Deck 17: Diseases of the Endocrine System

Question 1

The reduction in gastric acid production in the body is called _____.

A) neuropathy
B) neuroglycopenia
C) glycosuria
D) achlorhydria
E) ketoacidosis

Answer 1

D

Question 2

To which chemical class of hormones do the majority of endocrine hormones belong?

A) steroid hormones
B) amine hormones
C) neurohormones
D) peptide hormones
E) sugar-based hormones

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Which glands secrete somatostatin?

A) the pituitary gland and the thalamus
B) the hypothalamus and the pancreas
C) the pancreas and the adrenal medulla
D) the hypothalamus and the pineal gland
E) the pituitary gland and the adrenal medulla

Answer 3

B

Question 4

What is the common name for chronic adrenal insufficiency?

A) Crohn's disease
B) Parkinson's disease
C) Addison's disease
D) Lou Gehrig's disease
E) Marfan's syndrome

Question 5

Which amino acid is the precursor of the thyroid hormones?

A) tyrosine
B) lysine
C) arginine
D) serotonin
E) thyroxine

Question 6

Which of the following statements is true of type 1 diabetes?

A) It occurs in the second or third trimester of pregnancy.
B) It involves secretion of defective insulin with progressive insulin resistance.
C) It involves the autoimmune destruction of β cells with absolute insulin deficiency.
D) It is a side effect of drugs used during organ transplantation.
E) It is one of the symptoms of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Question 7

Which endocrine cells of the pancreas secrete glucagon?

A) cortical cells
B) alpha cells
C) beta cells
D) delta cells
E) medullar cells

Question 8

Insufficient secretion of a tropic hormone leads to:

A) primary hyposecretion
B) secondary hyposecretion
C) tertiary hyposecretion
D) cellular hypersecretion
E) ductal hypersecretion

Question 9

Which hormone stimulates contraction of the uterus during childbirth and promotes ejection of milk from mammary glands during breastfeeding?

A) oxytocin
B) serotonin
C) cortisol
D) epinephrine
E) norepinephrine

Question 10

Which of the following hormones does the anterior pituitary gland secrete?

A) oxytocin
B) vasopressin
C) calcitonin
D) glucagon
E) prolactin

Question 11

Which of the following hormones that is secreted from the adrenal medulla regulates arterial blood pressure and prepares the body for "fight or flight" responses?

A) oxytocin
B) serotonin
C) cortisol
D) epinephrine
E) norepinephrine

Question 12

Which of the following biomolecules acts as the precursor for steroid hormones?

A) vitamin D
B) glycerol
C) tyrosine
D) vitamin A
E) cholesterol

Question 13

Type 2 diabetes occurs most frequently in:

A) newborns
B) infants
C) children
D) adolescents
E) adults

Question 14

Which hormones are synthesized by the hypothalamus but released by the posterior pituitary?

A) epinephrine and norepinephrine
B) serotonin and dopamine
C) vasopressin and oxytocin
D) thyroid stimulating hormone and growth hormone
E) thyroxine and triiodothyrone

Question 15

Which primary environmental factor aids in the development of type 2 diabetes?

A) high blood pressure
B) smoking cigarettes
C) obesity
D) drinking alcohol
E) stress

Question 16

What is the term for an inadequate glucose supply to the brain?

A) neuropathy
B) neuroglycopenia
C) glycosuria
D) achlorhydria
E) ketoacidosis

Question 17

The pituitary stalk connects the pituitary gland to the _____.

A) hypothalamus
B) thalamus
C) pineal gland
D) medulla
E) pons

Question 18

Which ethnic group was seen to be affected most by type 2 diabetes in the U.S. between the years 2013 and 2015?

A) Hispanic/Latinos
B) Asian Americans
C) non-Hispanic blacks
D) Native Americans
E) American Indians

Question 19

What is the common characteristic of all forms of diabetes?

A) hyperglycemia
B) hypoglycemia
C) kidney disease
D) liver disease
E) hypertension

Question 20

Which of the following terms refers to the inadequate release of hormone from an endocrine organ to meet the physiological needs of the body?

A) primary hyposecretion
B) secondary hyposecretion
C) tertiary hyposecretion
D) cellular hypersecretion
E) ductal hypersecretion

Question 21

JK is a 19-year-old male college student with T1DM. He stays away from home and does not follow a proper diet. His school schedule is erratic; therefore, he eats throughout the day. Currently, he takes extended long-acting analogue insulin once per day. By 8 P.M., his blood sugar levels start dropping to a very low value. Also, biochemical analysis shows trace amount of ketones in his blood.
Height: 5'10"        Weight: 175 pounds          Hemoglobin A1C: 9%
Based on his current hemoglobin A1C value, what is the mean plasma glucose value for JK?

