to an outpatient nutritional counseling center that specializes in genetics. Both of them have been tested for several genetic conditions as they are at risk of developing various chronic diseases due to the familial predisposition. Mrs. G is particularly concerned due to the history of cancer and dementia in her family, whereas obesity runs in Mr. G's family.
Mr) G's genetic profile shows that he has a variation in the APOE gene, which puts him at higher risk for:

A) hyperlipidemia
B) cystic fibrosis
C) prostate cancer
D) diabetes
E) Alzheimer's disease

Question 38

Consuming a diet supplemented with which of the following fatty acids reduces the inheritance of APC gene?

A) long-chain omega-3 PUFAs
B) short-chain omega-3 PUFAs
C) long-chain omega-3 MUFAs
D) short-chain omega-6 MUFAs
E) long-chain omega-6 MUFAs

Question 39

The LIPOGAIN clinical trial has shown that a diet high in saturated fat:

A) improved insulin sensitivity
B) improved glucose metabolism
C) reduced insulin synthesis
D) reduced insulin secretion
E) increased DNA methylation in adipose tissues

Question 40

Mr. and Mrs. G are a married couple who are in their late 30s. They are referred by their physician to an outpatient nutritional counseling center that specializes in genetics. Both of them have been tested for several genetic conditions as they are at risk of developing various chronic diseases due to the familial predisposition. Mrs. G is particularly concerned due to the history of cancer and dementia in her family, whereas obesity runs in Mr. G's family.
In addition to advice on specific nutrients and foods, what should the registered dietician advise Mrs. G to avoid or limit in order to lower her risk of this specific polymorphism?

A) physical exercise
B) alcohol
C) polyunsaturated fat
D) fructose
E) sucrose

Question 41

_______________ is a technology used to measure expression of thousands of genes simultaneously.

Question 42

One of the hottest areas of debate regarding the interplay between ethics and genetics has to do with direct-to-consumer marketing of _______________.

Question 43

Colon cancer risk reduction in humans via intake of cruciferous vegetables is linked to glutathione S- transferase genotype.

Question 44

Attention to nutritional genomics and pharmacogenomics has been escalating and this trend is likely to continue in the coming years.

Question 45

Each gene is a linear sequence of nucleotides that are actually responsible for encoding fatty acids.

Question 46

Production and degradation of proteins are influenced by environmental factors such as nutrition.

Question 47

_______________ was identified as the blueprint of life in the year 1944.

Question 48

The nitrogenous bases include adenine and _______________ (both purines) as well as thymine and _______________.

Question 49

_______________ in nucleotides can both promote or suppress the production and function of a protein.

Question 50

An individual is called homozygous for a gene when the alleles from both parents for that gene differ.

Question 51

The recommendation of one diet intervention in response to one polymorphism is likely too complicated.

Question 52

DNA contains noncoding regulatory sequences called _______________ to which molecules can bind in order to signal unwinding of a specific region of DNA for creation of a needed protein.

Question 53

_______________ is a small noncoding RNA molecule involved in the regulation of gene expression.

Question 54

As opposed to monogenic diseases, diseases such as obesity, diabetes, cancer, and cardiovascular disease are _______________.

Question 55

Like DNA methylation, histone modification is a form of epigenetic regulation.

Question 56

The assembly of a polypeptide chain based on the sequence of mRNA is known as translation.

Question 57

The coding strand of DNA that serves as the template for mRNA synthesis is known as the _______________ strand.

Question 58

Epigenetics relates not to the genome sequence itself but to the inherited pattern of gene expression regulated by modifications to DNA.

Question 59

Several well-defined cancers have a clearly established genetic inheritance based on mutations in a single gene.

Question 60

The complement of RNA transcripts produced when genes are "expressed" is referred to as the _______________.

Question 61

Outline the differences between nutrigenetics and nutrigenomics.

Question 62

Discuss the epigenetic regulation of gene expression.

Question 63

In addition to the genome sequence, the role of _______________, the microbiome, and modulation of gene expression by dietary factors must also be considered in the overall scope of genome-nutrient interactions.

Question 64

Briefly discuss the connection between folate intake and cancer risk.

Question 65

It is predicted that there are a few hundred _______________ genes in humans.

Question 66

The interaction of folate status and MTHFR genotype with _______________ appears to be of critical importance.

Question 67

List the classifications of inherited genes.

Question 68

Give examples of an autosomal recessive trait and an autosomal dominant disorder.

Question 69

_______________ have allowed for testing hundreds of thousands of SNPs throughout the genome to identify associations with specific traits.

Question 70

Epidemiological research has linked processed meats to increased risk of _______________ cancer.

Question 71

Discuss the sex chromosomes.

Question 72

Describe familial hypercholesterolemia.

Question 73

Briefly outline the ethical challenges in nutritional genomics research.

Question 74

Discuss the link between genetics and obesity.

Question 75

Since oxidative DNA damage is thought to play a role in carcinogenesis, adequacy of _______________ is suggested to be anticarcinogenic.

Question 76

The Evaluation of Genomic Applications in Practice and Prevention initiative was developed by the Office of Public Health Genomics of the _______________.

Question 77

Discuss what happens once transcription is complete.

Question 78

Cancer can result from genome-wide _______________ due to inappropriate gene activation and chromosomal instability.

Question 79

Environmental factors play a critical role in regulating gene _______________.

Question 80

Dietary modification such as avoidance of phenylalanine in the diet is effective for an autosomal recessive trait called _______________.