A) 126 mg/dL
B) 154 mg/dL
C) 183 mg/dL
D) 212 mg/dL
E) 269 mg/dL

Question 22

Symptoms of hypoglycemia occur when plasma glucose levels reach:

A) 50 mg/dL
B) 70 mg/dL
C) 90 mg/dL
D) 110 mg/dL
E) 125 mg/dL

Question 23

JK is a 19-year-old male college student with T1DM. He stays away from home and does not follow a proper diet. His school schedule is erratic; therefore, he eats throughout the day. Currently, he takes extended long-acting analogue insulin once per day. By 8 P.M., his blood sugar levels start dropping to a very low value. Also, biochemical analysis shows trace amount of ketones in his blood.
Height: 5'10"        Weight: 175 pounds          Hemoglobin A1C: 9%
What is the most likely cause of JK's low blood sugar at 8 P.M.?

A) His insulin dose is too high.
B) He is eating too much.
C) He is exercising too much.
D) He is not exercising enough.
E) The timing and peak of his insulin do not match his intake.

Question 24

Which of the following pharmaceutical agents are used in treatment of reactive hypoglycemia in order to slow gastric emptying and intestinal motility and inhibit vagal stimulation of insulin release?

A) insulin secretagogues
B) amylin analogs
C) anticholinergic agents
D) incretin mimetics
E) meglitinides

Question 25

A well-known characteristic of Graves' disease, but not other types of hyperthyroidism, is:

A) goiter
B) hypertension
C) exophthalmos
D) deformed fingernails
E) blue-colored lips

Question 26

Graves' disease is an organ-specific autoimmune disease in which TSI mistakenly targets the _____ on the thyroid cells.

A) TSH receptors
B) epinephrine receptors
C) norepinephrine receptors
D) GH receptors
E) insulin receptors

Question 27

JK is a 19-year-old male college student with T1DM. He stays away from home and does not follow a proper diet. His school schedule is erratic; therefore, he eats throughout the day. Currently, he takes extended long-acting analogue insulin once per day. By 8 P.M., his blood sugar levels start dropping to a very low value. Also, biochemical analysis shows trace amount of ketones in his blood.
Height: 5'10"        Weight: 175 pounds          Hemoglobin A1C: 9%
What is the ideal range of daily insulin dose for JK?

A) 0.2-0.5 units/kg
B) 0.5-0.8 units/kg
C) 0.8-1.1 units/kg
D) 1.1-1.4 units/kg
E) 1.4-1.7 units/kg

Question 28

What is the most common cause of hypothyroidism?

A) autoimmune reaction
B) lack of dietary iodine
C) hyperthyroidism treatment
D) lack of dietary iron
E) viral infections

Question 29

JK is a 19-year-old male college student with T1DM. He stays away from home and does not follow a proper diet. His school schedule is erratic; therefore, he eats throughout the day. Currently, he takes extended long-acting analogue insulin once per day. By 8 P.M., his blood sugar levels start dropping to a very low value. Also, biochemical analysis shows trace amount of ketones in his blood.
Height: 5'10"        Weight: 175 pounds          Hemoglobin A1C: 9%
If JK and his doctor decide to change to multiple daily injections, what is the most important thing that JK should learn from his dietitian?

A) how to become a vegan
B) carbohydrate counting
C) how to make protein-rich smoothies
D) fatty acid avoidance
E) how to avoid artificial sweeteners

Question 30

JK is a 19-year-old male college student with T1DM. He stays away from home and does not follow a proper diet. His school schedule is erratic; therefore, he eats throughout the day. Currently, he takes extended long-acting analogue insulin once per day. By 8 P.M., his blood sugar levels start dropping to a very low value. Also, biochemical analysis shows trace amount of ketones in his blood.
Height: 5'10"        Weight: 175 pounds          Hemoglobin A1C: 9%
Given his schedule, what may work better for JK?

A) conventional therapy
B) split-dose insulin
C) multiple daily injections
D) single-dose insulin
E) not taking any insulin

Question 31

What is the average lifespan of a red blood cell?

A) 120 days
B) 100 days
C) 75 days
D) 45 days
E) 12 days

Question 32

What kind of insulin is used to treat diabetes?

A) recombinant bovine insulin
B) insulin derived from plants
C) recombinant porcine insulin
D) insulin derived from bacteria
E) recombinant human insulin

Question 33

What causes acromegaly?

A) thyroxine hypersecretion
B) growth hormone hypersecretion
C) testosterone hypersecretion
D) serotonin hyposecretion
E) epinephrine hyposecretion

Question 34

Which of the following criteria applies to the diagnosis of metabolic syndrome?

A) fasting glucose ≥150 mg/dL
B) blood pressure ≥130/85 mm Hg
C) triglycerides ≥250 mg/dL
D) HDL-c >40 mg/dL in men
E) waist circumference ≥102 cm in men

Question 35

What are the three common complications associated with long-term hyperglycemia?

A) kidney disease, liver disease, and central neuropathy
B) lung disease, retinopathy, and liver disease
C) retinopathy, peripheral neuropathy, and heart disease
D) kidney disease, central neuropathy, and lung disease
E) central neuropathy, heart disease, and lung disease

Question 36

Graves' disease is an autoimmune disease that is a type of:

A) pancreatic disorder
B) pituitary disorder
C) liver disorder
D) hypothyroidism
E) hyperthyroidism

Question 37

Which of the following autoimmune disease causes hypothyroidism and is 5-10 times more common in women?

A) Hashimoto's thyroiditis
B) Grave's disease
C) lymphocytic thyroiditis
D) lymphoma
E) goiter

Question 38

What is the preferred initial drug to treat type 2 diabetes using monotherapy?

A) DPP-4 inhibitors
B) alpha-glucosidase inhibitors
C) glucagon
D) glulisine
E) metformin

Question 39

Which of the following nutrients is the most influential factor affecting glycemic response?

A) carbohydrate
B) fat
C) protein
D) vitamin
E) mineral

Question 40

What is the fasting plasma glucose diagnostic criterion for diabetes?

A) greater than or equal to 95 mg/dL
B) greater than or equal to 106 mg/dL
C) greater than or equal to 116 mg/dL
D) greater than or equal to 126 mg/dL
E) greater than or equal to 145 mg/dL

Question 41

The anabolic effect of insulin on protein metabolism produces a positive _______________ balance.

Question 42

GLUT-5 transport molecules exclusively carry fructose molecules.

Question 43

The pituitary gland is located in the bony cavity at the base of the brain just below the hypothalamus.

Question 44

In its active form, insulin consists of two _______________ chains linked by _______________ bridges between cysteine molecules.

Question 45

_______________ is released when the two polypeptide chains of insulin separate.

Question 46

Insulin is a catabolic hormone that controls the metabolic fate of carbohydrate, protein, and lipid.

Question 47

Symptoms of hypothyroidism are generally quite significant and severe.

Question 48

T1DM develops most frequently in children and adolescents.

Question 49

Islet cell autoantibodies serve as indicators of the body's destructive immune response against its own delta-cells.

Question 50

T2DM evolves from a combination of abnormal insulin secretion and insulin resistance.

Question 51

_______________ of a target organ will cause the same symptoms as hyposecretion, but hormone levels will be normal or high instead of low.

Question 52

Secondary hyposecretion occurs when secretion of a _______________ hormone is inadequate to cause an endocrine organ to secrete adequate amounts of a hormone.

Question 53

_______________ measure the amount of glucose bound to hemoglobin.

Question 54

Aldosterone directly influences the kidney to retain _______________, and thus has an integral role in regulating fluid balance and blood volume.

Question 55

Reactive hypoglycemia may occur in individuals with diabetes due to administration of insufficient insulin or oral diabetes medications.

Question 56

The thyroid hormones are two iodine-containing hormones derived from the amino acid tyrosine: thyroxine and triiodothyrone.

Question 57

_______________ is the hormone released from alpha cells of the pancreas when blood glucose levels fall below the normal range.

Question 58

Active insulin enters the blood via the _______________ vein and has an approximate half-life of _______________ minutes.

Question 59

Individuals using conventional therapy to treat diabetes mellitus must synchronize administration of their insulin and food intake to avoid _______________.

Question 60

Pituitary tumors are adenomas found in the pituitary gland.

Question 61

Continuous glucose monitoring uses a device that communicates with a sensor placed under the _______________.

Question 62

Discuss nephropathy as a long-term complication of diabetes.

Question 63

Thyroid disorders are common _______________ disorders and fall into two major categories: hypothyroidism and _______________.

Question 64

_______________ syndrome, also called hypercortisolism, is a rare disorder caused by chronic exposure to excessive circulating cortisol.

Question 65

Discuss pituitary tumors.

Question 66

Define polycystic ovarian syndrome and list the common characteristics.

Question 67

The most common cause of hyperthyroidism is _______________, which accounts for approximately 60-80% of cases.

Question 68

List the basic types of insulin delivery regimens.

Question 69

Diabetes _______________ results from insufficient production of vasopressin by the hypothalamus.

Question 70

Of the four meal planning approaches used in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT), the most successful was _______________counting.

Question 71

List the categories of the functions of hormones.

Question 72

_______________ hypoglycemia usually results from excess insulin or insulin-like substances that are secreted as a result of external factors such as alcohol or drug ingestion.

Question 73

Discuss metabolic syndrome in relation to diabetes.

Question 74

What is hypoglycemia.?

Question 75

Explain the "dawn phenomenon."

Question 76

Discuss the etiology of hypothyroidism throughout the world.

Question 77

A primary cause of fasting hypoglycemia is hyperinsulinism due to pancreatic _______________.

Question 78

_______________ control is fundamental to the management of diabetes and provides the basis for monitoring and evaluation of the condition.

Question 79

Severe hypoglycemia has a characteristic blood glucose level of _______________ mg/dL.

Question 80

Describe the endocrine cells of the pancreas.